M.A. / The Department of Correctional Services (DCS) has adopted legislation that advocates for the rehabilitation and humane treatment of offenders. However, high incidences of assault and inhumane treatment of inmates by correctional officials were reported between 2005 and 2006. Furthermore the statistics of recidivism in South African Correctional Institutions is estimated to be more than 50% indicating that the rehabilitation of inmates in correctional institutes is of limited success. The aim of this study is to provide some insight into the ill-treatment of offenders as well as the rationale behind the high rate of recidivism in the South African Correctional institution by exploring the attitudes of correctional officials towards the rehabilitation and humane treatment of offenders. Understanding the attitudes of the correctional officials could be a crucial first step in understanding the ill-treatment and abuse of offenders by correctional officials and the limited success of offender rehabilitation as these attitudes have the potential to promote or hinder the successful implementation of the new legislation in this regard. An exploratory research survey was conducted among a sample of correctional officials at Leeuwkop Correctional Institution. The sample consisted of 121 male and 61 female correctional officials. The participants were selected from all major racial groups in South Africa (black, white, coloured and indian). Data was collected by means of a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed by the researcher to elicit the overall attitude of correctional officials towards rehabilitation and humane treatment of offenders (whether it was positive or negative). In addition the factors that could potentially influence the attitude of correctional officials towards rehabilitation and humane treatment of offenders were also investigated. The results revealed that correctional officials have an overall positive attitude towards rehabilitation and humane treatment of offenders. Furthermore it was revealed that factors like gender, age, educational qualification, work experience and the type of offender under the correctional officials’ care have no impact on the attitudes of correctional officials towards rehabilitation and humane treatment of offenders. It was noted that some of these factors have no influence on the attitude of correctional officials when examined individually, however when some of the factors are correlated they have an impact on the attitude of correctional officials.

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Correctional leadership faces staffing challenges that potentially compromise safety and security and cause stress for remaining prison staff. Leadership is especially crucial in prisons due to threats of danger and stress. Leaders exhibiting emotional intelligence control their own emotions and manage interactions with others. Staffing shortfalls and the significance of prison leadership motivated a quantitative investigation of the relationship between leader emotional intelligence and employee job satisfaction. The researcher disseminated electronic surveys to prison staff in 5 southern states, which resulted in 1,174 surveys for analysis. Participants completed a survey that included the Genos Emotional Intelligence Inventory and the Job Satisfaction Survey. Results from a hierarchical linear regression revealed that both select demographic factors of prison employees and employee perception of their supervisor’s emotional intelligence are significantly predictive of prison employee job satisfaction. Findings provide both practical and theoretical implications for correctional leaders and support further research in the area of correctional leadership. / Doctor of Philosophy

For a long time, the occupation of prison correctional officer in all-male prison facilities has been held by males due to the prevailing belief that females cannot handle the stress involved with such a position. It was only recently that females were considered for line positions (direct contact). A study conducted at an all-male maximum-security prison in rural Virginia challenges that belief. Personal characteristics and social support systems were examined as buffers against this stressful occupation. Results suggest that work-related stress, as opposed to outside job stress, contributes to physical and psychological stress in male and female Correctional Officers. Intimate support was found to be an effective buffer against this work stress and women utilized and benefitted from this social support to a higher degree than the male officers. With additional mediators of stress incorporated into the workplace, women may reduce their work stress to even lower levels, thereby making them as efficient, if not more efficient than the male officers. / M.S.

Text in English / This research is aimed at analysing the nature, extent and cause of smuggling at selected Correctional Centres in Gauteng with the aim to provide appropriate strategies to combat smuggling. Smuggling is seen as a chain of command that reflects predisposition of an organised crime. Smuggling in correctional centres is an ongoing concern. Unauthorised items that are smuggled into the correctional centres have an adverse effect into the lives of people and death is an ultimate price. The Department of Correctional Services is also experiencing a severe shortage of officials due to The Seven Days Establishment and the Occupation Specific Dispensation (OSD) policies of Centre- Based and Non-Centre- Based staff. The study shows an increase of smuggling of items such as dangerous weapons, dagga, cellular phones and sim card over a three-year period at the three Correctional Centres. Various recommendations are made to combat smuggling in correctional centres including going back to the basics of proper searching of visitors, offenders, cells and staff when entering the facilities. / Corrections Management / M.Tech. (Correctional Services Management)

Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Department of Correctional Services (DCS) is security‐oriented environment with a constitutional mandate to enforce offenders’ sentences by the court in a humane and safe manner that leads to their rehabilitation. Performance by employees especially in a security‐oriented environment is inevitably important and therefore has to be properly managed. Performance appraisal is one area of performance management that reinforces good performance. This study is meant to achieve the following objectives: To review literature regarding optimal performance appraisal processes in the DCS ; To conduct an investigation into the perceptions of DCS employees on how performance appraisal is done in the department ; To develop recommendations on how to improve performance appraisal conduct in the department. A literature review is conducted to put into perspective an ideal performance appraisal. Following this, qualitative and quantitative case study design methods were used to investigate how performance appraisals are viewed. Research participants were randomly sampled from Goodwood Prison, including Bellville Community Corrections. Their perceptions of the current system were tested and they were also asked how they thought it could be improved. Their input was collected by means of questionnaires. Collected data is then analysed, conclusions drawn and recommendations made on how performance appraisal could be improved. This study afforded DCS members an opportunity to interact with the researcher, in terms of representing their perceptions performance appraisal in the department. A major finding in this study is that the majority (70%) of DCS employees were not happy with the way appraisal is conducted in the department. Major causes of dissatisfaction included favouritism or lack of fairness. This is followed by lack of training. Respondents placed emphasis on the requirements for improvement in both of these areas. Based on the conducted research, the thesis offers the following recommendations to the DCS, namely making spiritual care a major player in increasing fairness and in eliminating favouritism which derails satisfactory performance appraisal in the department. Training is suggested as another way that improve performance appraisal in the department. In conclusion performance appraisal should be treated as important and given the attention that it deserves by management. This will result in better performance by employees and the department itself and is of utmost importance in a security‐oriented environment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Departement van Korrektiewe Dienste (DKD) is sekuriteits‐en omgewingsgeörienteerd met ‘n konstitisionele mandaat om vonnisse van oortreders wat deur die hof opgelê is op ‘n veilige en menslike wyse toe te pas wat hul rehabilitasie tot gevolg hê. Produktiwiteit van werknemers is veral noodsaaklik en belangrik in ‘n sekuriteitsge‐orienteerde omgewing en moet dus gevolglik effektief bestuur word. Produktiwiteitsmeting is een fasset van produktiwiteitsbestuur wat goeie prestasie en hoër produktiwiteit bevorder. Die mikpunt van hierdie studie was om die volgende doelstellings te bereik: Om ‘n oorsig van die akademiese literatuur aangaande die optimale produktiwiteitsassesseringsprosesse in die DKD te bied ; Om die menings van DKD werknemers oor die proses van produktiwiteitsassessering in die DKD te ondersoek ; en Om voorstelle te ontwikkel vir die verbetering van produktiwiteitsassesseringspraktyke in die department. ‘n Oorsig van akademiese literatuur was gedoen om ‘n ideaal vir produktiwiteitsassessering in perspektief te plaas. Vervolgens is kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe ondersoekinstrumente toegepas in ‘n gevallestudie om die opvattings omtrent produktiwiteitsassessering te ondersoek. Goodwood gevangenis, en Bellville Gemeenskapsgevangenis was die bronne vir deelnemers aan die ondersoek . Hul opvattings oor die huidige struktuur was getoets, sowel as hul menings oor hoe dit verbeter kan word. Hul bydrae was verkry deur middel van ‘n vraelys. Die versamelde data was ge‐analiseer, afleidings is gemaak , menings was gevorm en voorstellings is gemaak oor hoe produktiwiteitsassessering verbeter kan word. Die ondersoek het ‘n geleentheid gebied vir interaksie tussen lede van die DKD en die ondersoekbeampte in terme van verteenwoordiging van lede in hul menings oor produktiwiteitsassessering in die department. ‘n Hoofstaande bevinding van die studie was dat ‘n oorweldigende meerderheid van werknemers van die DKD ongelukkig was met die wyse van produktiwiteitsassessering in die department. Hoofoorsake van ontevredenheid was voortrekkery en ongelyke behandeling. Dit was gevolg deur ‘n gebrek aan opleiding. Respondente het klem gelê op die vereistes vir verbetering in albei areas. Hierdie tesis maak die volgende voorstellings, gebaseer op die ondersoek wat geloods is: gee prioriteitsposisie aan geestelike sorg as ‘n groot faktor in die verhoging van gelyke behandeling en die uitskakeling van voortekkery as ‘n duiwel wat bevredigende prestasie‐ en produktiwiteitsassessering in die wiele ry binne die department. Opleiding was voorgestel as nog ‘n wyse waarop produktiwiteitsassessering in die department verbeter kan word. Ten laaste, produktiwiteitsassessering moet as belangrik behandel word en die goedverdiende aandag van bestuur geniet. Dit sal verhoogde produktiwiteit/werksprestasie by werknemers en die department self tot gevolg hê en is van uiterste belang in ‘n sekuriteitsge‐orienteerde omgewing.

Many offenders are incarcerated in U.S prisons with the intent of rehabilitation; however, a majority of these offenders will be released with limited options for employment. Recidivism has been linked to unemployment. The purpose of this multiple case study was to examine the lived experiences of 20 offenders involved in correctional education programs while incarcerated to explore their correctional education experience within the context of postincarceration employment. The theoretical foundation of this study was based on Bandura's self-efficacy theory. Narrative data were elicited pertaining to offenders' perceptions of past education experience, correctional education experience, and their perceived impact of the experience on their future employment. Data were analyzed using inductive coding procedures to categorize the offenders' perceptions of correctional education. According to study findings, offenders' participation in and completion of correctional education programs while incarcerated provided the necessary support for them to successfully reenter society; program participation aided offenders to bridge the gap between release and securing employment by providing the necessary skills to compete for employment. This study contributes to social change by informing correctional education administrators, faculty, and staff of the viability of correctional education programs offered to offenders.

Kriminalvården har genom åren fått mycket kritik för hur arbetet på anstalterna bedrivs och implementerade 2006 en värdegrund för att förtydliga hur arbetet inne på anstalterna skulle utföras för att säkerställa att verksamheten bedrevs på rätt sätt. Syftet med uppsatsen var därför att undersöka hur två organisationer, KRIS Halmstad och KRIS Kalmar, upplevde Kriminalvårdens värdegrund och därmed undersöka hur de uppfattade måluppfyllelsen. Syftet var även att undersöka om implementeringen haft någon betydelse och om det fanns några skillnader mellan de två organisationerna. Dessutom var ett annat syfte att undersöka likheter mellan den svenska och den amerikanska Kriminalvården. Via två fallstudier har tre individer från varje organisation intervjuats, totalt sex intervjuer. Enligt KRIS Halmstad fanns det ingen måluppfyllelse då endast få delar av värdegrunden levdes upp till. I KRIS Kalmar uppfattades det som något bättre. Där fanns en måluppfyllelse, dock var den svag. Avsaknaden av måluppfyllelse enligt KRIS Halmstad innebar att ingen effektmätning kunde genomföras. Enligt KRIS Kalmar hade implementeringen inte någon betydelse då endast två av nio delmål förbättrades efter implementeringen. Uppsatsen är skriven på svenska. / The Swedish Correctional has troughout the years been a subject to critisism concerning the work inside the correctionals insitutions, and 2006 they implemented basic values to clarify the way to work inside the institutions to ensure that the work was beeing properly executed. Therefore the object of this essay has been to evaluate how two organizations, KRIS Halmstad and KRIS Kalmar, was experiencing the basic values and its fulfilling. The purpose has also been to examine if the implement has had a significans and if there were any differenses or similarities between the two organizations. Moreover was another object to examine the similarities between the Swedish and the American Correctional. Through two case studies three individuals from each organization has been interviewed, a total of six interviews. According to KRIS Halmstad there was no fulfilling of the basic values because merely a few parts were fulfilled. In KRIS Kalmar they were percieved as a bit better. There was a fulfilling of the basic values, though it was week. Because of the abscense of fulfilling of the basic values according to KRIS Halmstad, no measures of the output could be done. According to KRIS Kalmar the implement has not had any significance as only two out of nine parts of the basic values has been improved. The essay is written in swedish.