Traumatic events have the capability to alter people’s psychological, biological, and social functioning to a significant degree (van der Kolk & McFarlane, 1996). As a result, there has been a growing need to develop increasingly more sophisticated models to understand the complexities of people’s responses to trauma (Luxenberg & Levin, 2004). Undergraduate students (N = 391) completed surveys designed to measure past trauma, trauma-related symptoms, self-regulation, executive functioning, and coping abilities. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire, a modified version of the Early Trauma Inventory Self-Report – Short Form (ETISR-SF; Bremner, Vermetten, & Masure, 2000), the Trauma Symptom Inventory – Alternate Form (TSI-A; Briere, 1995), the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX; Wilson, Alderman, Burgess, Emslie, & Evans, 1996), the Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ; Brown, Miller, & Lawendowski, 1999), and the Coping Resources Inventory for Stress – Short Form (CRIS-SF; Curlette & Matheny, 2008). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was utilized to simultaneously assess the relationships between variables. On average, participants reported experiencing 2.5 non-interpersonal traumatic events and 3.5 interpersonal traumatic events. Results revealed that overall, self-regulation, executive functioning, and tension control were important mediating variables in the relation between experiencing a trauma and resulting symptoms. Implications for clinicians working with individuals who experienced trauma and implications for future research are discussed.

Purpose : The purpose of this paper is to explore the influence demographic factors have on the way lesbians and gay men manage their sexual orientation at work. Design/methodology/approach : Based on data taken from a cross-sectional survey of 1308 gay and lesbian employees working in Germany, four regression models are proposed. The means of managing one's homosexuality at work was measured by the 31 items containing WSIMM from Anderson et al. (2001). Findings : Results indicate that being in a relationship is related to increased openness about one's homosexuality at work. Furthermore, it appears that the older and the more religious lesbian and gay employees are, the more open (and therefore less hidden) about their sexuality they are. Having a migratory background is related to being more guarded about one's sexual orientation, whereas personal mobility within the country is not related to the way one manages one's sexual orientation at work. Lesbians tend to be a little more open and less guarded about their homosexuality compared to gay men. Research limitations/implications : The focus of this research (and the related limitations) offers several starting and connecting points for more intersectional research on workforce diversity and diversity management. Practical implications : The study's findings indicate the need for an intersectional approach to organizational diversity management strategies. Exemplified by the dimension "sexual orientation" it can be shown that the impact each dimension has for an employee's everyday workplace experiences and behavior in terms of a certain manifestation of one dimension of diversity, can only be understood in terms of its interplay with other dimensions of diversity. Theoretical implications : The intersectional perspective on employees' stigma-related minority stress allows a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the experiences of individuals in workplace settings. This theoretical framework proposed in this article can therefore be a connecting point for theoretically framing future studies on workforce diversity and diversity management. Originality/value : It is shown that manifestations of demographic factors that tend to broaden the individual's coping resources for stigma-relevant stressors, lead to more openness about one's homosexuality in the workplace. (author's abstract)

Every employee embodies manifestations of every demographic that attach to him or her different minority and majority statuses at the same time. As these statuses are often related to organizational hierarchies, employees frequently hold positions of dominance and subordination at the same time. Thus, a given individual's coping strategies (or coping behavior) in terms of minority stress due to organizational processes of hierarchization, marginalization and discrimination, are very often a simultaneous coping in terms of more than one demographic. Research on minority stress mostly focuses on single demographics representing only single facets of workforce diversity. By integrating the demographics of age, disability status, nationality, ethnicity, race, sexual orientation, and religion into one framework, the intersectional model proposed in this article broadens the perspective on minorities and related minority stress in the workplace. It is shown that coping with minority stress because of one demographic must always be interpreted in relation to the other demographics. The manifestation of one demographic can limit or broaden one's coping resources for coping with minority stress because of another dimension. Thus the manifestation of one demographic can determine the coping opportunities and coping behavior one applies to situations because of the minority status of another demographic. This coping behavior can include disclosure decisions about invisible demographics. Therefore organizational interventions aiming to create a supportive workplace environment and equal opportunities for every employee (e.g. diversity management approaches) should include more demographics instead of focusing only on few. (author's abstract)

Syftet med studien var att undersöka om det fanns ett samband mellan specifika personlighetsegenskaper, copingresurser, tidigare stressorer och uppkomsten av idrottsskador hos aktiva lagidrottare i åldrarna 16-20. Insamlingen av data skede via ett icke slumpmässigt urval då idrottsgymnasium och idrottsföreningar blev utvalt kontaktade. Sammanlagt utfördes två mätningar där första mätningen utfördes 4-5 veckor efter första tillfället där tränare och ledare skulle rapporta de idrottsskador som uppkommit sen den första mätningen genomfördes. Det slutgiltiga urvalet bestod av 94 idrottare varav 61 manliga (M=16.74, SD=0.83) och 33 kvinnliga (M=17.40, SD=1.31). De idrotter som inkluderades var fotboll (n=36), handboll (n=27), ishockey (n=23) och baseboll/softboll (n=8). Resultatet visade att negativa livshändelsestressorer var den enda psykologiska riskfaktorn som hade ett signifikant samband med idrottsskador. Baserat på resultatet från föreliggande studie rekommenderas fortsatt forskning inom området för att kunna kartlägga hur psykologiska faktorer förhåller sig till uppkomsten av idrottsskador för att bättre kunna förebygga idrottsskador genom exempelvis utbilda idrottare och tränare. / The purpose of the study was to investigate whether there was a relationship between specific personalitytraits, coping resources, history of stressors and the occurrence of sports injuries in active team athletesaged 16–20. The data was collected from a non-random sample due to sport high schools and sportassociations were selectively contacted. A total of two measurements were performed where the firstmeasurement was in form of a questionnaire that the participants would answer while the secondmeasurement was performed 4–5 weeks afterwards where the coaches/leaders would report the sportinjuries that had occurred since the first measurement was performed. The final sample consisted of 94athletes, of which 61 were male (M = 16.74, SD = 0.83) and 33 were female (M = 17.40, SD = 1.31). Theteam sports included were football (n = 36), handball (n = 27), ice hockey (n = 23) and baseball/softball(n = 8). The results showed that negative history of stressors was the only psychological risk factor thathad a significant relationship with sport injuries. Based on the results from the present study furtherresearch is recommended in the field, to be able to address how psychological factors relate to theoccurrence of sport injuries to better prevent sport injuries, for example by educating athletes andcoaches.

For decades, stress has been scientifically studied and found to have effects on the law enforcement community. Furthermore, scholars have thoroughly studied the correlation between stress and the law enforcement occupation which has been proven to affect their well-being. Although there is currently ample literature on stress and police officers, to date there has been little research on factors associated with stress and SWAT police officers. Using Lazarus and Folkman's cognitive theory of stress and coping as the foundation, the purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore how SWAT police officers cope with stress while on duty and off duty and the factors that cause them stress. Participants included 5 retired police officers who were members of a SWAT team. Moustakas' framework design of phenomenological study assisted in identifying common themes that emerged from participant interviews. Study findings indicate that the primary stressor to SWAT officers was responding to high-risk missions or operations and that law enforcement agencies generally fail to provide the resources needed to cope with stress. In addition, the main coping resources used by tactical officers were self-initiated activities such as exercise, spending time with family, and hobbies (e.g., hunting, fishing, camping, hiking, and sports entertainment). The results of this study encourage positive social change by advancing recommendations to law enforcement leadership to develop coping resources for tactical officers that are specific to their unique needs. The study also increases awareness and knowledge of the coping resources that SWAT officers need and advocating for new programs and trainings aimed at reducing stress for them, which may prevent officer burnout and improve public safety response.

Att som elitidrottare gå från ett liv där man i stort sett ägnat varje dag åt sin idrott och i bästa fall kunnat livnära sig på den till att det en dag tar slut innebär en stor omställning för de flesta idrottare. I tidigare studier beskrivs omställningen vid karriärövergången som något av det svåraste idrottare varit med om. Detta kan ha sin grund i att de flesta elitidrottare starkt kopplar sig till sin idrott och när det blir dags att avsluta idrottskarriären kan därför flera komplikationer uppstå. Hur karriärövergången upplevs kan bero på vilket sätt karriären avslutades, om avslutet skedde frivilligt eller ofrivilligt, om idrottaren hade så kallade dubbla karriärer och hur stark den egna idrottsidentiteten är. Syftet med studien var att undersöka före detta elithandbollsspelares upplevelser av karriärövergångar och dubbla karriärer. Kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med sex stycken före detta elithandbollsspelare som alla varit aktiva på landslagsnivå och vars karriärer på elitnivå pågått mellan 7 och 24 år. En semistrukturerad intervjuguide konstruerades och samtliga intervjuer spelades in, transkriberades och analyserades. Huvudresultaten i studien visade att de handbollsspelare vars karriärer avslutades frivilligt hanterade karriärövergången bättre än de handbollsspelare vars karriärer avslutades ofrivilligt. Utöver hur karriären avslutades sågs de mest betydelsefulla framgångsfaktorerna för en så naturlig övergång som möjligt i form av dubbla karriärer, copingresurser i form av socialt stöd och övergången från spelare till tränare. Vidare kan det diskuteras kring frånvaron av de idrottspsykologiska resurserna för handbollsspelare både under karriären och vid övergången från en elitidrottskarriär till en yrkeskarriär. Ett idrottspsykologiskt stöd i form av till exempel en mental coach hade troligtvis hjälpt många spelare att hantera motgångar under karriären, karriäravslutet samt karriärövergången bättre. Att börja med detta i ett tidigt skede skulle troligtvis bidra till att fler handbollsspelare stannar kvar inom idrotten i en längre utsträckning, vilket kan ses som en fördel för handbollens framväxt. / As an elite athlete, going from a life where one is practically devoted every day to their sport and at best, being able to feed on it until it one day ends, means a big change for most athletes. In previous studies, the conversion at the career transition is described as one of the most challenging things athletes had been through. This may be due to the fact that most elite athletes are strongly connected to their sport and when the time comes to finish the sports career, several complications can arise. How the career transition is perceived may depend on how the career ended, if the conclusion was voluntary or involuntary, if the athlete had so-called double careers and how strong their own sports identity is. The purpose of this study was to investigate former elite handball players’ experiences of career transitions and dual careers. Qualitative interviews were conducted with six former elite handball players, all of whom were active at the national team level and whose elite careers lasted between 7 and 24 years. A semi-structured interview guide was constructed and all of the interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed. The main findings of the study show that handball players whose career ended voluntarily handled the career transition better than the handball players whose careers ended involuntarily. In addition to how to career ended, the most important success factors for such a natural transition as possible, were seen in the form of double careers, coping resources in the form of social support and the transition from being a player to being a coach. Furthermore, the absence of the sports psychological resources for handball players can be discussed both during their career and at the transition from an elite sports career to a professional career. A sports psychological support in the form of, for example, a mental coach had probably helped many players to deal with setbacks during their career, career termination and career transition better. Beginning with this at an early stage would likely contribute to more handball players remaining in the sport for a longer time, which can be seen as an advantage for the handball’s growth.

This research focuses on the concept of occupational stress. Theories and models are discussed in an attempt to highlight the nature of stress and its implications for the individual if it is not effectively managed. Individual differences in the way they experience strain and cope with stress are considered, as well as the organisational implications of stress. Current thinking in the management of stress programmes is highlighted. The empirical study was conducted to determine whether there are differences between various organisational subgroups with regard to variables relating to occupational stress, strain and coping, as measured by the Occupational Stress Inventory - Revised (Osipow, 1998). The findings of the study show that there are significant differences between seniority, age, race and gender subgroups within the accounting organisation in which the research took place, with regard to stress, strain and coping / Industrial Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

<p>Disertacija je usmerena na dva glavna istraživačka pitanja: na ispitivanje<br />složenih međuodnosa varijabli relevantnih za fenomen stres-procesa u kontekstu<br />ispitne anksioznosti i na istraživanje gre&scaron;aka u sećanjima na emocije, misli i<br />pona&scaron;anja iz konkretne pro&scaron;le stresne transakcije. Teorijsku bazu rada predstavlja u<br />ovoj studiji revidirana verzija modela Tejlora i Aspinvala (The Taylor and Aspinwall<br />Model, 1996), koji podrazumeva sveobuhvatan i savremen konceptualni okvir za<br />razumevanje komponenti generičkog pojma stresa i njihovih međusobnih relacija.<br />Ovde validirani model obuhvata četiri grupe promenljivih: a) stresor (ispitna<br />anksioznost), b) suočavanje sa stresom (tri kategorije mehanizama prevladavanja:<br />suočavanje usmereno na zadatak, suočavanje usmereno na emocije i izbegavanje), c)<br />karakteristike ličnosti (optimizam i generalna samoefikasnost kao internalni resursi za<br />suočavanje sa stresom, i dve stabilne osobine ličnosti, relevantne za domen<br />akademskog života: perfekcionizam i neuroticizam), i d) izlazne varijable stresprocesa<br />(uspeh postignut na kolokvijumu i emocionalno stanje studenata neposredno<br />nakon ispitne situacije).<br />Istraživanje je sprovedeno na prigodnom uzorku od ukupno 263 studenata,<br />koji pohađaju studije psihologije i germanistike na Filozofskom fakultetu u Novom<br />Sadu. Nacrt istraživanja koncipiran je na način, koji je omogućio prikupljanje<br />podataka u dva distinktivna vremena merenja: neposredno pre i odmah nakon<br />polaganja kolokvijuma, te mesec dana posle ove ispitne situacije. Ispitivanje prostora<br />varijabli stres-procesa obavljeno je primenom sledećih mernih instrumenata: upitnik<br />za procenu ispitne anksioznosti (TAI), inventar za registrovanje načina suočavanja sa<br />kognitivnim zadacima (CITS), upitnik za merenje perfekcionizma (APS-R), skala<br />dispozicionog optimizma (LOT-R), skala generalne samoefikasnosti (GSE), subskala<br />neuroticizma iz &bdquo;Big Five&rdquo; inventara ličnosti i upitnik za procenu pozitivnog i<br />negativnog afektiviteta (SIAB-PANAS).<br />Dobijeni rezultati, koji su proizi&scaron;li iz razmatranja prve grupe istraživačkih<br />pitanja, sugeri&scaron;u da mehanizmi suočavanja usmereni na emocije predstavljaju<br />statistički značajne medijatore relacija, koje postoje između visine izraženosti ispitne<br />anksioznosti, s jedne strane, i uspeha na kolokvijumu i emocionalnog stanja ispitanika<br />neposredno nakon ispitne situacije, s druge strane. Nadalje, u radu su detaljno<br />prikazani i prodiskutovani specifični uslovi, pod kojima određeni nivo razvijenosti ispitivanih moderator varijabli (optimizam, generalna samoefikasnost, neuroticizam i</p><p>tri podvrste perfekcionizma) značajno menja sledeće relacije: a) ispitna anksioznost &ndash;<br />izbor strategija za suočavanje, b) primenjeni mehanizmi prevladavanja &ndash; ishodi<br />ispitivane stresne transakcije i c) direktna veza između stresora i izlaznih varijabli.<br />Prilikom ispitivanja memorijskih distorzija, ustanovljeno je da su studenti<br />generalno skloni naknadnom potcenjivanju jačine sopstvene ispitne anksioznosti, koja<br />je postojala u realnoj situaciji polaganja kolokvijuma, kao i precenjivanju pozitivnih<br />ishodnih emocija. Nalazi takođe sugeri&scaron;u da osobina neuroticizma i uspeh postignut<br />na testu znanja nisu u značajnoj meri delovali na gre&scaron;ke u sećanju na osećanja iz<br />pro&scaron;le stresne transakcije. Na posletku, utvrđeno je da su ispitanici relativno tačno<br />evocirali sećanja na primenjene strategije suočavanja, koje spadaju u kategorije<br />prevladavanja usmerenog na zadatak i izbegavanje, dok su potcenili jačinu i učestalost<br />kori&scaron;ćenja mehanizama suočavanja usmerenih na emocije.</p> / <p>The thesis is focused on two main research issues, as follows: examination of<br />complex interrelationships among variables relevant to the phenomenon of the stressprocess<br />in the context of test anxiety and study of distortions in the memory for<br />emotions, thoughts and behavior in a particular previous stressful transaction. The<br />theoretical basis of the thesis presented in this study is a revised version of the Taylor<br />and Aspinwall model (The Taylor and Aspinwall Model, 1996), which includes a<br />comprehensive and contemporary conceptual framework for understanding the<br />components of a generic phenomenon of the stress concept and their mutual relations.<br />The validated model includes four sets of variables: a) stressor (test anxiety), b)<br />coping (three categories of coping mechanisms: task-focused coping, emotion-focused<br />coping, and avoidance), c) personality traits (optimism and general self-efficacy as<br />internal resources for coping, and two stable personality traits relevant to the domain<br />of academic life: perfectionism and neuroticism), and d) the output variables of the<br />stress-process (success achieved at the colloquium and the emotional state of students<br />immediately after the test situation).<br />The research was carried out on a sample of 263 students of Psychology<br />studies and German Language and Literature studies at the University of Novi Sad.<br />The research design enabled data collection within two distinct times of measurement:<br />immediately before and immediately after passing the colloquium (test), and a month<br />after the test situation. Examination of the stress-process variable space was carried<br />out by application of the following measuring instruments: Test Anxiety Inventory<br />(TAI), Coping Inventory for Task Stress (CITS), The Almost Perfect Scale-Revised<br />(APS-R), Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE),<br />the neuroticism subscale from the &quot;Big Five&quot; personality inventory, and the Serbian<br />adaptation of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (SIAB-PANAS).<br />The obtained results, which have emerged after reviewing the first set of the<br />research questions, suggest that emotion-focused coping mechanisms are significant<br />mediators of relations, which exist between the intensity of the test anxiety on one<br />hand, and success achieved at the colloquium and the emotional state of subjects<br />immediately after the test situation, on the other hand. Furthermore, the thesis presents<br />in details and discusses specific conditions under which a certain level of the<br />examined moderator variables (optimism, general self-efficacy, neuroticism, and three subtypes of perfectionism) significantly change the following relations: a) test anxiety</p><p>&ndash; a choice of coping strategies, b) applied coping mechanisms - outcomes of the<br />examined stressful transaction and c) a direct relationship between stressors and<br />output variables.<br />When examining memory distortions, it was found that students generally<br />tended to subsequently underestimate the strength of their own test anxiety, which<br />existed in the real situation of taking the test, as well as to overestimate positive<br />outcome emotions. The findings also suggested that the neuroticism trait and the<br />success achieved on the test were statistically not significant for distortions in<br />memory, and feelings from the previous stressful transaction. Finally, it was found<br />that the subjects relatively accurately evoked memories of the applied coping<br />strategies, which fell into the category of the task-focused coping and avoidance, and<br />underestimated the strength and frequency of application of emotion-focused coping<br />mechanisms.</p>

Background: It is a well-known phenomenon that nurses and other oncology staff have a tendency to ascribe patients with cancer more problems and suffering than the patients themselves report. Aim: The overall aim of the present thesis was therefore to gain increased knowledge and understanding of dis/agreement between patients with cancer and nurses regarding their perception of patients’ situation and of the importance of patient-nurse dis/agreement in clinical practice. Methods: A prospective comparative design was used. Data were collected from a sample of 90 consecutively recruited patient-nurse pairs. Each pair consisted of a patient with cancer, newly admitted to a ward, and a nurse responsible for that patient’s care. Data were collected from the pairs with corresponding self-administrated questionnaires on two occasions: directly after the admission interview and on the patient’s third day on the ward. Results: At the group level, a distinct pattern was shown in which nurses ascribed the patients more emotional distress, less coping resources and a lower quality of life than the patients themselves reported. In short, the results revealed the following clinical importance of patient-nurse dis/agreement. With respect to how nurses act in relation to their perceptions of patients’ emotional distress, patient-nurse dis/agreement did not seem to be important; with few exceptions, nurses’ implemented care did not differ when it was directed at more as compared to less distressed patients. Further, nurses’ general tendency to overestimate cancer patients’ problems and suffering had no influence on patients’ satisfaction with received care and nurses’ satisfaction with provided care. However, patients cared for by nurses who underestimated their level of depression were less satisfied with those nurses’ care. In addition, the more frequently the nurse had implemented care characterized by a trusting relationship, the higher patients’ and nurses’ satisfaction with received/provided care. Conclusions: Initial patient-nurse dis/agreement concerning patients’ situation appears to be of little significance to nurses’ caring behaviour and to patients’ and nurses’ subsequent evaluation of received and provided care.

This research focuses on the concept of occupational stress. Theories and models are discussed in an attempt to highlight the nature of stress and its implications for the individual if it is not effectively managed. Individual differences in the way they experience strain and cope with stress are considered, as well as the organisational implications of stress. Current thinking in the management of stress programmes is highlighted. The empirical study was conducted to determine whether there are differences between various organisational subgroups with regard to variables relating to occupational stress, strain and coping, as measured by the Occupational Stress Inventory - Revised (Osipow, 1998). The findings of the study show that there are significant differences between seniority, age, race and gender subgroups within the accounting organisation in which the research took place, with regard to stress, strain and coping / Industrial Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)