This report is the outcome of an exam work made in interaction design, bachelor degree, at the School of Arts and Communication, Malmö University. Working in collaboration with the childhood obesity unit, Region Skåne, our aim was to fulfill their request of a web based application preparing the children for treatment at their facility. Furthermore the application intends to give the children knowledge concerning obesity as well as teaching them how to obtain a healthier lifestyle in terms of provision and activities. The application concerns children in different ages and therefore different stages of their learning abilities. Our conclusions are that they need to be challenged and obtain feedback in different ways to get motivated. For a younger child it is often enough with feedback in terms of a voice approving their choices. For an older child however it is important to constantly challenge them in order to maintain their interest. This can for example be achieved by making tasks harder but still obviously reachable within the children’s capabilities. Adding different difficulty levels is another way to motivate and challenge children in different ages and stadiums of development. The report leads you through our complete design process, from our initial ideas to our latest prototype. We describe what context in which we have been working, the methods we have been using, and finally a discussion concerning the results and conclusions we have made.

En fallstudie för Siemens i deras supportorganisation där deras arbeteundersöks och dess möjligheter att nyttja ett AI-system för förbättringar.Detta undersöks med hjälp av teorier inom distribuerad kognitionsamt vad som finns tillgängligt inom AI-system likt chatbotar.Genom kontextuella intervjuer inom ramarna för Kontextuell design skapasaffinitetsdiagram och DiCoT analys av datan för att ge en omfattandebild. Detta används för att diskutera de konsekvenser för design av ettAI-system som deras distribuerade kunskapsarbete behöver. Genom resultatetåskådliggörs de många system supportteknikerna använder ochhur de tar hjälp av varandra för att lösa det svårigheter de stöter på. Islutsatsen lyfts det fram förslag på införande av AI-system för supportteknikernamen även en alternativ lösning som är kundorienterad. / A case studie at Siemens supportorganisation is studied and the possibilities to use an AI-system for improvements. This is studied with theories in distributed cognition and what is available in AI-systems such as chatbots. Through contextual inquiry, which is a part of the method Contextual Design, affinity diagrams were made and a analysis through DiCoT to create a relevant image. This is used to discuss consequences for the design of an AI-system that the supporttechnicians need.  Through the result the many systems that the supporttechnicians use are illustrated and how they depend on eachother to solve difficulties. In the conclusion different suggestions are made about a AI-system for the support technicians but also an alternative that is customer related.

Predictive Analysis is a process for extracting information from large amounts of data and using it to make qualified predictions about future results. While previously the lack of available data has been a challenge within the field, big questions today are instead how to use the results, and the way in which these are presented in order for the user to be able to take advantage of the information. The purpose of this thesis has been to create hypotheses for how predictive analysis can be used in practical decision-making contexts, whereby the decision- maker is under time pressure, especially with regard to how the result can be visualized. This has been done through a case study at the Uppsala Ambulance Monitoring Center. The method used for the study is called Contextual Design, which has helped create an understanding of the users and the system they work in. Using this understanding, a prototype has been created, which has been tested on the users to see how well they have been able to interpret the information that has been visualized. Predictive analysis has proved to be helpful primarily in less urgent cases and to help the decision maker to differentiate matters similar to each other. For visualization of the predictive results, it has been found that these is better shown as a comparison between the user's decision hypothesis and historical decision results rather than only as an absolute value. Furthermore, it has been found that a high degree of transparency in the information on which the results are based is preferable, but that it is important that clear explanations are given for the results shown.

Workplace studies in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is a research field that has expanded in an explosive way during the recent years. Today there is a wide range of theoretical approaches and methods to choose from, which makes it problematic to make methodological choices both in research and system design. While there have been several studies that assess the different approaches to workplace studies, there seems to be a lack of studies that explore the theoretical and methodological differences between more structured methods within the research field. In this thesis, a comparative theoretical and empirical analysis of three methods for workplace studies is being conducted to deal with the following research problem: What level of theoretical depth and methodological structure is appropriate when conducting methods for workplace studies to inform design of complex socio-technical systems? When using the two criterions descriptive power and application power, to assess Contextual Design (CD), Determining Information Flow Breakdown (DIB), and Capturing Semi-Automated Decision-Making (CASADEMA), important lessons are learned about which methods are acceptable and useful when the purpose is to inform system design.

The thesis begins by examining the evolution of human performance modeling from the initial stimulus-response methods introduced during the industrial revolution to model factory worker productivity, continues with a discussion of the information processing model where human cognition was modeled as a series of actions carried out in a predefined order, and ends with the concept of cognitive control whereby cognition is not considered a context-free mental process but modeled as an individual's ability to maintain control under varying contexts and to counter the effects of disturbances. The results from a preliminary evaluation conducted to determine if CCMs could be measured and if they provided any additional insight cognitive work are presented, and reveal that CCMs could be measured and the self-assessed CCM varied as predicted. A design process is developed which utilizes the CCMs as representing specific patterns of activity, thus specifying the design requirements. Following this design process, a prototype is created and evaluated using a controlled experiment to examine the effectiveness of the CWSS. The experiment examines performance, workload, and patterns of activity, and has several interesting findings. The first is that performance was independent of the almost all of the predictors and covariates including participant's Self-assessed CCM, with the exception of CCM transitions. As in the preliminary study, participants who reported transitioning between CCMs also reported decreased performance, increased frustration and actually performed worse. Second, perceived performance varied linearly with a participant's self-assessed CCM, but not with the actual performance. Third, participants report lower levels of effort when using a CWSS DM that matched their operational CCM. Finally, the design process successfully created a CWSS with DMs which support strategic and tactical CCMs. Unfortunately, no specific performance improvements were found for cases where the participant's CCM matched the DM as hypothesized, calling into question the effectiveness of creating different design modes for performance improvement. This thesis presents two methods for measuring CCMs: one direct single scale and one indirect composite scale. The measurements correlate highly. Both have a high degree of face validity and user acceptance. In the end, the composite measure may be a more robust measure of CCM because it provides a greater degree of diagnosticity by specifically inquiring after different aspects of CCM and is less susceptible to an individual's interpretation of the relative importance of the multiple dimensions of CCMs included in the definitions.

Spotify is a music service that offers on-demand streaming and is available in several countries worldwide. As the company and the interest for it grows, more and more parties are involved and those involved, including the record labels want to control and get an overview of their products. They want to be able to see, for example, when a product is available on Spotify and in which countries. Spotify is in May 2013 in process of developing a to be used by administrators on Spotify in order to meet the record labels with the information requested. The new software intends being used by administrators but also by the record labels so that they will be able to overview their products availability. We were asked by one of the developers to conduct user interviews and tests to result in a design proposal on how the display page of information about a product could be visualized more clearly so that it suits both record labels and employees at Spotify. The results of our contextual interviews were translated into a prototype with two display pages. One of them in list format to satisfy administrators and their work and a the other one in shape of a map primarily intended to accommodate the record labels. We made use of contextual design and its working models and interviewing techniques and worked iteratively with several prototype testing.

This thesis examines if developers of software can be considered aware of the usage of the product. The study was made to reveal the developers perception about the usage, and comparing their perception with the actual usage. The scope of the study was to investigate a software system used in a contact center, specifically the part of the software where the administration is performed. The first part of the study consisted of interviews with the developers of the software to obtain their perception of the usage. Further, a second study was performed to determine the most important functionalities in the software for the end users, and evaluate the usability of the software. This was achieved by performing a contextual inquiry with end users. The results of the study concluded that the developers could be considered to have a moderate awareness of the usage. Although, the study revealed that the developers had limited understanding of the functionalities that are the most important for the end users. One of the essential functionalities according to the contextual inquiry, was left unmentioned by a majority of the developers. On the basis of Nielsen’s theoretical usability concepts, the usability of the client was evaluated as low, something the developers also were considered aware of. Finally, the study concludes a lack of a profound understanding amongst the developers regarding the difficulties and limitations that the end users face.

This study, done in collaboration with Storytel, aimed to investigate whether a shared audiobook live listening experience would add value to users of the Storytel app and how such a feature could be designed in terms of User Experience and User Interface. The purpose was to determine the minimal viable product (MVP) and if live listening with others is interesting in itself or else, what is the most basic interaction type required in connection to the listening. The aim was also to design the optimal solution, beyond technical, time and/or prioritization constraints. The method used was a combination of the IDEO design process with three phases (Inspiration, Ideation and Implementation), and Holtzblatt and Beyer’s (2016) five steps of Contextual Design (Gathering User Data, Compiling User Data, Ideation with User Data, Defining the Product and Making it Real). To investigate user opinions and requirements, surveys were sent out to Storytel users and authors on the four markets Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands and India, resulting in a total of 448 responses. Based on this data, an extensive design work in three phases was carried out to achieve the result of a final design prototype of a live listening feature inside the Storytel app. In order to validate the design choices continuously in each phase, 15 user tests were achieved, whereof 4 initial tests, 10 interactive user tests and 1 focus group interview. The results show that there is certainly an interest for such a feature among some users, and the interest is bigger if an author participates. In general, users on the Indian market are more interested in the feature than users on the European markets. Authors are more interested than the average user in live listening and interacting with its listeners. An important finding was that the feature must include an element of interaction to make it relevant and interesting to users, which is why a prototype including emoji reactions was proposed as an MVP. In this version, the possibility to discuss is linked to an outsourced forum such as Google Meet. For the optimal design, a chat was included inside the application as this was concluded highly desired by users.

Trees, plants, water,playgrounds, green areas and benches are just a few out of many components thatforms a pleasant outdoor environment. Not only are management and maintenancenecessary to keep the environment clean and nice for everybodys well-being, butalso documentation and records of geographic data representing the outdoorenvironment. Management and maintenance requires plans and cost calculationwhere the geographic data is used as a basis. The data needs to therefor bereliably and continuously controlled and updated, especially due to thecomponents of an outdoor environment constant change and move. An effective wayto store, visualize and manage data related to geographic locations is to useGeographic Information System (GIS) solutions.This thesis is applying a user-centered design approach to derive a prototypethat encourages use of web and mobile GIS solutions in the field duringcontrols and maintenance and thereby resulting in more efficient data updateprocedures and maintenance operations. A case study is performed involving thetwo housing companies Svenska Bostäder and Stockholmshem where management andmaintenance of geographic data representing the outdoor housing environment isinvolved in their work and is today managed by primitive methods. Theuser-centered design approach Focus Rapid Contextual Design is applied toderive user requirements in terms of functionality and user interface forfurther use to develop and integrate a prototype within the housing companiesexisting GIS solutions. The overall objective is to investigate, document andevaluate how an user-centered design approach can be applied to introduce webGIS solutions that will improve the workflow between office and field, this byreducing the number of steps performed during a field control by replacingprimitive tools such as paper and PDF maps used today with the suggested GISsolutions. The potential long term impact of this study is to encourage thelayman users that are working in field to use these new solutions instead ofprimitive methods, this by adapting functionalities and user interface in theweb and mobile GIS solutions according to the layman users needs and levels byapplying the user-centered design approach.The Focus Rapid Contextual Design method shows to be successful in terms ofgathering and managing user data in a structured way. Due to tight timeschedule and project resource limitations, an iterative prototype process whereuser feedback is used to redesign the prototype for further improvement was notperformed. Only one prototype evaluation was performed and did not take placein context of use. This lead to weak user feedback meaning that the prototypemost likely could have been further adapted to the users needs if an iterativeprocess that took place in context of use was performed. It would most likelyfacilitate the faster adaptation for the web GIS solutions in the housingcompanies daily work. Encouraging layman users to change from manual to digitalsystems is seen as one if the major challenges during this thesis. Even thougha user centered design approach contributes to reach the potential long termimpact of this study which is to encourage layman user to use the suggestedsolutions, most likely organizational changes and policies are needed toaccomplish process changes and make field workers change their working manners.A small case study like the one performed in this thesis could possibly havebeen performed excluding the Working Models and Storyboarding in the Focus RapidContextual Design method without affecting the final result, this to gain moretime for the iterative prototype process as well as time for involving moreusers. Doing so could improve the work in this study to better reach the statedgoals. / Träd, växter,vattenområden, lekplatser, grönområden och bänkar är bara ett fåtal av mångaandra komponenter som formar en utomhusmiljö. Inte är bara skötsel ochunderhåll nödvändigt för att hålla utomhusmiljön ren och trevlig för allasvälbefinnande, utan även dokumentation och protokoll över den geografiska datasom representerar utomhusmiljön. Skötsel och underhåll kräver planering ochkostnadsberäkningar där geografiska data står till grund. Data måste därförvara pålitlig, kontinuerligt kontrollerad och uppdaterad, speciellt i avseendetill att komponenterna i utomhusmiljöer är i en konstant förändring ochrörelse. Ett effektivt sätt att lagra geografiska data på är att använda sigGeografiska Informationssystems (GIS). I denna studie appliceras en användarcentrerad designmetod för att erhålla enprototyp som uppmuntrar användning av webb- och mobil-GIS ute i fält i sambandmed kontroller och skötsel och därmed resulterar i mer effektivadatauppdateringsprocedurer och skötseloperationer. En fallstudie är utförd ochinvolverar bostadsförvaltningarna Svenska Bostäder och Stockholmshem därskötsel och underhåll av geografiska data som representerarbostadsförvaltningarnas utomhusmiljö ingår i deras arbete och sköts idag medhjälp utav primitiva metoder. Den användarcentrerad designmetoden Focus RapidContextual Design används för att erhålla användarbehov gällande funktionalitetoch användargränssnitt för att vidare kunna utveckla och integrera en prototypi bostadsförvaltningarnas redan existerande GIS-lösningar. Det övergripandemålet är att undersöka, dokumentera och utvärdera hur en användarcentreraddesignmetod kan appliceras för att introducera web-GIS lösningar för attförbättra arbetsflödet mellan kontor och fält, detta genom att reducera antalsteg som utförs under en fältkontroll genom att ersätta primitiva verktyg såsom pappers- och PDF-kartor som används idag med förslagna GIS lösningar. Denpotentiellt långsikta effekt av denna studie är att uppmuntra oerfarnaanvändare som arbetar ute i fält att använda dessa nya lösningar istället förde primitiva lösningar som används idag, detta genom att anpassafunktionaliteter och användargränssnitt efter användarnas behov och nivå genomatt tillämpa den användarcentrereade designmetoden. Focus Rapid Contextual Design metoden visar sig vara effektiv i samband medinsamling och hantering av användardata och utförs på ett strukturerat vis. Pågrund av ett tight tidsschema och en resursbegränsning under denna studie ärden iterativa prototypprocess som föreslås i metoden inte applicerad.Prototypen utvärderades enbart en gång av användarna och utfördes inte ute ifält. Detta ledde till bristfällig användarfeedback vilket innebär att denslutliga prototypen möjligen skulle kunnat anpassats ytterligare efteranvändarnas behov om man hade utfört den iterativa prototypprocessen. Dettaskulle troligtvis också bidra till en snabbare anpassning av webb-GISlösningarna i deras dagliga arbete. Att uppmuntra oerfarna användare att bytafrån ett manuellt till ett digitalt system ansågs som en av de störreutmaningarna under denna studie. Även om den användarcentrerade designmetodenbidrar till att uppmuntra användare att använda de nya lösningarna, behövstroligtvis organisationsförändringar och policys för att uppnåprocessförändringar och få fältarbetare att ändra sina arbetsvanor. En så passliten studie som utförs här skulle möjligen kunna utföras utan processernaWorking Models och Storyboarding i Focus Rapid Contextual Design metoden utanatt påverka det slutliga resultatet avsevärt. Detta skulle bidra till mer tidför att tillämpa den iterativa prototypprocessen och involvera fler användarevilket troligtvis skulle förbättra arbetet i denna studie för att bättre kunnauppnå de satta målen.

The following degree project is written within the department of Information Technology at Uppsala University. The subject studied is the difference between academic user research and such user research performed by professionals at commercially driven companies. Academic’s and professional’s agendas, interests and approaches seem to differ and consequently a gap emerges. To perform a comparison between academically defined and practically defined user research a case study and a literature study were conducted. During the literature study three main academic approaches to perform user research were studied and summarized in a unified view. The case study was performed over 4 months at Spotify in the User Research team to gain insights into how user research is conducted in a commercially driven company. The degree project shows that academics and professionals can benefit from each other. For example, academics can integrate various mix methods to better understand design and concepts and base assumptions on more reliable data. Professionals can benefit from academics by adapting a similar systematic approach to perform user research and have a larger impact on the development.