Das europäische Umweltbeobachtungsprogramm Copernicus stellt freie Daten über Zustand und Veränderung der Landoberfläche, der Atmosphäre, der Ozeane und für sicherheitsrelevante Anwendungen zur Verfügung. Basierend auf Satellitendaten und bodengestützten Messnetzen wird damit eine Datenbasis geschaffen, um drängende Fragen zum Status und der Entwicklung der Umwelt in Europa zu beantworten (EEA 2015). Bereits im Jahr 2006 wurde im Rahmen des Projektes „GMES Fast Track Service Precursor on Land Monitoring“ der erste europaweite, hochauflösende Datensatz der Bodenversiegelung (High Resolution Layer (HRL) Imperviousness) von der Europäischen Umweltagentur in Auftrag gegeben und von einem Konsortium europäischer Firmen erstellt (Weichselbaum et al. 2007). Dieser Datensatz erhöht die geometrische Auflösung des in den 1990er Jahren etablierten CORINE-Land-Cover-Datensatzes um ein Vielfaches. Seit dem werden die hochauflösenden Landbedeckungsdaten im Rahmen der „Copernicus Land Monitoring Services (CLMS)“ regelmäßig aktualisiert.

Analysis was done to determine fuel optimal translunar trajectories from Earth geostationary transfer orbit to a specified target lunar orbit for a small satellite navigation and communication mission. The study included the optimization of impulsive and finite burn transfers. The inclusion of finite burns was necessary due to the low thrust nature of a small satellite propulsion system. Finite burn optimization was achieved using suboptimal parameterization control theory. The orbital parameters of the initial Earth orbit as well as the target lunar orbit were varied to see how this affected the optimal transfer results. Additionally, two engine thrust levels were explored to find the impact on the fuel mass required. All optimization analyses were completed using Copernicus, a trajectory optimization software package developed at the University of Texas at Austin for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

The Concurrent Design Platform 4 (CDP4®) is a collaborative Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) software tool conceived for architecting complex systems. Nevertheless, there are limitations concerning the manageable number of system options. The upcoming Siemens tool for generative engineering, Simcenter™ Studio, is attempting to overcome this limitation by enabling automatic synthesis and evaluation of architecture variants. The motivation for the Generative Concurrent Design (GCD) project as a collaboration between RHEA, Siemens and OHB is to develop a combined prototype of these two tools. This thesis presents a modelling of Copernicus Next Generation (CNG) space component, using generative capabilities in a typical Phase-0 study. It represents the third step of the bottom-up GCD validation process, intended to investigate how architecting differs among “Sub-system”, “Systems” and “Systems of Systems (SoS)”. Therefore, this work provides an architecting strategy which is generalizable for other SoS use-cases and contributes to assess whether extensions to ECSS-E-TM-10-25 are necessary to successfully support GCD. / Concurrent Design Platform 4 (CDP4®) är ett samarbetsverktyg för modellbaserad systemteknik (MBSE) som utformats för att bygga komplexa system. Dock finns det begränsningar vad gäller det antalet hanterbara systemalternativ. Det kommande Siemens-verktyget för generativ teknik, Simcenter™ Studio, försöker övervinna denna begränsning genom att möjliggöra automatisk syntes och utvärdering av arkitekturvarianter. Motivationen för Generative Concurrent Design (GCD) -projektet som ett samarbete mellan RHEA, Siemens och OHB är att utveckla en kombinerad prototyp av verktygen CDP4® och Simcenter™. Detta examensarbete presenterar en modellering av rymdkomponenten Copernicus Next Generation (CNG) med användning av generativa funktioner i en typisk fas-0-studie. Den representerar det tredje steget i GCD-valideringsprocessen nedifrån och upp, avsedd att undersöka hur arkitekturen skiljer sig åt mellan "Sub-system", "Systems" och "Systems of Systems (SoS)". Detta arbete ger därför en arkitektonisk strategi som är generaliserbar för andra SoS-användningsfall och bidrar till att bedöma om förlängningar till ECSS-E-TM-10-25 är nödvändiga för att framgångsrikt stödja GCD.

Höjddata är fundamentala inom en mängd applikationer. Genom att skapa en digital höjdmodell (DEM), d.v.s. en matematisk modell av terrängens fysiska form, kan höjddata nyttjas på ett effektivt sätt. Tillgång till digitala höjdmodeller underlättar både vid hållbar samhällsplanering och övervakning av klimatförändringar. Vid tillämpning av en DEM är det av största intresse att veta hur väl modellen representerar jordytan. Den centrala delen av studien innefattar en granskning av de två globala höjdmodellerna Copernicus GLO-30 DEM och FABDEM (Forest And Buildings removed Copernicus DEM) som jämförs med svenska referensmodeller baserade på nationella LiDAR-data (Light Detection And Ranging). Genom generering av en egen ytmodell från punktmolnet Laserdata NH framställdes referensdata för jämförelser med Copernicus GLO-30 DEM. Som referensdata för jämförelser med FABDEM användes GSD-Höjddata Grid 2+, vilket är ett markmodellsraster. Utvärderingen utfördes över tre provytor i Sverige. Dessa provytor representerar karaktäristiska marktyper inom landet. I granskningen av kvaliteten för de globala modellerna analyserades statistik för jämförelserna. Dessutom skapades plottar för att kunna visualisera höjdskillnaderna. Studien innehåller även en litteraturstudie om hur de globala modellerna har skapats. Skaparna av Copernicus GLO-30 DEM garanterar en utvidgad standardosäkerhet med täckningsgraden 90% (LE90) på 4 m. Den här studien resulterade i lite högre utvidgade osäkerheter, mellan ca 4,3 och 6,1 meter. Den lägsta osäkerheten uppnåddes i provytan över Stockholm som innehåller höga byggnader, vatten och en del vegetation. De mest avgörande avvikelserna för FABDEM kan kopplats till svagheter i metoden att framställa en markmodell från ytmodellen Copernicus GLO-30 DEM, men FABDEM påverkas också signifikant av brister i den underliggande modellen, d.v.s. i Copernicus GLO-30 DEM. / Elevation data is fundamental in a variety of applications. By creating a digital elevation model (DEM), i.e. a mathematical model representing the physical shape of the surface of the Earth, altitude data can be used effectively. Access to digital elevation models facilitates both sustainable spatial planning and monitoring of climate change. When applying a DEM, it is of greatest interest to know how well the model represents the earth's surface. The central part of the study includes a review of the two global height models Copernicus GLO-30 DEM and FABDEM (Forest And Buildings removed Copernicus DEM), which are compared with reference models based on Swedish national LiDAR data (Light Detection And Ranging). By generating its own surface model from the point cloud Laserdata NH, reference data was produced for comparisons with Copernicus GLO-30 DEM. GSD-Elevation data Grid 2+, which is a terrain model in grid format, was used as reference data for comparisons with FABDEM. The evaluation was performed over three test areas in Sweden. These test areas represent characteristic land types within the country. In the review of the quality of the global models, statistics for the comparisons were analysed. In addition, plots were created to be able to visualize the height differences. The study also includes a literature study on how the global models have been created. The creators of the Copernicus GLO-30 DEM guarantee an extended standard uncertainty at 90 % coverage probability (LE90) of 4 m. This study resulted in somewhat larger expanded uncertainties (90 %), between about 4.3 and 6.1 meters. The lowest uncertainty was achieved in the sample area over Stockholm, which contains tall buildings, water and some vegetation. The most significant deviations for FABDEM can be linked to weaknesses in the method of producing a terrain model from the surface model Copernicus GLO-30 DEM, but FABDEM is also significantly affected by the deficiencies in the underlying model, i.e. in Copernicus GLO-30 DEM.

Urbane Grünflächen besitzen vielfältige Funktionen und sind als Bereitsteller von Ökosystemleistungen von zentraler Bedeutung. Sie dienen als Naherholungsflächen für die Stadtbevölkerung, als Lebensraum für Flora und Fauna und verbessern die Luftqualität. Mit Daten des europäischen Erdbeobachtungsprogramms Copernicus werden Satellitendaten in einer hohen geometrischen Auflösung sowie mit einer hohen räumlichen und zeitlichen Abdeckung kostenlos zur Verfügung gestellt. Die Aufnahmen der Sentinel-2 Satelliten des Copernicus Programms werden in dieser Analyse verwendet, um urbane Grünflächen in deutschen Städten zu kartieren. Um phänologische Einflüsse abzubilden wird der Jahresgang der Vegetation anhand eines Medianmosaiks bzw. über Vegetationsindizes berücksichtigt. Darauf aufbauend wurde eine Methodik zur Landnutzungs-/Landbedeckungsklassifikation auf Basis von LUCAS Referenzpunkten entwickelt und getestet. Die hohe Gesamtgenauigkeit von 92,3 % zeigt, dass innerstädtische Grünflächen mithilfe flächendeckender Satellitendaten in hohem Detailgrad erfasst werden können.

The mitochondrion is a tiny organelle that is the power supplier of the cell and vital to the functioning of the body organs. Additionally it contains a small circular genome of about 16 kb, present in many copies which makes the mitochondrial DNA more viable than nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial DNA is also maternally inherited and thus provides a direct link to maternal relatives. These two properties are of particular use for forensic samples, which only contain limited or degraded amounts of DNA, and for historical samples (ancient DNA). This thesis presents work on the mitochondrial DNA in the hypervariable regions (HV) I and II, in both contemporary and historical samples. Forensic genetics makes use of mitochondrial DNA analysis in court as circumstantial evidence, and population databases are used for the calculation of evidence value. Population samples (299) across Sweden have been analysed in order to enrich the EDNAP mtDNA database (EMPOP) (paper I). The application of mitochondrial DNA analysis allowed for analysis of historical skeletal remains: Copernicus, 1473-1543 (paper II), Karin Göring, 1888-1931 (paper III) and Medieval bones, 880-1000 AD, from a mass grave found in Sigtuna, Sweden (paper IV). The thesis also includes analyses of bones and teeth from the shipwrecked crew of the Vasa warship, 1628, samples from the Vasa museum, Stockholm, Sweden (paper V). Overall, the varying age of the samples and the different conservation environments (soil and water) accounted for variations in quality, but still allowed for successful DNA analysis.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HCS - Ana Paula Brollo.pdf: 357951 bytes, checksum: e61c870a860d2feb43cad31553312055 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-10 / This dissertation has as subject the relation of Copernicus system with the Bible; a crucial question that may be analyzed in Galileo s Letter to Cristine of Lorene, wrote in 1615, in which this subject is treated by the celebrated Florentine. At first, some observations of Galileo are considered (solar spots, phases of Venus and Jupiter satellites) which gave credit to the thesis of Nicolaus Copernicus, who placed Sun in the center of Universe and made Earth to turn around itself and around the Sun. This thesis was introduced more than one half century before, but without proofs to support it. The observacional discoveries of Galileo provided support for the copernican system, being argued the character of this support: a rigorous proof (necessary demonstration) or endorcement of an hypothesis saving the phenomena . We endeavor to analyze the Letter of Galileo to Cristine of Lorene, stressing the strategies used by Galileo to show the agreement of the copernican system with the Bible; stressing also as Galileo conceives the study of the book of Nature and the interpretation of the Bible. For Galileo, Nature as much as Sacred Scripture are works of God; they are, therefore, two books without error and cannot contradict one another; however, Nature and Scripture are two books written in different languages, with different purposes, not being able to be read in the same way / Esta dissertação tem como objeto a relação do sistema de Copérnico com a Bíblia; questão crucial que pode ser analisada na Carta a Cristina de Lorena, de Galileu, escrita em 1615, na qual tal tema é abordado pelo célebre florentino. São consideradas de início algumas observações de Galileu ( manchas solares, fases de Vênus e satélites de Júpiter) que davam crédito à tese de Nicolau Copérnico, que colocava o Sol no centro do universo e fazia a Terra girar em torno de si mesma e ao redor do Sol. Tese introduzida mais de meio século antes, mas sem provas para fundamentá-la. As descobertas observacionais de Galileu proporcionaram sustentação para o sistema copernicano, discutindo-se o caráter desta: prova rigorosa (demonstração necessária) ou fundamentação de uma hipótese capaz de salvar os fenômenos ?. Procuramos analisar a Carta de Galileu a Cristina de Lorena, destacando as estratégias utilizadas por Galileu para mostrar o acordo do sistema copernicano com a Bíblia; destacando também como Galileu concebe o estudo do livro da Natureza e a interpretação da Bíblia. Para Galileu, tanto a Natureza como a Sagrada Escritura são obras de Deus; são, portanto, dois livros desprovidos de erro e não podem se contradizer; no entanto, a Natureza e a Escritura são dois livros escritos em linguagens diferentes, com finalidades diferentes, não se podendo lê-los da mesma forma. As fontes primárias utilizadas foram as cartas de Galileu que se referem à relação do sistema copernicano com a Bíblia, principalmente a carta a Cristina de Lorena. Também utilizamos textos da época que foram úteis para a compreensão do confronto entre ciência e religião no caso em questão

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:36:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaJFM_TESE.pdf: 3570769 bytes, checksum: 12b8738076fd83741651b4140352bbc8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-06 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This study aims to analyze the implications that the knowledge of an important work for the History of Science, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium , by Nicholas Copernicus, can bring for the formation of Mathematics professors. The study focuses on Book I of Copernicus s work, where, in the final part, is found the Table of the Subtense Straight Lines in a Circle, a true sine table constructed by the author. The study considers two theoretical references, the History of Science and of Mathematics, in the professor s formation searched amongst others in Miguel and Miorm, Brito, Neves and Martins, and Radford, and the necessary teaching knowledge professors mst have, on the basis of Gauthier, Schulman and Imbern?n amongst others, through which it is established a net of knowledge grouped in dimensions such as mathematical, psycho pedagogical, cultural and practical diversity, that guide the study analysis. In the search for more necessary elements to enrich the analysis, beyond the theoretical research in Book I, it is carried through, with under graduation pupils, future Math professors, the construction of a sine table following the project used in De revolutionibus . The study still makes a description of the life and work of Nicholas Copernicus, detaching the historical context where the author lived and the conceptions about the Universe existing at that time. The research reveals that the studied work is an important source of culture, able to provide to the Mathematics professor in formation, beyond the conceptual and procedural mathematical knowledge, a cultural knowledge that allows him to be opened to the knowledge of other areas that not his specific area, and so to acquire knowledge about the world history, the development of sciences and of the society / O objetivo deste estudo ? analisar as implica??es que o conhecimento de uma obra importante para a Hist?ria da Ci?ncia, como De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, de Nicolau Cop?rnico, pode trazer para a forma??o do professor de Matem?tica. O estudo tem como foco o Livro I da obra de Cop?rnico, onde em seu final, encontra-se a Tabela das Linhas Retas Subtensas num C?rculo, uma verdadeira tabela de senos, constru?da pelo autor. O estudo considera dois referenciais te?ricos, a Hist?ria da Ci?ncia e da Matem?tica na forma??o do professor e os saberes docentes necess?rios ? forma??o do professor de Matem?tica, com base nos quais ? estabelecida uma teia de saberes agrupados nas dimens?es matem?tica, psicopedag?gica, diversidade cultural e pr?tica, que norteiam a an?lise do estudo. Na busca de elementos mais precisos para enriquecer a an?lise, al?m da pesquisa te?rica no Livro I, ? realizada, com alunos da gradua??o, futuros professores de Matem?tica, a constru??o de uma tabela de senos seguindo o esquema usado em De revolutionibus. O estudo faz ainda uma descri??o sobre a vida e a obra de Nicolau Cop?rnico, destaca o contexto hist?rico em que o autor viveu e as concep??es sobre o Universo existentes ?quela ?poca. A pesquisa realizada revela ser a obra estudada uma importante fonte de cultura, capaz de proporcionar, ao professor de Matem?tica em forma??o, al?m do conhecimento matem?tico conceitual e procedimental, um conhecimento cultural que lhe permite estar aberto aos saberes de ?reas outras que n?o a de sua ?rea espec?fica, e desse modo conhecer acerca da hist?ria do mundo, do desenvolvimento das ci?ncias e da sociedade

The aim of this thesis is to show in what way the mechanistic philosophy of René Descartes allowed him to accept William Harvey's discovery of the circulation of the blood, while at the same time prevented him from accepting his explanation of the movement of the heart. In the introductory section we mention some of the basic notions concerning the state of natural philosophy in the second half of the 16th century which are closely related to the themes of the thesis. Both authors we are concerned with are also presented. The second, historicaly oriented section focuses on Aristotle's, Galen's and Harvey's opinions on the role and motion of the heart and blood in the human body. The aim is to describe how Harvey's 1628 treatise De motu cordis allowed to resolve the proliferating problems faced by the Galenist tradition in the 16th and the early 17th century. The third section presents the exposition of the introductory chapters of Descartes' 1633 treatise Le Monde in which he introduces the basic notions of his new mechanistic philosophy. Among these are the three types of particles, the plenist conception of the world, the omnipresence of circular motions and the relationship between God, natural laws and motion in the world. The fourth section is dedicated to Descartes' a Harvey's point of...

Throughout the world, there is a great demand to map out the increasing environmental changes and life habitats on Earth. The vast majority of Earth Observations today, are collected using satellites. The Global Watch Center (GWC) initiative was started with the purpose of producing a global situational awareness of the premises for all life on Earth. By collecting, studying and analyzing vast amounts of data in an automatic, scalable and transparent way, the GWC aims are to work towards reaching the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The GWC vision is to make use of qualified accessible data together with leading organizations in order to lay the foundation of the important decisions that have the biggest potential to make an actual difference for the common awaited future. As a show-case for the initiative, the UN strategic department has recommended a specific use-case, involving mapping large accumulation of waste in areas greatly affected, which they believe will profit the initiative very much. This Master Thesis aim is, in an automatic and scalable way, to detect and classify dumpsites in Kampala, the capital of Uganda, by using available satellite imagery. The hopes are that showing technical feasibility and presenting interesting remarks will aid in spurring further interest in coming closer to a realization of the initiative. The technical approach is to use a lightweight version of Automatic Target Recognition. This is conventionally used in military applications but is here used, to detect and classify features of large accumulations of solid-waste by using techniques from the field of Image Analysis and Data Mining. Choice of data source, this study's area of interest as well as choice of methodology for Feature Extraction and choice of the Machine Learning algorithm Support Vector Machine will all be described and implemented. With a classification precision of 95 percent will technical results be presented, with the ambition to promote further work and contribute to the GWC initiative with valuable information for later realization.