Thesis (MPhil (Curriculum Studies))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / Background to the study: The Critical Care nursing programme at the Faculty of Health Sciences (Stellenbosch University) is a one-year programme. The practical component consists of practical procedures and case presentations. Students have limited time available in the clinical areas to reach competency in the practical skills. Students tend to use the majority of the clinical teaching time available to reach competency in these practical procedures, rather than discussing the patient and learning the skills to integrate and understand the patient’s condition and treatment, which they can acquire by doing case presentations. The end result of this misuse of clinical contact time is that some of the students, by the end of their programme, still have difficulty to integrate a patient’s diagnosis and treatment regime, although they have managed to complete the expected practical procedures. Summary of the work: A case study design was used. I wanted to investigate whether one could make use of simulation and the Clinical Skills Centre (CSC) to complete the majority of the practical procedures so that more time would be available in the clinical areas for the students to do case presentations. The study focuses on describing how the tutors and students involved experienced the use of simulation, as well as how it impacted on the available teaching time in the clinical areas. Conclusions and recommendations: Some of the most important issues that were highlighted in the study and needs to be mentioned are the following: · The students highly valued supervision by a Critical Care tutor when practising their skills in the CSC. · Students indicated that they valued the opportunity to practise some of the more risky procedures in simulation, because it presents no risk to patients. · Case presentations seem important to be added to the CSC’s practical sessions in order to attempt making the practical simulated scenarios even more realistic. · The teaching at the bedside in the clinical areas used to be done somewhat ad hoc. With the teaching in the CSC now being much more structured, this necessitates the teaching at the bedside to be revisited and to be structured to a certain extent. Summary of the results: The information obtained from the Critical Care tutors and the students indicated that these two groups were largely in agreement that simulation seems to be valuable and can effectively be used in a Critical Care nursing programme.

Introdução: Os pacientes críticos necessitam de um acesso venoso central (AVC) para realização de terapia intravenosa (TIV) prolongada. Dentre as opções de AVC, o cateter central de inserção periférica (CCIP) vem conquistando espaço, progressivamente, nas organizações hospitalares brasileiras. A passagem de CCIP requer recursos humanos especializados, materiais, medicamentos e soluções específicas tornando-se fundamental a apuração dos custos envolvidos para subsidiar a eficiência alocativa destes insumos. Objetivo: Identificar o custo direto médio (CDM) do procedimento de passagem de CCIP, realizado por enfermeiros, em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica e Neonatal (UTIPN). Método: Trata-se de pesquisa quantitativa, exploratório-descritiva, do tipo estudo de caso único. O procedimento objeto de estudo foi estruturado em três fases: pré-inserção do cateter, inserção do cateter e pós-inserção do cateter. A amostra constituiu-se da observação não participante de 101 passagens de CCIP na UTIPN. O CDM foi calculado multiplicando-se o tempo (cronometrado) despendido por enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem pelo custo unitário da mão de obra direta (mob), somando-se ao custo dos materiais e soluções. A moeda brasileira real (R$), utilizada originalmente nos cálculos, foi convertida para a moeda norte-americana dólar (US$). Resultados: Obteve-se o CDM do procedimento ( ) de passagem de CCIP correspondente a US$ 226.60 (DP=82.84), variando entre US$ 99.03 e US$ 530.71, com mediana de US$ 313.21. O CDM com material, US$ 138.81(DP=75.48), e o CDM com mob de enfermeiro, US$ 78.80 (DP=30.75), foram os valores mais expressivos para a composição do . Os kits de cateteres corresponderam aos itens de maior impacto na composição do CDM com material e de maior custo unitário, com destaque para cateter epicutâneo + introdutor, kit - 2FR/duas vias (US$ 208.82/unidade); cateter epicutâneo + introdutor, kit - 2FR (US$ 74.09/unidade) e cateter epicutâneo + introdutor, kit - 3FR (US$ 70.37/unidade). O CDM com mob da equipe de enfermagem foi mais elevado na Fase 2: inserção do cateter (US$ 43.26 - DP=21.41) e na Fase 1 pré-inserção do cateter (US$ 37.96 - DP=14.89). Houve predomínio do CDM com mob de enfermeiro, especialmente pelo protagonismo dos enfermeiros executantes, US$ 40.40 (DP=20.58) e US$ 34.05 (DP=15.03), respectivamente. Conclusão: Este estudo de caso além de propiciar a mensuração do de passagem de CCIP, conferiu visibilidade aos insumos consumidos na perspectiva de contribuir com o seu uso racional. Favoreceu inclusive a proposição de estratégias visando incrementar a TIV prolongada, por meio do CCIP, e, consequentemente, auxiliar na contenção/minimização de custos e na diminuição de custos intangíveis aos pacientes. / Introduction: Critical patients require central venous access (CVA) for prolonged intravenous (IVT) therapy. Among the AVC options, the peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) has been progressively gaining a position into the Brazilian hospital organizations. The passage of PICC requires specialized human resources, materials, medicines and specific solutions, being crucial to calculate the costs involved to subsidize the allocative efficiency of these inputs. Objective: To identify the average direct cost (ADC) of the PICC procedure performed by nurses, in a Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (PNICU). Method: This is a quantitative, exploratory-descriptive single-case study. The procedure was arranged into three phases: \"pre-insertion of the catheter\", \"insertion of the catheter\" and \"post-insertion of the catheter\". The sample consisted of the non-participant observation of 101 PICC passages in the PNICU. The average was calculated by multiplying the time (measured) spent by nurses and nursing technicians by the unit cost of direct labor (dl), adding up to the cost of materials and solutions. The Brazilian Real currency (R $), originally used in the calculations, was converted to the US dollar currency (US $). Results: The ADC of the PICC procedure ( )) corresponded to US $ 226.60 (SD = 82.84), ranging from US $ 99.03 to US $ 530.71, with a median of US $ 313.21. ADC regarding material was US $ 138.81 (SD = 75.48), and ADC regarding nurse dl was US $ 78.80 (SD = 30.75) which were the most significant values for the ( ) composition. The catheter kits corresponded to the items with the highest impact in the composition of the ADC regarding material and with a higher unit cost, with emphasis on epicutaneous catheter + introducer, kit - 2FR / two tracks (US $ 208.82 / unit); Epicutaneous catheter + introducer, \"kit\" - 2FR (US $ 74.09 / unit) and epicutaneous catheter + introducer, \"kit\" - 3FR (US $ 70.37 / unit). The ADC regarding dl of the nursing team was higher in Phase 2: \"insertion of the catheter\" (US $ 43.26 - SD = 21.41) and in Phase 1 \"pre-insertion of the catheter\" (US $ 37.96 - SD = 14.89). There was a predominance of the ADC regarding nurse dl, especially due to the leading role of the nurse practitioners, US $ 40.40 (SD = 20.58) and US $ 34.05 (SD = 15.03), respectively. Conclusion: This case study, besides providing the measurement of the PICC passage, allowed visibility to the inputs consumed from the perspective of contributing to its rational use. It also favored the proposition of strategies aimed at increasing the prolonged IVT through PICC and, consequently, to contain / minimize costs and reduce intangible costs to patients.

Introdução: A incompatibilidade de medicamento resulta de um fenômeno físico-químico causado pela combinação de dois ou mais medicamentos na mesma solução ou misturados em um mesmo recipiente. Pode ser considerado um erro de medicação pelo potencial de comprometer negativamente o tratamento. Objetivo: Estimar a incidência de incompatibilidades potenciais de medicamentos administrados por via intravenosa e fatores associados em pacientes críticos. Método: Coorte retrospectiva conduzida com pacientes internados nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva e Semi-intensiva do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo. A amostra foi composta por 110 indivíduos adultos hospitalizados, por pelo menos 72 horas, nessas unidades e submetidos à terapia intravenosa. A incompatibilidade potencial de medicamento foi analisada em duplas de medicamentos, utilizando-se a ferramenta Trissel´s TM 2 Compatibility IV, através da base de dados Micromedex 2.0®. A variável dependente foi a ocorrência de incompatibilidade. As variáveis independentes foram idade, sexo, procedência, tipo de internação, tempo de permanência, SAPSII, índice de Charlson, carga de trabalho de enfermagem, condição de alta, modo de infusão, número de medicamentos prescritos e de prescritores. Na análise dos dados utilizaram-se os testes qui-quadrado de Pearson, Exato de Fisher, Kruskal-Wallis, modelo de análise de variância ANOVA e regressão logística, com significância de p 0,05. Resultados: A incidência de incompatibilidade potencial de medicamentos foi de 2,7%. Foram prescritos 72 tipos diferentes de medicamentos que formaram 565 duplas, destas, 44,9%, foram compatíveis e 8,8%, incompatíveis. O aparecimento de precipitação (50,0%) foi a alteração físico-química mais identificada, após as combinações via dispositivo em Y. Na frequência de aparecimento, as duplas de medicamentos incompatíveis formadas por fenitoína (32,0%), diazepam (14,0%), midazolam (10,0%) e dobutamina (8,0%) foram as mais identificadas. Cerca de 70% dos pacientes receberam medicamentos prescritos a critério médico, principalmente durante o período noturno. Os fatores de riscos associados à incompatibilidade foram procedência (RC: 1,506; IC: 0,327 - 6,934); tempo de permanência prolongado nas unidades (RC: 1,175; IC: 1,058 - 1,306); maior número de medicamentos prescritos (RC: 1,395; IC: 1,091 -1,784) e carga elevada de trabalho de enfermagem (RC: 1,060; IC: 1,010 -1,113). Conclusão: O número de medicamentos prescritos aos pacientes críticos, em decorrência da gravidade clínica, aumenta exponencialmente a ocorrência de incompatibilidade e, os expõe a graves consequências. Embora haja outros estudos que identifiquem as incompatibilidades potenciais, observa-se, no cotidiano das unidades críticas, a repetição de rotinas que comprometem a segurança do paciente. A incompatibilidade poderá ser teoricamente diminuída, quando houver ênfase nas medidas preventivas e na contínua educação da equipe multidisciplinar. / Introduction: Drug incompatibility results from a physicochemical phenomenon caused by the combination of two or more drugs in the same solution or mixed in a single container. It can be considered a medication error due to its potential to compromise the treatment. Objective: To estimate the incidence of potential incompatibilities of drugs administered intravenously and associated factors in critically ill patients. Methods: Retrospective cohort study conducted with patients in Intensive and Semi-intensive Care Units at the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo. The sample consisted of 110 adults hospitalized for, at least 72 hours, in these units and submitted to intravenous therapy. The potential drug incompatibility was analyzed in pairs of drugs, using the TM Trissel\'s 2 Compatibility IV tool through Micromedex 2.0® database. The dependent variable was the occurrence of incompatibility. The independent variables were age, gender, origin, type of admission, length of stay, SAPSII, Charlson index, nursing workload (NAS), discharge condition, infusion mode, number of prescription drugs and prescribers. To analyze the data we used the chi-squared Pearson tests, Fisher Exact test, Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA model and logistic regression, with significance p 0.05. Results: The incidence of potential incompatibility of drugs was 2.7%. Seventy-two 72 different types of drugs were prescribed forming 565 pairs of which 44.9% were compatible and 8.8%, incompatible. The precipitation onset (50.0%) was most identified physical-chemical change after the combinations via device Y. In frequency of appearance, the pairs of drugs formed by phenytoin (32.0%), diazepam (14.0%), midazolam (10.0%) and dobutamine (8.0%) were the most identified. About 70% of the patients received prescription drugs to medical criteria, especially during the night. Risk factors associated with the incompatibility were origin (OR: 1.506; CI: 0.327 to 6.934); prolonged length of stay in the units (OR: 1.175; CI: 1.058 to 1.306); greater number of prescribed medications (OR: 1.395; CI: 1.091 -1.784) and high nursing workload (OR: 1.060; CI: 1.010 -1.113). Conclusion: The number of prescription drugs to critically ill patients, due to the clinical severity, exponentially increases the occurrence of incompatibility and exposes them to serious consequences. Although there are other studies that identify the potential incompatibilities, we observe, in the daily life of critical units, repeating routines that compromise patient safety. Incompatibility can be theoretically reduced when there is emphasis on preventive measures and continuous education of the multidisciplinary team

The purpose of this dissertation was to evaluate the association of psychological distress with cardiac disease, events, and mortality. Specific aims were to: 1) to evaluate the association between hostility level and recurrence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and all-cause mortality in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD); 2) to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) hostility and anxiety subscales in a group of incarcerated participants at high risk of cardiovascular disease; and 3) to evaluate the association of patient and caregiver psychological state with quality of life in both patient and caregiver, and postoperative complications after cardiac surgery. Specific aim one was addressed through a secondary analysis of data collected during the Patient Response to Myocardial Infarction following a Teaching Intervention Offered by Nurses trial to determine whether hostility was a predictor of ACS recurrence and mortality. Hostility was common after ACS and predicted all-cause mortality. Hostility did not predict recurrent ACS. Specific aim 2 was addressed in a secondary analysis of baseline data from a randomized controlled trial in male prisoners. Participants completed the BSI at baseline prior to the intervention. Internal consistency reliability was good for both subscales (Cronbach’s alpha - hostility 0.83, anxiety 0.81). Items from the two dimensions were analyzed together using exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation. Two dimensions, anxiety and hostility, were identified. Construct validity was supported; those with high anxiety and hostility reported a greater number of days where their self-reported health was rated as fair or poor. Those prisoners with less perceived control had higher levels of anxiety and hostility. Specific aim 3 was addressed through a prospective, descriptive correlational study that measured patient and caregiver anxiety, hostility and depressive symptoms, at baseline to determine whether these predicted quality of life using a multilevel dyadic analysis; and to evaluate the association of baseline anxiety, hostility and depressive symptoms and quality of life with postoperative complications and mortality. Anxiety, hostility, and depressive symptoms were common in both cardiac patients and their caregiver. Psychological state influenced quality of life in both dyad members, but was not associated with complications.

This research study explored the meanings former patients attributed to being on long-term mechanical ventilation in a critical care unit (CCU). An interpretive phenomenological-ontological perspective informed by the philosophical tenets of Heidegger (1927/1962) was used to examine the lived experience of a group of people who had previously been hospitalised in one of three critical care units in southeast Queensland, Australia, during which time they were on a mechanical ventilator for a period of seven days or more. Data were collected using 14 unstructured audio-taped interviews from participants, who had indicated that they were willing and able to recall aspects of their critical care experience. The data were analysed using the method developed by van Manen (1990). A total of nine people participated in the study, of which six were male and three female. Their ages ranged from 21 to 69 years. Thematic analysis of the data revealed four themes: Being thrown into an uneveryday world; Existing in an uneveryday world; Reclaiming the everyday world; and Reframing the experience. Throughout the description of these themes, excerpts from the interviews with the participants are provided to demonstrate, and bring to light the meaning and interpretations constructed. From this thematic analysis, a phenomenological description drawing on Heidegger's tenets of Being was constructed. Titled Being at its most elusive, this description showed that participants experienced momentary lapses of: situation, engagement, concern and care, temporality, and the ability to self-interpret. These findings highlight and affirm the relevance of Heidegger's ontological tenets to reveal Being. The findings of this study served as a basis for a number of recommendations relating to nursing practice, education and research. Recommendations relating to practice include: constructing a more patient-friendly critical care environment, increased involvement of patients and their families in decision making and patient care activities; ensuring adequate critical care nursing staff levels; ensuring and maintaining appropriate skill level of critical care nurses; enhancing methods of communication with patients; planning for effective patient discharge and adoption of a designated nurse position for discharge planning; providing opportunities for follow up contact of patients once they are discharged from CCU; and promoting the establishment of follow up services for former CCU patients, and their families. Recommendations relating to critical care education include: incorporating more in-depth information of the psychological and social aspects of patient and family care into care planning; incorporating communication and counselling education and training to assist nurses caring for mechanically ventilated patients, and their families; further education regarding the role and responsibilities of patient discharge planning from CCU; incorporating more advanced research skills training and utilisation of research findings into practice; and the provision of appropriate and ongoing training and education in areas such as manual handling and communication skills for all health care staff involved in the direct care of CCU patients. This study also recommended that further research be undertaken to: examine and compare different sedative and analgesic protocols and their effects on the incidence of nightmares and hallucinations reported by CCU patients; replicate this study in a group of patients from different cultural or ethnic backgrounds; evaluate the efficacy of current methods for communicating with intubated and mechanically ventilated patients in the CCU; develop, test and evaluate the efficacy of new methods for communicating with intubated and mechanically ventilated patients in the CCU; examine CCU patients' perceived level of control and power; explore the extent and type of involvement patients would like to have in their care whilst in the CCU; investigate the extent and type of problems experienced by CCU patients after discharge; explore the usefulness and appropriateness of personal diaries for individual patients as an aid to assist in understanding and resolving their CCU experience; and examine the value of follow up contacts by CCU staff to former patients and their families. In summary, the findings from this study add substantial knowledge to critical care nurses' understanding and knowledge about what it means to be on long-term mechanical ventilation in a critical care unit. Findings will help inform future critical care nursing practice and education, and the provision of holistic and evidenced-based care.

The overall aim of this thesis is to illuminate meanings of the relation between human beings, technology and care, as narrated by critical care nurses and people in need of home mechanical ventilation (HMV). The data are based on narrative research interviews with six intensive care nurses (I), 13 people who were about to start HMV (II), these 13 people were interviewed for a second time six to eight months after HMV had started (III), and nine persons with more than two years HMV experience (IV). The text was analysed using a phenomenological-hermeneutic research method as described by Lindseth and Norberg. The method is developed from the writings of the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur. The findings illuminate meanings of nursing care in an intensive care unit (I) as undertaking the role of advocacy as a caring response to another human being. The basic condition for this caring response depends on the nurses' openness and sensitivity to the needs of patients or patients' next of kin. The nurses were aware of the influence of technology and tried to modify its negative effects. Meanings of becoming dependent on HMV (II) are interpreted and metaphorically expressed as "to get one's breath" and "to hold one's breath" respectively. On the one hand, breathing ensures the cellular oxidation process within the body, but on the other hand there can be "shortness of breath" in "spiritual breathing", and starting HMV will influence patients' whole life situation, body and spirit. After using a ventilator six to eight months, meanings of a life dependent on a ventilator was interpretd as either a closure or an opening of the lived body to oneself, other people and the world. This interpretation is illustrated by two images. A life on a ventilator at home is not to be seen as static being. On the contrary, it is a being which moves and changes over time. Being dependent on a ventilator and living at home, as narrated by adults with more than two years of HMV experience (IV), was interpreted as being able to rise above yourself and your personal boundaries in order to live a good life. These meanings are bound up with experiencing a vital force and interdependency, and despite fragility being able to reach others and the outside world. Design and function of technology had an impact on the lived body. The comprehensive understanding of the four articles (I-IV) unfolded meanings of the relation between human beings, technology and care, as an interchange and a creation of physical and spiritual energy among humans and between human and technology. It could be an experience of the lived body being filled with as well as emptied of energy. This interpretation points at a call for the caring personnel to be attentive and to listen to the voices of the lived body in health and illness, and to bear witness to those who suffer. Technology acts between the person and the world and in order to be embodied, technology must be "transparent", i.e. beautiful and fit to its use.

Estudo transversal realizado em um hospital universitário de grande porte do sul do Brasil com o objetivo geral de analisar associações entre os discriminadores dos fluxogramas do Sistema de Triagem de Manchester (STM) e os Diagnósticos de Enfermagem (DE) segundo a taxonomia da NANDA-I em pacientes adultos de uma emergência clínica com prioridade clínica I (emergência) e II (muito urgente). Os objetivos específicos foram identificar as principais queixas, fluxogramas e discriminadores do STM e os DE mais frequentes. A amostra foi constituída de 219 pacientes, sendo 66 com prioridade clínica I e 153 com prioridade clínica II. A coleta de dados foi realizada no prontuário online dos pacientes. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), versão 21.0, com uso do teste exato de Fisher ou qui-quadrado e o modelo de regressão de Poisson para estimar a razão de prevalência (RP). O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa sob o n° 140145. Os resultados demonstraram como principais queixas dos pacientes a dispneia e a dor. Foi identificado o uso de 14 diferentes fluxogramas do STM, sendo os mais frequentes Dispneia em adulto, Mal estar em adulto e Dor torácica, seguidos de 16 diferentes discriminadores, sendo os mais prevalentes Dor precordial ou cardíaca, Saturação de oxigênio (Sat O2) muito baixa, Respiração inadequada, Pulso anormal e Déficit neurológico agudo. Entre os 14 diferentes DEs reais identificados, os mais prevalentes foram Padrão respiratório ineficaz e Dor aguda. Entre os nove diferentes DEs de risco identificados, os mais prevalentes foram Risco de perfusão tissular cerebral ineficaz, Risco de quedas e Risco de Glicemia instável. Houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre os discriminadores Dor precordial ou cardíaca e Dor intensa com o DE Dor Aguda (p < 0,001). O discriminador Dor precordial ou cardíaca também apresentou associação significativa com o DE Conforto Prejudicado (p = 0,008). Os discriminadores Sat O2 muito baixa e Respiração inadequada associaram-se significativamente ao DE Padrão respiratório ineficaz (p < 0,001). Pulso anormal apresentou associação significativa com o DE Débito cardíaco diminuído (p = 0,030), assim como Déficit neurológico agudo (p < 0,001) e Alteração súbita da consciência (p = 0,024) com o DE Negligência unilateral. Entre os diagnósticos de risco, os discriminadores Déficit neurológico agudo (p < 0,001) e Convulsionando (p = 0,009) associaram-se significativamente ao DE Risco de perfusão tissular cerebral ineficaz, assim como Hipoglicemia associou-se significativamente ao DE Risco de glicemia instável (p < 0,001). O discriminador Convulsionando ainda associou-se ao DE Risco de quedas (p = 0,037). Conclui-se que as associações estatisticamente significativas encontradas entre os discriminadores do STM e os DE estabelecidos estão baseadas em uma adequada coleta de dados do paciente, embora estas sejam etapas executadas em momentos e com objetivos diferentes na emergência. Isso permite um julgamento clínico acurado, que subsidia os enfermeiros para a seleção rápida do cuidado a ser prestado na busca de melhores resultados, além de otimizar o tempo e organizar o trabalho na unidade, favorecendo a segurança do paciente. / Cross-sectional study conducted in a large teaching hospital in the South of Brazil with the overall objective of analyze associations between the discriminators of the Manchester Triage System flowcharts (MTS) and the Nursing Diagnoses (ND) according to the taxonomy of NANDA-I in adult patients of an emergency room with clinical priority I (immediate) and II (very urgent). The specific objectives were to identify the main complaints, flowcharts and discriminators of the MTS and the most frequent ND. The sample was composed of 219 patients, being 66 with clinical priority I and 153 with clinical priority II. Data were collected in online patients’ records. A statistical analysis was performed by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 21.0, with the use of chi-square or Fisher’s exact test and Poisson regression model to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR). The study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee under the number 140145. The results showed that the main complaints reported by the patients were dyspnea and chest pain. It was identified the use of 14 different flowcharts of the MTS, being the most frequent Dyspnea in adults, Illness in adults and Chest pain, followed by 16 different discriminators, being the most prevalent Precordial chest pain, very low Oxygen saturation (O2 Sat), Inadequate breathing, Abnormal pulse and Acute neurological deficit. Among the 14 different ND which were identified, the most prevalent ones were Ineffective breathing pattern and Acute pain. Among the nine different ND of risk which were identified, the most prevalent were Risk for ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion, Risk for falls and Risk for unstable glycemia. There was statistically significant association between Precordial chest pain and Intense pain with ND of Acute Pain (p < 0,001). The discriminator Precordial chest pain has also showed significant association with Impaired comfort (p = 0,008). The discriminator very low O2 Sat and Inadequate breathing associated significantly with Ineffective breathing pattern (p < 0,001). Abnormal pulse showed significant association with Decreased cardiac deficit (p = 0,030) as well as Acute neurological deficit (p < 0,001) and Sudden change of consciousness (p = 0,024) with Unilateral neglect. Among risk diagnoses, the discriminator Acute neurological deficit (p < 0,001) and Seizuring (p = 0,009) were significantly associated with Risk for ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion as well as Hypoglycemia was significantly associated with Risk for unstable glycemia (p < 0,001). The discriminator Seizuring was also associated with Risk for falls (p = 0,037). It is concluded that statistically significant associations between the discriminators of the MTS and the established ND are based on an appropriate patient data collection even though they are steps performed in different moments and with different goals in emergency rooms. This allows an accurate clinical evaluation and that subsidizes the nurses for quick selection of care to be provided in the search for better results, besides optimizing time and organizing the work in the unit, promoting patients’ safety. / Estudio transversal realizado en un hospital universitario de gran porte del sur de Brasil con el objetivo general de analizar asociaciones entre los discernidores de los diagramas de flujo del Sistema Triaje de Manchester (STM) y los Diagnósticos de Enfermería (DE) según la taxonomía de NANDA-I en pacientes adultos de una emergencia clínica con prioridad clínica I (emergencia) y II (muy urgente). Los objetivos específicos fueron identificar las principales quejas, diagramas de flujo y discernidores del STM y los DE más frecuentes. La muestra fue constituída por 219 pacientes, siendo 66 con prioridad clínica I y 153 con prioridad clínica II. La colecta de datos fue realizada en el prontuario online de los pacientes. El análisis estadístico fue realizado por el Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), versión 21.0, con el uso del Test Exacto de Fisher o chi-cuadrado y el modelo de regresión de Poisson para estimar la razón de la prevalencia (RP). El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética y Pesquisa con el número 140145. Los resultados demostraron como principales quejas de los pacientes, la disnea y el dolor. Fue identificado el uso de 14 diagramas de flujo diferentes del STM, siendo los más frecuente Disnea en adultos, Malestar en adultos y Dolor toráxica, seguidos por 16 diferentes discernidores, siendo los más prevalentes el Dolor precordial o cardíaco, la Saturación de oxígeno (SAT O2) muy baja, la Respiración inadecuada, el Pulso anormal y el Déficit neurológico agudo. Entre los 14 diferentes DEs reales identificados, los más prevalentes fueron el Patrón respiratorio ineficaz y el Dolor agudo. Entre los nueve diferentes DEs de riesgo identificados, los más prevalentes fueron el Riesgo de perfusión tisular cerebral ineficaz, el Riesgo de caídas y el de Glicemia inestable. Hubo una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre los discernidores Dolor precordial o cardíaca y Dolor intenso, con DE Dolor agudo (p < 0,001). El discernidor Dolor precordial o cardíaco también presentó asociación significativa con DE Confort perjudicado (p = 0,008). Los discernidores SAT O2 muy baja y Respiración inadecuada se asociaron significativamente con el DE Patrón respiratorio ineficaz (p < 0,001). El Pulso anormal presentó asociación significativa con el DE Débito cardíaco disminuído (p = 0,030), así como el Déficit neurológico agudo (p < 0,001) y la Alteración súbita de conciencia (p = 0,024) con el DE Negligencia unilateral. Entre los diagnósticos de riesgo, los discernidores Déficit neurológico agudo (p <0,001) y Convulsionando (p = 0,009), se asociaron significativamente al DE Riesgo de perfusión tisular cerebral ineficaz, así como Hipoglicemia se asoció significativamente al DE Riesgo de glicemia inestable (p < 0,001). El discernidor Convulsionando aún se asoció al DE Riesgo de caídas (p = 0,037). Se concluye que las asociaciones estadísticamente significativas encontradas entre los discernidores del STM y los DE establecidos están basadas en una adecuada colecta de datos del paciente a pesar de ser etapas ejecutadas en momentos y con objetivos diferentes en la emergencia. Esto es lo que permite un juicio crítico acurado y que subsidia a los enfermeros para la selección rápida del cuidado que será proporcionado en la búsqueda de mejores resultados, además de optimizar el tiempo y organizar el trabajo en la unidad, favoreciendo la seguridad del paciente.

In-patient deterioration is a global phenomena and timely recognition and action improves outcome. Intensive care facilities are scarce and expensive and therefore patient care must be optimal. A retrospective health record analysis was used for this study. The findings indicated that nursing personnel do not recognize patient deterioration timeuously. However, the implementation of an outreach team and clinical markers training program improved the recognition of patient deterioration in general wards with three hours and 40 minutes. It is recommended to implement a comprehensive hospital program that addresses the basic knowledge and skills of general ward personnel to observe, recognize, assess and intervene to patients with clinical deterioration. Together with an extensive training program, a basic physiological parameters guideline to activate a team of experts to the bedside, such as an Outreach team, assist nursing personnel to recognize and manage those patients timeuously and ensure treatment in an appropriate level of care. / Health Studies / M. A. (Health studies)

Bakgrund: Intensivvårdspatientens sömn nattetid är fragmenterad och blir i stor utsträckning störd, vilket gör att en vila på dagen behövs; en strukturerad vilostund. För återhämtning och läkning av sjukdomstillstånd är det viktigt att patienten får den vila denne behöver. Sömnbrist och brist på vila leder till svårigheter att komma ur respirator, längre sårläkning och i slutändan längre vistelsetid på intensivvårdsavdelningen. En strukturerad vilostund är en avsatt tid på dagen där meningen är att intensivvårdspatienten ska vila, utan att bli störd mer än vad sjukdomstillståndet tillåter. Det finns främjande åtgärder som kan utföras för att ge intensivvårdspatienten en god vilostund. Syfte: Syftet är att observera den strukturerade vilostunden inom intensivvården, med hjälp av fyra frågeställningar. Metod: Studien är gjord på två olika intensivvårdsavdelningar, vilket har genererat 41 observationer. Designen är en prospektiv observationsstudie med kvantitativ ansats. Analysen tolkas med deskriptiv och analytisk statistik. Resultat: Resultatet visar att de främjande åtgärder som observerats inte görs i full utsträckning. Den strukturerade vilostunden blir störd bland annat av samtal i vårdrummet och ljud från övervakningsutrustning. Den strukturerade vilostunden störs i snitt 25 gånger och den längsta sammanhängande tid utan störningsmoment är i snitt tio minuter, dock observerades som mest 67 störningsmoment. Den längsta sammanhängande vilan uppmättes till 48 minuter och den minsta vilan till tre minuter.  Slutsats: Den strukturerade vilostunden störs frekvent, trots att riktlinjer finns för en strukturerad vilostund. Då det är frekventa störningar innebär det att möjligheten för vilan blir för kort för att gynna återhämtning och därmed risk för förlängt intensivvårdsbehov. / Background: Patients sleep in the intensive care units (ICU) is fragmented. There is a need for a daytime rest, quiet time, to help the patient heal and recover from critical illness. Sleep deprivation and lack of rest might lead to difficulties of extubation, prolonged healing of wounds and it may result in prolonged stay in the ICU. A quiet time is a period during the day, where the goal is patient rest, without any unnecessary interruptions. There are promotional actions that can be used to make the patients’ rest as good as possible. Aim: The aim of this study is to observe the structured daytime rest in ICU, with the help of four questions. Method: This study is done at two ICU’s in Sweden, which has generated 41 observations. The design is a prospective quantitative observational study with descriptive and analytic statistics. Result: The result shows that the promotional actions observed aren’t used to the full extention. The daytime rest is interrupted, amongst other things, by conversations in the IC-room and from alarms of the surveillance equipment. The daytime rest is disturbed 25 times in mean, and the longest coherent rest fort the patient is ten minutes in mean. The top number for disturbances during the daytime rest is 67 times. The longest coherent rest was 48 minutes and the shortest rest three minutes. Conclusion: The daytime rest is frequently being disturbed in spite of there being a structured daytime rest protocol. This leads to that the possibility for a rest to recover is to short to do so, which can lead to a prolonged stay at the ICU.

Estudo transversal realizado em um hospital universitário de grande porte do sul do Brasil com o objetivo geral de analisar associações entre os discriminadores dos fluxogramas do Sistema de Triagem de Manchester (STM) e os Diagnósticos de Enfermagem (DE) segundo a taxonomia da NANDA-I em pacientes adultos de uma emergência clínica com prioridade clínica I (emergência) e II (muito urgente). Os objetivos específicos foram identificar as principais queixas, fluxogramas e discriminadores do STM e os DE mais frequentes. A amostra foi constituída de 219 pacientes, sendo 66 com prioridade clínica I e 153 com prioridade clínica II. A coleta de dados foi realizada no prontuário online dos pacientes. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), versão 21.0, com uso do teste exato de Fisher ou qui-quadrado e o modelo de regressão de Poisson para estimar a razão de prevalência (RP). O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa sob o n° 140145. Os resultados demonstraram como principais queixas dos pacientes a dispneia e a dor. Foi identificado o uso de 14 diferentes fluxogramas do STM, sendo os mais frequentes Dispneia em adulto, Mal estar em adulto e Dor torácica, seguidos de 16 diferentes discriminadores, sendo os mais prevalentes Dor precordial ou cardíaca, Saturação de oxigênio (Sat O2) muito baixa, Respiração inadequada, Pulso anormal e Déficit neurológico agudo. Entre os 14 diferentes DEs reais identificados, os mais prevalentes foram Padrão respiratório ineficaz e Dor aguda. Entre os nove diferentes DEs de risco identificados, os mais prevalentes foram Risco de perfusão tissular cerebral ineficaz, Risco de quedas e Risco de Glicemia instável. Houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre os discriminadores Dor precordial ou cardíaca e Dor intensa com o DE Dor Aguda (p < 0,001). O discriminador Dor precordial ou cardíaca também apresentou associação significativa com o DE Conforto Prejudicado (p = 0,008). Os discriminadores Sat O2 muito baixa e Respiração inadequada associaram-se significativamente ao DE Padrão respiratório ineficaz (p < 0,001). Pulso anormal apresentou associação significativa com o DE Débito cardíaco diminuído (p = 0,030), assim como Déficit neurológico agudo (p < 0,001) e Alteração súbita da consciência (p = 0,024) com o DE Negligência unilateral. Entre os diagnósticos de risco, os discriminadores Déficit neurológico agudo (p < 0,001) e Convulsionando (p = 0,009) associaram-se significativamente ao DE Risco de perfusão tissular cerebral ineficaz, assim como Hipoglicemia associou-se significativamente ao DE Risco de glicemia instável (p < 0,001). O discriminador Convulsionando ainda associou-se ao DE Risco de quedas (p = 0,037). Conclui-se que as associações estatisticamente significativas encontradas entre os discriminadores do STM e os DE estabelecidos estão baseadas em uma adequada coleta de dados do paciente, embora estas sejam etapas executadas em momentos e com objetivos diferentes na emergência. Isso permite um julgamento clínico acurado, que subsidia os enfermeiros para a seleção rápida do cuidado a ser prestado na busca de melhores resultados, além de otimizar o tempo e organizar o trabalho na unidade, favorecendo a segurança do paciente. / Cross-sectional study conducted in a large teaching hospital in the South of Brazil with the overall objective of analyze associations between the discriminators of the Manchester Triage System flowcharts (MTS) and the Nursing Diagnoses (ND) according to the taxonomy of NANDA-I in adult patients of an emergency room with clinical priority I (immediate) and II (very urgent). The specific objectives were to identify the main complaints, flowcharts and discriminators of the MTS and the most frequent ND. The sample was composed of 219 patients, being 66 with clinical priority I and 153 with clinical priority II. Data were collected in online patients’ records. A statistical analysis was performed by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 21.0, with the use of chi-square or Fisher’s exact test and Poisson regression model to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR). The study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee under the number 140145. The results showed that the main complaints reported by the patients were dyspnea and chest pain. It was identified the use of 14 different flowcharts of the MTS, being the most frequent Dyspnea in adults, Illness in adults and Chest pain, followed by 16 different discriminators, being the most prevalent Precordial chest pain, very low Oxygen saturation (O2 Sat), Inadequate breathing, Abnormal pulse and Acute neurological deficit. Among the 14 different ND which were identified, the most prevalent ones were Ineffective breathing pattern and Acute pain. Among the nine different ND of risk which were identified, the most prevalent were Risk for ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion, Risk for falls and Risk for unstable glycemia. There was statistically significant association between Precordial chest pain and Intense pain with ND of Acute Pain (p < 0,001). The discriminator Precordial chest pain has also showed significant association with Impaired comfort (p = 0,008). The discriminator very low O2 Sat and Inadequate breathing associated significantly with Ineffective breathing pattern (p < 0,001). Abnormal pulse showed significant association with Decreased cardiac deficit (p = 0,030) as well as Acute neurological deficit (p < 0,001) and Sudden change of consciousness (p = 0,024) with Unilateral neglect. Among risk diagnoses, the discriminator Acute neurological deficit (p < 0,001) and Seizuring (p = 0,009) were significantly associated with Risk for ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion as well as Hypoglycemia was significantly associated with Risk for unstable glycemia (p < 0,001). The discriminator Seizuring was also associated with Risk for falls (p = 0,037). It is concluded that statistically significant associations between the discriminators of the MTS and the established ND are based on an appropriate patient data collection even though they are steps performed in different moments and with different goals in emergency rooms. This allows an accurate clinical evaluation and that subsidizes the nurses for quick selection of care to be provided in the search for better results, besides optimizing time and organizing the work in the unit, promoting patients’ safety. / Estudio transversal realizado en un hospital universitario de gran porte del sur de Brasil con el objetivo general de analizar asociaciones entre los discernidores de los diagramas de flujo del Sistema Triaje de Manchester (STM) y los Diagnósticos de Enfermería (DE) según la taxonomía de NANDA-I en pacientes adultos de una emergencia clínica con prioridad clínica I (emergencia) y II (muy urgente). Los objetivos específicos fueron identificar las principales quejas, diagramas de flujo y discernidores del STM y los DE más frecuentes. La muestra fue constituída por 219 pacientes, siendo 66 con prioridad clínica I y 153 con prioridad clínica II. La colecta de datos fue realizada en el prontuario online de los pacientes. El análisis estadístico fue realizado por el Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), versión 21.0, con el uso del Test Exacto de Fisher o chi-cuadrado y el modelo de regresión de Poisson para estimar la razón de la prevalencia (RP). El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética y Pesquisa con el número 140145. Los resultados demostraron como principales quejas de los pacientes, la disnea y el dolor. Fue identificado el uso de 14 diagramas de flujo diferentes del STM, siendo los más frecuente Disnea en adultos, Malestar en adultos y Dolor toráxica, seguidos por 16 diferentes discernidores, siendo los más prevalentes el Dolor precordial o cardíaco, la Saturación de oxígeno (SAT O2) muy baja, la Respiración inadecuada, el Pulso anormal y el Déficit neurológico agudo. Entre los 14 diferentes DEs reales identificados, los más prevalentes fueron el Patrón respiratorio ineficaz y el Dolor agudo. Entre los nueve diferentes DEs de riesgo identificados, los más prevalentes fueron el Riesgo de perfusión tisular cerebral ineficaz, el Riesgo de caídas y el de Glicemia inestable. Hubo una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre los discernidores Dolor precordial o cardíaca y Dolor intenso, con DE Dolor agudo (p < 0,001). El discernidor Dolor precordial o cardíaco también presentó asociación significativa con DE Confort perjudicado (p = 0,008). Los discernidores SAT O2 muy baja y Respiración inadecuada se asociaron significativamente con el DE Patrón respiratorio ineficaz (p < 0,001). El Pulso anormal presentó asociación significativa con el DE Débito cardíaco disminuído (p = 0,030), así como el Déficit neurológico agudo (p < 0,001) y la Alteración súbita de conciencia (p = 0,024) con el DE Negligencia unilateral. Entre los diagnósticos de riesgo, los discernidores Déficit neurológico agudo (p <0,001) y Convulsionando (p = 0,009), se asociaron significativamente al DE Riesgo de perfusión tisular cerebral ineficaz, así como Hipoglicemia se asoció significativamente al DE Riesgo de glicemia inestable (p < 0,001). El discernidor Convulsionando aún se asoció al DE Riesgo de caídas (p = 0,037). Se concluye que las asociaciones estadísticamente significativas encontradas entre los discernidores del STM y los DE establecidos están basadas en una adecuada colecta de datos del paciente a pesar de ser etapas ejecutadas en momentos y con objetivos diferentes en la emergencia. Esto es lo que permite un juicio crítico acurado y que subsidia a los enfermeros para la selección rápida del cuidado que será proporcionado en la búsqueda de mejores resultados, además de optimizar el tiempo y organizar el trabajo en la unidad, favoreciendo la seguridad del paciente.