A presente pesquisa buscou investigar a cooperação na Educação Infantil, de modo a refletir sobre o processo educativo envolvido na interação entre as crianças e estas com o professor, no sentido de analisar o papel do professor na promoção de atitudes cooperativas bem como a existência de jogos cooperativos neste nível de ensino. Com base na pesquisa qualitativa em educação, a metodologia adotada para este estudo é a do tipo etnográfico, em que a investigação proposta foi realizada através da observação participante, filmagens, entrevistas e pesquisa documental. Os subsídios teóricos estão baseados nos pressupostos de autores e pesquisadores que se dedicam ao estudo do lúdico e da Educação Infantil, como Kishimoto (2005), Friedmann (1992; 1996), Wajskop (1995), Nicolau (2003), Carneiro (2006), Kramer (2006), Vygotsky (1994), Brotto (2001), Teixeira (2001), Soler (2005; 2006), Brown (2006). A análise dos dados obtidos pela pesquisa aponta para uma prática em que o lúdico resume-se a passatempo e recreação apesar de aparecer no discurso como um instrumento de ensino; o brincar não é planejado, estruturado ou mediado pelas educadoras, restringindo-se a brincadeiras livres; as educadoras não conhecem os jogos cooperativos e não os utilizam na sua prática educativa; em suas falas não demonstraram clareza sobre o conceito de cooperação, apresentando dificuldades em desenvolver atividades que a objetivem. Entretanto, observou-se a possibilidade de promover atitudes cooperativas nas crianças de 4 a 6 anos de idade pela mediação de um adulto mais experiente quando estão brincando. Para melhoria desta realidade, é necessário a capacitação dos diretores, professores, monitores e funcionários das creches municipais através de cursos, treinamentos, formação continuada, voltados à Educação Infantil, contextualizando-a historicamente, definindo o seu papel como um nível de ensino e como lugar da socialização, trabalhando a teoria na prática, para que esta seja criativa e comprometida com a educação das crianças, uma educação que privilegie a cooperação. / This paper is aimed at investigating cooperation in Childhood Education, in order to reflect about the educational process involved in the interaction between children and their teacher. It intended to analyze the teacher\'s role when promoting cooperative attitudes as well as the existence of cooperative games in this level of education. Based on the qualitative study in education, the methodology used was the ethnographic research, using filming, observation, interviews and documentary research to gather data. The theory is based on authors and researchers who have dedicated their lives to the study of the ludic and the childhood education, such as Kishimoto (2005), Friedmann (1992;1996), Wajskop (1995), Nicolau (2003), Carneiro (2006), Kramer (2006), Vygotsky (1994), Brotto (2001), Teixeira (2001), Soler (2005;2006), Brown (2006). The analysis of the data gathered from the research points to a performance where the ludic is summarized to a pastime and recreation although it appears in the discourse as an education instrument; playing is not planned, structured or mediated by the educators, being restricted to free games; the educators do not know the cooperative games and they do not use them in their educational performance; in their speech they do not seem to be aware of the cooperation concept, presenting difficulties in developing activities that objectify it. However, it was observed the possibility to promote cooperative attitudes in 4 and 6 year-old children through the mediation of a more experienced adult when they are playing. To improve this reality, the qualification of principals, teachers, monitors and employees of municipal day-care centers through courses, training, continued formation is necessary, aimed at Childhood Education, contextualizing it historically, defining its role as an education level and as place of the socialization, bringing theory into practice so that it is creative and committed to children\'s education, an education that privileges cooperation.

Orientador: Sergio Stucchi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T12:55:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monteiro_FabricioPomponet_M.pdf: 1245466 bytes, checksum: 110f12b79aa993850c1a7b76d057f0e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O texto aqui explicitado, primeiramente se propõe a analisar a influência do modelo esportivo de alto rendimento sobre a Educação Física na escola e sobre a sociedade. Assim, através de revisão bibliográfica, e fortemente influenciado pela necessidade de se considerar uma teoria crítica da educação como fundamentação para a sua compreensão, apontou para um alinhamento entre os valores desenvolvidos pelo esporte, aparentemente educativos e saudáveis, e as normas desumanas impostas pela sociedade capitalista, que objetivam unicamente a perpetuação do próprio sistema. Portanto, fundamentado metodologicamente pelos princípios da pesquisa-ação a partir de uma análise crítica da realidade, busca também verificar se o esporte pode ser utilizado através de uma perspectiva crítica e transformadora na Educação Física escolar. Nessa pesquisa de campo, também detalhada aqui, como parte complementar do estudo, se buscou construir essa perspectiva através da reestruturação do esporte para a escola a partir dos princípios dos jogos cooperativos. A pesquisa se desenvolve no ano de 2004, em escola pública municipal da cidade de São Paulo, no período do primeiro ao último dia letivo com alunos das turmas de 3a e 4a séries do Ensino Fundamental Ciclo I analisadas. Seu objetivo é contribuir para a construção de uma nova proposta critica possível para a Educação Física escolar brasileira, pautada em uma perspectiva crítica da educação. Busca-se proporcionar aos alunos um nível de tomada de consciência que os possibilite jogar um jogo, nas aulas, na rua, e em suas vidas, estruturado livremente e criticamente por eles mesmos, não os prendendo a nenhuma instância metafisica reguladora dos esportes, que ideologicamente propicia que estejam sempre presentes determinados valores potencialmente a se desenvolver, como instrumentos de manutenção da ordem social vigente / Abstract: The text explicit here, first1y intend to analise the influence ofthe high income's sporting model on the Physical Education at school and on the society. So, through the bibliographyc review, and high1y influenced by the need of considerating an education' s critical theory as foundation to comprehension, directioned to an alignment between the values developed by sports, apparent1y educative and healthy, and the cruel rules impositioned for the capitalist society, which intend only keeping the same society. Therefore, methodologic1y based on the "research-action" starting on a critical analysis of reality, wants also verifying if sports can be used through a critical and transformer view in Physical Education at school. In this research, also explained here, as complementary part of the study, it was wanted to construct this view through the reestruturation of the sport to the school starting ITom the bases of the coopera tive games. The research was developed in 2004, on a municipal public school of São Paulo city, ITom the first to the last academic year of students ITom 3a and 4a series of the Cyc1e I Basic Education analysed. The meaning was to contribute to a construction of a possible new critical view of education. It is Iwanted to purpose to the students away ofbeing conscious that tums possible playing a game, on . he c1assrooms, on the streets, and in their lives, structured ITee and critically by themselves, feeling not tied to any superior insistence which regulates the sports, that ideologic1y purposes rsome values for being always present and developed, like an intrument for keeping the social valid order / Mestrado / Mestre em Educação Física

Orientador: Dagmar Aparecida Cynthia França Hunger / Resumo: As recentes orientações veiculadas em documentos oficiais da educação básica sobre aprendizagem de valores sociais têm instigado educadores a pensarem em formas de favorecer esses ensinamentos na escola. Na área da Educação Física Escolar, os Jogos Cooperativos se apresentam com essa preocupação em proporcionar, por meio de jogos e brincadeiras, um ambiente propício ao desenvolvimento da cooperação, da empatia e do respeito. Desta forma, a presente pesquisa possui como objetivo geral analisar as interfaces “Jogos Cooperativos” e a aprendizagem da cooperação, da empatia e do respeito na perspectiva do professor de Educação Física Escolar. Foram elencados quatro objetivos específicos, que são: identificar o conhecimento dos professores de Educação Física Escolar com referência à abordagem dos Jogos Cooperativos; evidenciar se e como os professores abordam os JCs em suas aulas; analisar como os professores avaliam a abordagem dos Jogos Cooperativos e a aprendizagem da cooperação, da empatia e do respeito; e produzir um vídeo educacional voltado ao ensino dos JCs, relacionando-os com a aprendizagem da cooperação, da empatia e do respeito. Esta pesquisa orientou-se no método qualitativo para responder aos objetivos propostos. Participaram deste estudo 18 professores da rede pública de ensino de um município do interior do estado de São Paulo. A entrevista semiestruturada foi utilizada como instrumento de coleta de dados. A análise dos dados permitiu identificar interfaces entre os... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The recent guidelines published in official basic education documents on learning social values have prompted educators to think about ways to favor these teachings at school. In the area of School Physical Education, Cooperative Games are concerned with providing, through games, an environment conducive to the development of cooperation, empathy and respect. Thus, this research has as its general objective to analyze as interfaces "Cooperative Games" and a learning of cooperation, empathy and respect from the perspective of the Physical Education teacher. Four specific objectives were listed, namely: To identify the knowledge of School Physical Education Teachers with reference to the Cooperative Games approach; evidence if and how teachers approach in their classes; analyze how they evaluate the Cooperative Games approach and the learning of cooperation, empathy and respect; and, produce an educational video focused on the teaching of CGs relating to the learning of cooperation, empathy and respect. This research is guided by the qualitative method to answer the proposed objectives. Eighteen public school teachers from a city in the interior of the state of São Paulo participated in this study. The semi-structured interview was used as a data collection instrument. The analysis of the data allowed to identify interfaces between the Cooperative Games and the learning of cooperation, empathy and respect. Although the theme is valued by educators for the school environment, th... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Resource sharing is a common collaborative strategy used in practice. It has the potential to create synergistic value and leads to higher system efficiency. However, realizing this synergistic value can be challenging given the prevalence of decentralization in practice, where individual operators manage resources based on their own benefits. Hence, optimizing a decentralized system requires understanding not only the optimal operational strategy in terms of the overall system efficiency, but also the implementation of the strategy through proper management of individual incentives. However, traditional network optimization approaches typically assume a centralized perspective. The classic game theory framework, on the other hand, addresses incentive issues of decentralized decision makers, but mainly takes a high-level, economic perspective that does not fully capture the operational complexity involved in optimizing systems with resource sharing. The purpose of this thesis is to bridge this gap between practice and theory by studying the design of tools to manage and optimize the operations in decentralized systems with resource sharing using approaches that combine optimization and game theory. In particular, we focus on decentralized network systems and analyze two research streams in two application domains: (i) implementation of environmental legislation, and (ii) managing collaborative transportation systems. These applications are characterized by their decentralized multi-stakeholder nature where the conflicts and tension between the heterogeneous individual perspectives make system management very challenging. The main methodology used in this thesis is to adopt game theory models where individual decisions are endogenized as the solutions to network optimization problems that reflect their incentives. Such an approach allows us to capture the connection between the operational features of the system (e.g., capacity configuration, network structure, synergy level from resource sharing) and the individual incentives thus the effectiveness of the management tools, which is a main research contribution of this thesis. In the first research stream, we consider designing effective, efficient and practical implementation of electronic waste take-back legislation based on the widely-adopted Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) concept that mandates the financial responsibility of post-use treatment of their products. Typical implementations of EPR are collective, and allocate the resulting operating cost to involved producers. In this thesis, we demonstrate the complexity of collective EPR implementation due to the tension among different stakeholder perspectives, based on a case analysis of the Washington implementation. We then perform analytical studies of the two prominent challenges identified in current implementations: (i) developing cost allocation mechanisms that induce the voluntary participation of all producers in a collective system, thus promoting implementation efficiency; and (ii) designing collective EPR so as to encourage environmentally-friendly product design, thus promoting implementation effectiveness. Specifically, we prescribe new cost allocation methods to address the first challenge, and demonstrate the practicality and economic impact of the results using implementation data from the state of Washington. We then analyze the tensions between design incentives, efficiency and the effectiveness of the cost allocation to induce voluntary participation under collective EPR implementation. We show there exists a tradeoff among the three dimensions, driven by the network effects inherent in a collective system. The main contribution of this research stream is to demonstrate how the implementation outcomes of an environmental policy is influenced by the way that the policy ``filters' through operational-level factors, and to propose novel and implementation mechanisms to achieve efficient and effective EPR implementation. Hence, our study has the potential to provide guidance for practice and influence policy-making. In the second research stream, motivated by the practice of transportation alliances, we focus on a decentralized network setting where the individual entities make independent decisions regarding the routing of their own demand and the management of their own capacity, driven by their own benefits. We study the use of market-based exchange mechanisms to motivate and regulate capacity sharing so as to achieve the optimal overall routing efficiency in a general multicommodity network. We focus on the design of capacity pricing strategies in the presence of several practical operational complexities, including multiple ownership of the same capacity, uncertainty in network specifications, and information asymmetry between the central coordinator and individual operators. Our study in this research stream produces two sets of results. First, we demonstrate the impact of the underlying network structure on the effectiveness of using market-based exchange mechanisms to coordinate resource sharing and to allocate the resulting synergistic benefit, and characterize the network properties that matter. Second, we propose efficient and effective pricing policies and other mechanism design strategies to address different operational complexities. Specifically, we develop duality-based pricing algorithms, and evaluate different pricing strategies such as commodity-based price discrimination, which is shown to have an advantage in coordinating networks under uncertainty.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:58:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-03-15T00:00:00Z / The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse the political economy of Free Trade Area of America based on a sequential non-cooperative Stackelberg political game between a large economy and a small economy, in which the political dispute of rival lobby groups define the unilateral stance of both governments in the first stage and the Stackelberg 'coalition-proof' equilibrium define the format of the free trade agreement in the second stage. Finally, I discuss a few modifications in the initial game structure in order to enhance the small economy's negotiation power. / O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a economia política da Área de Livre Comércio das Américas a partir de um jogo político seqüencial não-cooperativo de Stackelberg entre uma grande economia e uma pequena economia, onde a disputa política entre grupos lobistas rivais define as preferências unilaterais dos governos no primeiro estágio e o equilíbrio 'coalition-proof' de Stackelberg define o formato do acordo de livre comércio no segundo estágio. Finalmente, discute-se algumas modificações na estrutura inicial do jogo que possam aumentar o poder de negociação da pequena economia.

nÃo hà / Esta pesquisa fez uma aplicaÃÃo do Valor de Shapley e do Ãndice de Poder de Shapley-Shubik no contexto da Teoria dos Jogos Cooperativos, com enfoque na repartiÃÃo da renda gerada nas bilheterias dos jogos do Campeonato Cearense de Futebol de 2010. Os dados foram coletados da pÃgina na internet da FederaÃÃo Cearense de Futebol-FCF, do blog Contexto Esportivo e do portal da transparÃncia do Tribunal de Contas do MunicÃpio-TCM. Aplicou-se o Valor de Shapley e o Ãndice de Poder de Shapley-Shubik para classificar os clubes de acordo com os ganhos de renda lÃquida obtidos nesta alocaÃÃo. Os resultados mostraram que a alocaÃÃo do Valor de Shapley à mais equitativa, de modo que clubes como QuixadÃ, Limoeiro e Boa Viagem, que obtiveram arrecadaÃÃo negativa pelo sistema de rateio atual da renda lÃquida, passaram a auferir renda lÃquida positiva com a alocaÃÃo do Valor de Shapley, de modo que pode-se dizer que estes clubes sÃo subsidiados com a repartiÃÃo de renda via valor de Shapley. Verificou-se que os clubes de maiores rendas lÃquidas obtiveram maiores valores para o Ãndice de Poder Shapley-Shubik, com exceÃÃo apenas do Fortaleza Esporte Clube. / This research is an application of the Shapley Value and the Power Index Shapley-Shubik as studied in the context of the Cooperative Game Theory. Specifically, this paper studied the distribution of net income generated at the box office of the FederaÃÃo Cearense de Futebol-FCF during the 2010 football championship. The data were collected from the website of FCF, as well as from the Contexto Esportivo blog, and from the ransparency portal of the Tribunal de Contas do MunicÃpio-TCM. The Shapley value and the power index Shapley-Shubik were applied to rank the football clubs participants according to the net income gains achieved in this allocation. The results revealed that the Shapley value application is more equal because the minor participants clubs like QuixadÃ, Limoeiro e Boa Viagem, with negative receipts from games in the previous status, get now positive ones from those techniques. The results from Power Index Shapley-Shubik show that the bigger the football club the bigger the net receipt from games, except to Fortaleza Esporte Clube.

L'arrivée des véhicules électriques (VEs) a un impact non négligeable sur le réseau électrique, à cause de la grande quantité d'énergie demandée. La stabilité du réseau est susceptible d'être menacée. Cependant, dans l'optique de la transition du réseau électrique vers le Smart Grid, les VEs peuvent aussi être vus comme offrant de nouvelles opportunités. Grâce à la flexibilité des VE demande, leur présence ouvre la voie à des optimisations via le processus de recharge ou même par l'utilisation de cette nouvelle capacité de stockage d'énergie distribuée. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux aspects économiques liés à la VE recharge, en prenant en compte le fait que l'écosystème associé aux VEs implique un grand nombre d'acteurs divers, aux objectifs rarement alignés et chaque acteur peut prendre des décisions stratégiques. Je présente d'abord un état de l'art structuré des modèles de la littérature introduits pour ces problèmes. Nous décrivons et comparons les principales approches, en mettant en évidence les besoins en communication des mécanismes correspondants, et les principales propriétés économiques afin de souligner les résultats les plus significatifs ainsi que les éventuels manques. Nous faisons ensuite une proposition consistant à utiliser le processus de VE recharge pour fournir un service de régulation au réseau électrique, en adaptant la puissance instantanée de charge. Nous conduisons une analyse économique des incitations en jeu. En particulier, nous analysons les valeurs des incitations à la régulation qui sont suffisantes pour qu'une offre de recharge-régulation soit bénéfique à la fois pour l'agrégateur et le réseau. Cette étude étant initialement conduite dans le cas d'un monopole qui peut offrir une recharge normale ou une recharge-régulation. Nous regardons ensuite l'impact de la compétition, entre un agrégateur n'offrant que des recharges à puissance fixe, et un autre n'offrant que de la recharge-régulation. La compétition semble préférable pour les utilisateurs et pour la société, puisque les prix sont alors plus bas qu'avec le monopole, et que la participation aux services de régulation est bien plus élevée. Enfin, nous proposons d'utiliser une autre propriété des VEs, à savoir leur capacité de stockage d'énergie. En effet, les VEs peuvent se charger pendant les heures de faible demande, donc à des prix réduits, et éventuellement revendre une partie pendant les pics de demande. Nous menons une étude économique des gains et coûts d'une telle approche. A partir de valeurs réalistes des marchés de l'électricité, nous déterminons numériquement les conditions pour qu'un tel scénario soit viable, et quantifions les économies qu'il peut apporter. Cette dissertation se conclut par une prise de recul sur les contributions et sur les extensions qui pourraient y être apportées. / Electric Vehicles (EVs), as their penetration increases, are not only challenging the sustainability of the power grid, but also stimulating and promoting its upgrading. Indeed, EVs can actively reinforce the development of the Smart Grid if their charging processes are properly coordinated through two-way communications, possibly benefiting all types of actors. Because grid systems involve a large number of actors with nonaligned objectives, we focus on the economic and incentive aspects, where each actor behaves in its own interest. We indeed believe that the market structure will directly impact the actors' behaviors, and as a result the total benefits that the presence of EVs can earn the society, hence the need for a careful design. The thesis first provides an overview of economic models considering unidirectional energy flows, but also bidirectional energy flows, i.e., with EVs temporarily providing energy to the grid. We describe and compare the main approaches, summarize the requirements on the supporting communication systems, and propose a classification to highlight the most important results and lacks. We propose to use the recharging processes of EVs to provide regulation to the grid by varying the instantaneous recharging power. We provide an economic analysis of the incentives at play, including the EV owners point of view (longer recharging durations and impact on battery lifetime versus cheaper energy) and the aggregator point of view (revenues from recharging versus regulation gains). In particular, we analyze the range of regulation rewards such that offering a regulation-oriented recharging benefits both EV owners and the aggregator. After that, we split the monopolistic aggregator into two competing entities. We model a non-cooperative game between them and examine the outcomes at the Nash equilibrium, in terms of user welfare, station revenue and electricity prices. As expected, competing stations offer users with lower prices than the monopolistic revenue-maximizing aggregator do. Furthermore, the amount of regulation service increases significantly than that in the monopolistic case. Considering the possibility of discharging, we propose an approach close to Vehicle-to-Grid, where EVs can give back some energy from their batteries during peak times. But we also use EVs as energy transporters, by taking their energy where it is consumed. A typical example is a shopping mall with energy needs, benefiting from customers coming and going to alleviate its grid-based consumption, while EV owners make profits by reselling energy bought at off-peak periods. Based on a simple model for EV mobility, energy storage, and electricity pricing, we quantify the reduction in energy costs for the EV-supported system, and investigate the conditions for this scenario to be viable.

En la actualidad, algunas regiones del Perú tienen muchas dificultades con respecto a la coexistencia pacífica, porque la mayoría de sujetos no obedecen ni respetan las normas, derechos y deberes que tiene la sociedad. En este contexto, se realizó una investigación con el objetivo de diseñar un programa Llasú basado en juegos cooperativos basado en reglas para desarrollar la convivencia democrática en niños de 4 años I.E.P. Rosita de Jesús -Chiclayo. Se utilizó el diseño no experimental, teniendo como muestra a 30 estudiantes, seleccionados mediante muestreo no probabilístico de tipo intencional, a quienes se le aplicó una lista de cotejo para medir el nivel de coexistencia pacífica en los niños. El instrumento fue adaptado por la investigadora, sometido a juicio de expertos obteniendo una validez de 0,91 y una confiabilidad de 0.878. Como resultado se obtuvo que el 63% de los estudiantes no desarrollan una buena coexistencia pacífica en las siguientes dimensiones: a) relaciona con cada sujeto b) elaboración de normas c) uso de disconformidad. Asimismo, se planteó una propuesta basada en un programa de juegos de reglas el cual consta de 12 sesiones, las cuales fueron validadas por profesionales expertos, quienes le otorgaron un puntaje de 98.1% de validez. Se concluye que el niño necesita de diferentes actividades lúdicas o recreativas basadas en juego de reglas con el fin de mejorar el nivel de coexistencia pacífica en los niños de la etapa pre escolar. / At present, some regions of Peru have many difficulties with respect to peaceful coexistence, because the majority of subjects do not obey or respect the norms, rights and duties that society has. In this context, an investigation was carried out with the objective of designing a Llasú program based on cooperative games based on rules to develop democratic coexistence in 4-year-old I.E.P. Rosita de Jesús -Chiclayo. The non-experimental design was used, taking as a sample 30 students, selected by intentional non-probabilistic sampling, to whom a checklist was applied to measure the level of peaceful coexistence in the children. The instrument was adapted by the researcher, subjected to expert judgment, obtaining a validity of 0.91 and a reliability of 0.878. As a result, it was obtained that 63% of the students do not develop a good peaceful coexistence in the following dimensions: a) relates to each subject b) elaboration of norms c) use of disagreement. Likewise, a proposal was made based on a game of rules program which consists of 12 sessions, which were validated by expert professionals, who gave it a score of 98.1% validity. It is concluded that the child needs different playful or recreational activities based on the game of rules in order to improve the level of peaceful coexistence in pre-school children.

[pt] No Brasil, as três principais fontes renováveis de energia elétrica são eólica, pequenas centrais hidrelétricas (PCHs) e biomassa. A comercialização da energia proveniente dessas fontes ocorre majoritariamente no ambiente de contratação regulada (ACR), através de leilões, em detrimento do ambiente de contratação livre (ACL). Isso devido ao fato de seus recursos naturais serem sazonais, estabelecendo o risco de preço-quantidade no ACL, em que o excesso ou déficit de energia gerada em relação à quantidade contratada é liquidado ao preço de liquidação de diferenças (PLD), uma variável sistêmica e altamente volátil. Contudo, a complementaridade dessas fontes permite reduzir esses riscos quando a energia é comercializada de forma conjunta, através de um fundo de energia que gera aumento do valor do portfólio com relação à comercialização individual. Esta dissertação utiliza a teoria de jogos cooperativos para analisar formas de repartir o benefício gerado, através da alocação de quotas financeiras. O conjunto de soluções onde o resultado individual das fontes no fundo é maior do que o resultado individual em qualquer subcoalisão define o núcleo do jogo. Assim, a complexidade de encontrar uma solução dentro do núcleo depende do número de subcoalizões, que cresce exponencialmente com o número de jogadores. Nesse contexto, este trabalho se propôs a apresentar: (i) um modelo de portfólio que incentiva a participação de fontes renováveis no ACL; (ii) um modelo de programação linear que busca o núcleo do jogo; (iii) uma metodologia eficiente baseada em decomposição de Benders, capaz de suprimir a questão da explosão combinatória do problema. / [en] In Brazil, the three main sources of renewable energy are wind, small run-of-river hidros (SH) and biomass. The energy sale of such sources occurs mainly in the Regulated Trading Environment (RTE), through auctions, with shy occurrences in the Free Trading Environment (FTE). This is due to the fact that their natural resources are seasonal, establishing the so-called price-quantity risk in the FTE, as the surplus or deficit of energy generated relative to the contracted amount is settled at the market’s spot price, a systemic and highly volatile variable. However, the complementary nature of these sources allows risk reduction if their energy are trade jointly, through an energy hedge pool that increases the value of the portfolio in comparison to individual strategies. This work makes use of cooperative games theory to analyze ways of sharing the generated benefit, through financial quotas allocation. The set of solutions where the individual sources results in the pool are greater than its results at any possible subcoalition defines the core of the game. Thus, the challenge of finding a solution inside the core depends on the number of subcoalitions, which grows exponentially with the number of players. In this context, this work proposes to present: (i) a model of portfolio that encourages the penetration of renewable sources in the FTE; (ii) a linear programming model that pursuits the game’s core; (iii) an efficient methodology based on Benders decomposition that is capable of suppress the problem of combinatorial explosion, typical of cooperative games with many players.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:57:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RobertoMartini.pdf: 859697 bytes, checksum: 105dfcf2db6752dc47aa2819c413379b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / How to contribute to the practice in Physical School Education to have more consistence with the chalenges lived nowadays by the Education, as inclusion, participation, cooperation, solidarity and the exercise of citizenship? This matter has guided the definition of our research question: What is the idea that Physical Education school teachers have about Cooperative Games? The aim of this research has been to raise facts that can contribute to go through the discussion about Cooperative Games in Physical School Education. To reach this goal , we divided the work in two parts: In the first part, based on the bibliographical rewiew, we tried to explore aspects of Education, Physical Education and Cooperative Games relevant to the context of this research. In the second part, we tried to look for the facts concerning to the conceptions from Physical Educational teachers about Cooperative Games. With this objective, we applied interviews with eight people. After this survey, we graded the anwers, analyzed and interpreted the facts. The raised facts revealed the following conceptions from the people: that there would not be a possibility of balance and co-existence between Cooperative and Competitive Games in the classes, as the option for the use of one of these structures would imply the exclusion of the other; Cooperative Games can contribute positively for Physical Education, although, facts and features of these games were not shown; when Cooperative Games appeared as part of the peoples practice, they were restricted to the individual action of the teacher, not demonstrating articulation with the teaching staff or the tecnical team of the school; and so, we noticed that the practice of Cooperative Games has small echo in a competitive world. The results point out that Cooperative Games are still a new knowledge and very little explored, needing a bigger amount of researches that would lead to a new way of teaching, and to the necessity of a colective articulation in the school, that can subsidize and give power to the practice of Cooperative Games, increasing this action beyond Physical Education classes. / Como contribuir para uma prática na Educação Física Escolar que tenha maior coerência com os desafios vividos pela Educação hoje, como inclusão, participação, cooperação, solidariedade e exercício de cidadania? Essa questão norteou a definição do nosso problema de pesquisa: Qual a concepção dos professores de Educação Física Escolar sobre os Jogos Cooperativos? O objetivo da pesquisa foi levantar dados que possam contribuir para o aprofundamento da discussão sobre os Jogos Cooperativos na Educação Física Escolar. Na busca de atingir nosso objetivo, dividimos o trabalho em duas etapas: Na primeira, partindo da revisão bibliográfica, procuramos explorar aspectos da Educação, da Educação Física e dos Jogos Cooperativos pertinentes ao contexto dessa pesquisa. Na segunda etapa, buscamos levantar os dados referentes às concepções dos professores de Educação Física sobre os Jogos Cooperativos. Com esse objetivo, realizamos entrevistas com oito sujeitos. Após tal levantamento, categorizamos as respostas, analisamos e interpretamos os dados. Os dados levantados revelaram as seguintes concepções dos sujeitos: não haveria possibilidade de equilíbrio e co-existência entre os Jogos Cooperativos e Competitivos nas aulas, ou seja, a opção por uma estrutura implicaria na exclusão da outra; os Jogos Cooperativos podem contribuir positivamente para a Educação Física, no entanto, não foram explicitados conceitos e características que demonstrassem o conhecimento de tais jogos; quando os Jogos Cooperativos foram apontados como parte integrante da prática dos sujeitos, eles ficaram restritos à ação individual do professor, não demonstrando articulação com outros docentes ou equipe técnica da escola; e, ainda, a prática dos Jogos Cooperativos tem pouca repercussão em um mundo competitivo. Os resultados apontam que os Jogos Cooperativos são um conhecimento ainda novo e pouco explorado, necessitando por isso de um número maior de pesquisas que conduzam a desdobramentos na prática docente, e para a necessidade de uma articulação coletiva na escola, que possa subsidiar e potencializar a prática dos Jogos Cooperativos, ampliando sua ação para além do espaço das aulas de Educação Física.