Sentiment analysis concerns the computational study of opinions expressed in text. Social media domains provide a wealth of opinionated data, thus, creating a greater need for sentiment analysis. Typically, sentiment lexicons that capture term-sentiment association knowledge are commonly used to develop sentiment analysis systems. However, the nature of social media content calls for analysis methods and knowledge sources that are better able to adapt to changing vocabulary. Invariably existing sentiment lexicon knowledge cannot usefully handle social media vocabulary which is typically informal and changeable yet rich in sentiment. This, in turn, has implications on the analyser's ability to effectively capture the context therein and to interpret the sentiment polarity from the lexicons. In this thesis we use SentiWordNet, a popular sentiment-rich lexicon with a substantial vocabulary coverage and explore how to adapt it for social media sentiment analysis. Firstly, the thesis identifies a set of strategies to incorporate the effect of modifiers on sentiment-bearing terms (local context). These modifiers include: contextual valence shifters, non-lexical sentiment modifiers typical in social media and discourse structures. Secondly, the thesis introduces an approach in which a domain-specific lexicon is generated using a distant supervision method and integrated with a general-purpose lexicon, using a weighted strategy, to form a hybrid (domain-adapted) lexicon. This has the dual purpose of enriching term coverage of the general purpose lexicon with non-standard but sentiment-rich terms as well as adjusting sentiment semantics of terms. Here, we identified two term-sentiment association metrics based on Term Frequency and Inverse Document Frequency that are able to outperform the state-of-the-art Point-wise Mutual Information on social media data. As distant supervision may not be readily applicable on some social media domains, we explore the cross-domain transferability of a hybrid lexicon. Thirdly, we introduce an approach for improving distant-supervised sentiment classification with knowledge from local context analysis, domain-adapted (hybrid) and emotion lexicons. Finally, we conduct a comprehensive evaluation of all identified approaches using six sentiment-rich social media datasets.

This paper presents a contextual analysis of Joseph Wright of Derby's “scientific series” which contains three paintings with science motifs. The purpose of the essay is to analyze how the contemporary context has been expressed in the paintings with regard to the relationship between religion and science. This is done with a theoretical starting point in the concepts of nomos and anomy. Together this starting point and method create a basis for a broader understanding of these three paintings with a focus on religion and science. My conclusion is that these three paintings express the tense relationship between religion and science that was current in England during the 18th century (and is still found today), and that each painting provides information about the changes that arose in the nomos in correlation to the progress of science. Much research has been made on these three paintings separately, studying these paintings together, however, opens up for many new interpretations.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a peça Não te assusta, Zacaria!, estreada em Porto Alegre, no Theatro São Pedro, em 6 de abril de 1956, com texto e direção de Barbosa Lessa, com base no método de análise contextual. Marco de Marinis (1997) descreve esse método de análise como “uma prática exegética particular, ou seja, ler os documentos e relacioná-los com outros documentos, iluminando-os e complementando-os reciprocamente”. Em nosso caso, implica que não nos restringimos à análise do texto dramático e à discussão do texto espetacular de Não te assusta, Zacaria! – também detalhamos e analisamos os vários contextos que serviram de pano de fundo para sua criação, sejam eles sociais, econômicos, políticos, culturais ou estéticos. Para tanto valemo-nos de documentos como o roteiro dramático da peça, da pesquisa bibliográfica e em arquivos de jornais e revistas da época, e de depoimentos colhidos junto a pessoas envolvidas diretamente na produção, jornalistas que cobriram a peça, artistas ligados ao teatro àquele tempo em Porto Alegre e público que esteve na plateia de Não te assusta, Zacaria!. / This paper aims at carrying out a contextual analysis of the play Não te assusta, Zacaria!, written and directed by Barbosa Lessa and performed at the São Pedro Theater, in Porto Alegre, on April 6, 1956. Marco de Marinis (1997) describes the contextual analysis as "an exegetical practice that involves reading documents and relating them to other documents, enlightening them and complementing one another". In our case, this implies that the analysis will not be restricted to the dramatic or the spectacular text of Não te assusta, Zacaria!, but that it will take into consideration the contextual background of its creation, namely the social, economic, political, cultural or aesthetic circumstances surrounding both its playwriting and its performance. The documents analyzed include the script, newspapers and magazines clippings about the performance and testimonies given by the people directly involved in the production, journalists covering the play, actors and other artists who participated in the cultural scene of Porto Alegre at that time and spectators.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a peça Não te assusta, Zacaria!, estreada em Porto Alegre, no Theatro São Pedro, em 6 de abril de 1956, com texto e direção de Barbosa Lessa, com base no método de análise contextual. Marco de Marinis (1997) descreve esse método de análise como “uma prática exegética particular, ou seja, ler os documentos e relacioná-los com outros documentos, iluminando-os e complementando-os reciprocamente”. Em nosso caso, implica que não nos restringimos à análise do texto dramático e à discussão do texto espetacular de Não te assusta, Zacaria! – também detalhamos e analisamos os vários contextos que serviram de pano de fundo para sua criação, sejam eles sociais, econômicos, políticos, culturais ou estéticos. Para tanto valemo-nos de documentos como o roteiro dramático da peça, da pesquisa bibliográfica e em arquivos de jornais e revistas da época, e de depoimentos colhidos junto a pessoas envolvidas diretamente na produção, jornalistas que cobriram a peça, artistas ligados ao teatro àquele tempo em Porto Alegre e público que esteve na plateia de Não te assusta, Zacaria!. / This paper aims at carrying out a contextual analysis of the play Não te assusta, Zacaria!, written and directed by Barbosa Lessa and performed at the São Pedro Theater, in Porto Alegre, on April 6, 1956. Marco de Marinis (1997) describes the contextual analysis as "an exegetical practice that involves reading documents and relating them to other documents, enlightening them and complementing one another". In our case, this implies that the analysis will not be restricted to the dramatic or the spectacular text of Não te assusta, Zacaria!, but that it will take into consideration the contextual background of its creation, namely the social, economic, political, cultural or aesthetic circumstances surrounding both its playwriting and its performance. The documents analyzed include the script, newspapers and magazines clippings about the performance and testimonies given by the people directly involved in the production, journalists covering the play, actors and other artists who participated in the cultural scene of Porto Alegre at that time and spectators.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a peça Não te assusta, Zacaria!, estreada em Porto Alegre, no Theatro São Pedro, em 6 de abril de 1956, com texto e direção de Barbosa Lessa, com base no método de análise contextual. Marco de Marinis (1997) descreve esse método de análise como “uma prática exegética particular, ou seja, ler os documentos e relacioná-los com outros documentos, iluminando-os e complementando-os reciprocamente”. Em nosso caso, implica que não nos restringimos à análise do texto dramático e à discussão do texto espetacular de Não te assusta, Zacaria! – também detalhamos e analisamos os vários contextos que serviram de pano de fundo para sua criação, sejam eles sociais, econômicos, políticos, culturais ou estéticos. Para tanto valemo-nos de documentos como o roteiro dramático da peça, da pesquisa bibliográfica e em arquivos de jornais e revistas da época, e de depoimentos colhidos junto a pessoas envolvidas diretamente na produção, jornalistas que cobriram a peça, artistas ligados ao teatro àquele tempo em Porto Alegre e público que esteve na plateia de Não te assusta, Zacaria!. / This paper aims at carrying out a contextual analysis of the play Não te assusta, Zacaria!, written and directed by Barbosa Lessa and performed at the São Pedro Theater, in Porto Alegre, on April 6, 1956. Marco de Marinis (1997) describes the contextual analysis as "an exegetical practice that involves reading documents and relating them to other documents, enlightening them and complementing one another". In our case, this implies that the analysis will not be restricted to the dramatic or the spectacular text of Não te assusta, Zacaria!, but that it will take into consideration the contextual background of its creation, namely the social, economic, political, cultural or aesthetic circumstances surrounding both its playwriting and its performance. The documents analyzed include the script, newspapers and magazines clippings about the performance and testimonies given by the people directly involved in the production, journalists covering the play, actors and other artists who participated in the cultural scene of Porto Alegre at that time and spectators.

Text in German with abstracts in German, English and Xhosa / In dieser Foschungsarbeit werden zwei theologische Ansätze auf Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zueinander untersucht. Hierfür wird zunächst die täuferisch-mennonitische Gemeindearbeit auf ihre zugrundeliegende Theologie und Ekklesiologie untersucht. Als nächstes wendet sich der Fokus dem zweiten Ansatz, der Missionalen Theologie zu. Auch hier wird die zugrundeliegende Theologie und Ekklesiologie untersucht. Die notwendige Zuspitzung erfolgt durch die Eingrenzung auf die Entwicklungen in Deutschland. Nach dieser synchronen Herangehensweise können beide entfalteten theologischen Ansätze miteinander verglichen werden. Anschließend werden praktische Folgerungen gezogen, ob und inwiefern beide theologischen Ansätze miteinander kompartibel sind und welche Integrationsmöglichkeiten lohnenswert erscheinen. Hierbei wird die inhaltliche Nähe beider Ansätze deutlich. Die Missionale Theologie scheint der täuferisch-mennonitischen Gemeindearbeit eine Chance zu bieten, durch Ganzheitlichkeit und Kontextualisierung mehr Relevanz für die Gesellschaft zu entwickeln. / In this research, two theological approaches are examined for commonalities and differences. For this purpose, the Anabaptist-Mennonite church work is first examined for their underlying theology and ecclesiology. Next, the focus turns to the second approach, the missional theology. Again, the underlying theology and ecclesiology is examined. The necessary aggravation is achieved by limiting it to developments in Germany. Following this synchronic approach, both unfolded theological approaches can be compared. Subsequently, practical conclusions are drawn as to whether and to what extent both theological approaches are compatible with each other and which integration options seem worthwhile. The content of both approaches becomes clear. Missionary theology seems to offer Anabaptist-Mennonite church work a chance to develop more relevance for society through holistic and contextualization. / Kolu phando, iindlela ezimbini zakwalizwi ziyavavanywa kwizinto eziqhelekileyo kunye nokwahluka. Ukulungiselela le njongo, umsebenzi wecawe yama-Anabaptist-Mennonite kuqala uvavanyelwa isiseko sabo semfundiso yenkolo kunye ne-ecclesiology. Emva koko, ukugxila kugxila kwindlela yesibini, i-theology yobufundisi. Kwakhona, kuyaxilongwa ubuxhakaxhaka besayensi kunye ne-ecclesiology. Ukongezwa okufanelekileyo kufezekiswa ngokunciphisa umda kuphuhliso lwaseJamani. Ukulandela le ndlela ye-synchronic, zombini iindlela ezingachazwanga zenkolo zingathelekiswa. Emva koko, izigqibo ezisebenzayo ziyatsalwa malunga nokuba ingaba iindlela zombini ezi ndlela zenkolo ziyahambelana kwaye yeyiphi indlela yokudibanisa ebonakala iluncedo. Umxholo wezi ndlela zombini ucacile. I-Theology yabefundisi ibonakala ngathi inika icawe yama-Anabaptist-Mennonite ithuba lokuphuhlisa ukubaluleka koluntu ngokubhala izinto nangomxholo. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Practical Theology)

Abstract: For more than 250 years, the Canadian province of Quebec could be considered a territory of intensive "language contact" situations (Hoffer, 2002; Winford, 2003) between French and English. One of the outcomes of this situation is the flow of lexical units that pass especially from English to French (that is, loanwords). Against this sociolinguistic background, we observe a paradox that inspired the present study. On the one hand, English loanwords are widely reported to represent an "invasive species" (Peritz, 2018) in Quebec French. On the other hand, these lexical units are uncommon, as the relevant literature has shown through examples drawn from French oral speech (Poplack, 2017) or the francophone press (Planchon, 2019). In fact, these studies have demonstrated that English loanwords account for less than 1% of francophone communication of up to a few hundreds of millions of words. To identify a possible explanation for the abovementioned contradiction, we verify our hypothesis about the dependence of loanword frequency on both the context of loanword usage and the type of loanword that these items belong to in the Quebec francophone press. To this end, we pose the following research questions: 1. Are there any differences in the integration of English loanwords selected from the authoritative online reference source, the Banque de Dépannage Linguistique (2021), into various Quebec francophone print media context types as they are observed in a francophone newspaper, "Le Devoir"? 2. Does the type of borrowing to which an English loanword belongs (as it is indicated in the studied reference source) influence the integration of this unit into the contexts of "Le Devoir"? We choose a Quebec francophone newspaper, "Le Devoir," as our study material; it represents a corpus of 66,402,141 words drawn from 1,556 issues published between 2017 and 2020. Our reference pool is a list of examples of five types of English loanwords (i.e., "integral," "syntactic," and "idiomatic") described in the Banque de Dépannage Linguistique (2021) of the Office québécois de la langue française. To the best of our knowledge, this doctoral study is the first to produce a deep qualitative assessment of the contextual usage of five types of English loanwords (24 lexical units) in the Quebec press over the past quarter of a century and the first ever to analyze idiomatic English loanwords in this respect. Quantitative, contextual, and discourse analysis methods allow us to confirm our hypothesis. Indeed, contexts related to the context types "Culture," "Miscellaneous Topics," and "Opinions and Letters" are the most likely to feature English loanwords. Our multidimensional approach reveals important and recurrent usage patterns that are characteristic of the studied loanword types (for example, the idiomatic loanword "appliquer mur à mur" in the recurrent contexts of discussions on educational policies or the hybrid item "énergisante" in "boisson énergisante" as a negatively perceived term in the recurrent contexts of healthy habit recommendations). -- Résumé: Depuis plus de deux cent cinquante ans, la province canadienne du Québec peut être considérée comme un territoire de situations de "contact linguistique" intensif (Hoffer, 2002 ; Winford, 2003) entre le français et l'anglais. L'une des conséquences de ces situations est le flux inévitable d'unités lexicales passant notamment de l'anglais au français (les emprunts). Dans ce contexte sociolinguistique, nous observons un paradoxe qui a inspiré la présente étude. D'une part, les emprunts à l'anglais sont largement signalés comme ceux représentant une "espèce invasive" (Peritz, 2018) dans le français québécois, et pourtant, d'autre part, ces unités lexicales ne sont pas abondantes, comme la littérature pertinente le prouve de manière irréfutable par les exemples du discours oral français (Poplack, 2017), ou de la presse francophone (Planchon, 2019). En fait, comme l'ont démontré les études mentionnées, la part des emprunts à l'anglais représente moins de 1 % de la communication francophone, qui compte jusqu'à quelques centaines de millions de mots. À la recherche d'une explication possible de la contradiction mentionnée, nous cherchons, dans le cadre de notre étude et en nous référant à l'exemple de la presse francophone québécoise, à vérifier l'hypothèse de la dépendance de la fréquence des emprunts à la fois au contexte d'utilisation de ces items et au type d'emprunt auquel ces items appartiennent. Les questions de recherche que nous posons sont donc les suivantes : 1) Existe-t-il des différences dans l'intégration des emprunts à l'anglais, sélectionnés dans la source de référence en ligne faisant autorité, la Banque de Dépannage Linguistique (2021), dans divers types de contextes de la presse écrite francophone québécoise, tels qu'ils sont observés dans un journal francophone, "Le Devoir" ? 2) Le type d'emprunt auquel appartient une unité lexicale (tel qu'il est indiqué dans la source de référence étudiée) a-t-il une influence sur l'intégration de cette unité dans les contextes du "Devoir" ? Nous choisissons un journal francophone québécois, "Le Devoir," comme matériel d'étude (corpus de 66 402 141 mots provenant de 1 556 numéros du journal publiés entre 2017 et 2020). Notre liste de référence est la liste pertinente des représentants des cinq types des emprunts à l'anglais (à savoir, "intégral," "hybride," "morphologique," "syntaxique," "idiomatique") telle que décrite dans la Banque de Dépannage Linguistique (2021) de l'Office québécois de la langue française. À notre connaissance, cette étude doctorale est la première du genre au cours du dernier quart de siècle à aborder l'évaluation qualitative approfondie de l'usage contextuel de cinq types des emprunts à l'anglais (24 unités lexicales) dans la presse québécoise, les emprunts idiomatiques étant analysés à cet égard pour la toute première fois. Les méthodes d'analyse quantitative, contextuelle et discursive nous aident à confirmer notre hypothèse. En effet, les contextes liés à la "Culture," aux "Sujets divers" et aux "Opinions et lettres" s'avèrent être ceux qui accueillent le plus les emprunts à l'anglais. Notre approche multidimensionnelle des emprunts révèle des modèles d'utilisation influents et récurrents qui sont caractéristiques des types d'emprunts étudiés, par exemple : l'emprunt idiomatique "appliquer mur à mur" dans les contextes récurrents de discussions sur les politiques éducatives ou celui hybride "énergisante" dans "boisson énergisante" en tant que terme perçu négativement dans les contextes récurrents de recommandations d'habitudes saines."

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採購是供應鏈的核心環節，供應鏈的問題有80%以上都是在採購。在銷貨成本高的產業中，採購對於供應鏈的重要性也相形提升，也因此，良好的採購管理在銷貨成本高的產業中，是非常重要的。過去以製造為重心的筆記型電腦代工產業，現在也逐漸將焦點放在採購上面，然而台灣筆記型電腦代工產業的銷貨成本超過90%，採購的難處在於需要同時兼顧成本以及速度。電子尋購可以降低採購價格、節省時間以及讓全世界的供應商可以從各地來競爭，更可有效為企業節省不必要的採購花費從5%-40%，降低10%-50%的採購成本，減短採購週期50%。電子尋購可同時降低採購成本且減短採購週期，提升採購效率，似乎可有效改善台灣筆記型電腦代工產業的採購管理。因此本研究主要在探討台灣筆記型電腦代工產業是否可以使用電子尋購，增加在採購上的效率且有效降低採購成本。本研究從情境契合觀點來研究電子尋購的採用問題，從情境分析的角度來探討情境─科技契合的的問題，分別自商業情境、採購情境以及供應商情境三個構面，討論台灣筆記型電腦代工產業之情境，是否與合適採用電子尋購之情境相契合，進而影響電子尋購於該產業之適用性。本研究透過個案研究的方式，來了解電子尋購在台灣筆記型電腦代工產業中相關的議題。

This study aims at examining in detail the linguistic characteristics of sentential idioms (‘idiomatische Sätze’, IS) in German, e.g. Das kannst du dir an den Hut stecken.; Du hast wohl Tomaten auf den Augen!; Da lachen ja die Hühner!. In theoretically and empirically investigating their syntactic, semantic and pragmatic features and productive potential, it is shown that IS can only be described properly by looking at the interfaces between syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, and by systematically investigating pattern formation. In this respect, the study goes far beyond traditional phraseological research. As a theoretical background, the study refers to research on phraseology, sentence types and sentence mood, linguistic evaluation, morphological productivity, and the frameworks of Construction Grammar and Relevance Theory. Empirical evidence comes from a large corpus of written German, a linguistic experiment on productivity, and introspective data. With respect to syntax, the study shows that IS are bound to one or a few different sentence types, varying according to the degree of restriction of their speech act potential. The complex semantics of IS is shown to consist not only of a literal and an idiomatic, but also of a third, mediating representational level. The idiomatic meaning of IS is described as evaluative meaning. Pragmatically, IS are dependent on special contextual environments to obtain a proper interpretation. A context model is developed which makes use of certain categories of evaluation. Moreover, a relevance-theoretic approach is sketched in order to explain which functional advantages IS might have compared to non-idiomatic utterances. With respect to productivity, ten different idiomatic patterns of construction are identified and described in detail. It is experimentally demonstrated that these patterns are productive to a greater or lesser degree dependent on their internal syntactic, lexical, semantic and pragmatic features.