The purpose of this article is to focus on unique issues that are encountered in the crosscultural adaptation of measures of emotions. We take into consideration the cross-cultural equivalence of the concept of emotion, and how cultural differences influence the meaning of words that are utilized to describe these concepts. The critical need to take the state-trait distinction into account in adapting measures of emotional states and personality traits is then discussed. The effects of language and culture in adapting measures of the experience, expression, and control of anger in Latin-America are also reviewed. The construction of the Latin American Multicultural State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory is described. / Medición transcultural de las emociones: la expresión de la ira Se presenta un análisis de las dificultades encontradas en el proceso de adaptación transcultural de pruebas de medición de las emociones. Se toma en consideración la equivalencia transcultural del concepto de emoción, y como las diferencias culturales tienen una gran influencia en el significado de las palabras a ser usadas para definir y describir las emociones y su medición. Se discute la importancia y necesidad de considerar el concepto de estado-rasgo en el proceso de adaptación de pruebas psicológicas que evalúan los estados emocionales. Se examina los efectos de la lengua y cultura en la adaptación de pruebas que evalúen la experiencia, expresión y control de la ira en Latinoamérica. Finalmente, se describe la construcción del Inventario Multicultural Latinoamericano de la Expresión de la Ira, Estado-Rasgo.

abstract: This study explored several training variables that may contribute to counseling trainees' multicultural counseling self-efficacy and multicultural case conceptualization ability. Specifically, this study aimed to examine the cognitive processes that contribute to multicultural counseling competence (MCC) outcome variables. Clinical experience, multicultural knowledge, and multicultural awareness are assumed to provide the foundation for the development of these outcome variables. The role of how a counselor trainee utilizes this knowledge and awareness in working with diverse populations has not been explored. Diversity cognitive complexity (DCC) quantifies the process by which a counselor thinks about different elements of diversity in a multidimensional manner. The current study examined the role of DCC on the relationship between training variables of direct clinical experience with diverse populations, multicultural knowledge, and multicultural awareness and the two training outcomes (multicultural counseling self-efficacy and multicultural case conceptualization ability). A total of one hundred and sixty-one graduate trainees participated in the study. A series of hypotheses were tested to examine the impact of DCC on the relationship between MCC predictors (multicultural knowledge, multicultural awareness, and direct contact hours with diverse clinical populations) and two MCC outcomes: multicultural counseling self-efficacy and multicultural case conceptualization ability. Hierarchical regression analyses were utilized to test whether DCC mediated or moderated the relationship between the predictors and the outcome variables. Multicultural knowledge and clinical hours with diverse populations were significant predictors of multicultural counseling self-efficacy. Multicultural awareness was a significant predictor of multicultural case conceptualization ability. Diversity cognitive complexity was not a significantly related to any predictor or outcome variable, thus all hypotheses tested were rejected. The results of the current study support graduate programs emphasizing counselor trainees gaining multicultural knowledge and awareness as well as direct clinical experience with diverse clinical populations in an effort to foster MCC. Although diversity cognitive complexity was not significantly related to the predictor or outcome variables in this study, further research is warranted to determine the validity of the measure used to assess DCC. The findings in this study support the need for further research exploring training variables that contribute to multicultural counseling outcomes. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Counseling Psychology 2013

abstract: The purpose of this mixed methods research study was to assess the impact and influence of a pre-international experience course on Arizona State University (ASU) students before they study or intern abroad. Currently, the study abroad pre-departure orientation for ASU participants consists of online modules and a two-hour face-to-face orientation. In this action research study, the practitioner-researcher re-designed an ASU School of Politics and Global Studies (SPGS), one-credit course that focused exclusively on cross-cultural awareness and sensitivity. A needs assessment was distributed to a sample of 800 returning study abroad participants and was used to influence the study, along with an extensive literature review and two cycles of action research. The dissertation research and study was conducted during the ASU fall 2013 semester. Quantitative data and qualitative data were collected using eight different measures. To better understand the impact of a pre-international experience curriculum for ASU study abroad and international internship participants before they go abroad, this research study investigated the following research questions: (1) What cultural impact does a pre-international experience course have on students who complete the course before studying or interning abroad? (2) What specific cultural competencies are gained by the participants after participating in the pre-international experience course? (3) How has developing the curriculum, teaching the curriculum and implementing the innovation influenced and informed my practice as an international educator and the Assistant Director of the Arizona State Study Abroad Office? The following five assertions were identified within the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the collected data to answer the three research questions: (1) Students are more confident in their abilities to cross cultures after successfully completing taking the new course; (2) Students are more aware of other cultures and their own culture after successfully completing taking the new course; (3) Students gained important knowledge about understanding others' worldviews after successfully completing taking the new course; (4) Students gained general openness toward intercultural learning and to people from cultures different from their own after successfully completing the new course; (5) Developing and implementing a pre-international experience course changed me as a leader, instructor and researcher. Implications for future implementation and research are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ed.D. Educational Leadership and Policy Studies 2014

O câncer de mama é uma doença que mobiliza o sistema familiar da mulher que o apresenta, e a forma como os familiares ajustam-se à doença tem efeito sobre o processo de enfrentamento da mulher. Conhecer a dinâmica familiar e identificar aspectos da interação entre os membros da família que ficam comprometidos com o surgimento da doença e que prejudicam o ajustamento e a qualidade de vida das mulheres e seus familiares é uma das etapas iniciais para se desenvolver serviços adequados à população em foco. A utilização de instrumentos de avaliação do funcionamento familiar, adequadamente construídos e validados, é uma estratégia que tem se mostrado como de grande relevância. No Brasil, não foram encontrados instrumentos que atendessem a esse fim. Portanto, optou-se pela adaptação transcultural e validação de um instrumento norte-americano de avaliação familiar, o que consistiu no objetivo desse estudo. O instrumento escolhido foi a Family Dynamics Measure II (FDM II), uma escala composta por 66 itens construída por um grupo de enfermeiras com base na teoria do sistema familiar saudável de Barnhill. O processo de adaptação do instrumento envolveu a tradução, a retro-tradução, a verificação da equivalência da versão retro-traduzida pela autora principal da escala, a análise semântica e duas análises da validade de face e de conteúdo por juízes. Para o teste das propriedades psicométricas do instrumento, foram realizadas análises de construto por meio da análise fatorial e por meio da validade convergente com a Escala de Ansiedade e Depressão Hospitalar (HADS), e a análise da fidedignidade por meio do cálculo da consistência interna dos itens (alfa de Cronbach). A versão adaptada da FDM II, a HADS e uma ficha de identificação sócio-demográfica foram aplicadas a uma amostra de 251 familiares de mulheres portadoras de câncer de mama, atendidas em dois serviços de saúde do interior do estado de São Paulo. O produto da análise semântica e da validade de face e de conteúdo por juízes resultou em uma versão da FDM II em português adaptada para uso no Brasil. A análise fatorial mostrou que a versão adaptada não confirmou a dimensionalidade teórica do instrumento. Porém, foi semelhante à obtida pelas autoras na análise fatorial do instrumento original. Na análise da validade convergente da FDM II com a HADS, as correlações entre as medidas de ansiedade e depressão e as medidas das dimensões da FDM II foram inversas de moderada a baixa intensidade. E na análise da fidedignidade, a consistência interna dos itens foi muito boa (α = 0,90), apesar dos coeficientes por dimensão serem mais baixos. Concluindo, a versão adaptada da FDM II foi considerada válida, e sugerem-se novos estudos para fortalecer essa evidência. / Breast cancer is a disease that affects the woman\'s family and, the way the family faces the disease affects the woman coping process. Knowing the family dynamics and identifying interaction aspects among the relatives affected by the disease, and that may damage the coping process and life quality of the woman and her family, is an initial stage to develop adequate services for the focused population. The use of well constructed and reliable tools to assess the family dynamics is a relevant strategy. Tools of that kind, to achieve such results, were not available in Brazil. Therefore, the cross-cultural adaptation and validation of a north-American instrument for family assessment was chosen to supply this need and became the purpose of this study. The chosen scale was the Family Dynamics Measure II (FDM II), a 66 items questionnaire, built by a group of nurses and based on Barnhill\'s healthy family system. The adaptation process involved the translation, back-translation, assessment of the equivalence between the original and the back-translated version by the main scale\'s author, a semantic analysis and two face and content validity assessments by judges. For the psychometric properties tests of the instrument, analysis of the construct were carried out by means of factor analysis and convergent validity towards Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); and reliability analysis, through items internal consistency calculation (Cronbach\'s alpha). The FDM II adapted version, HADS, and a socio-demographic identification form were submitted to a sample with 251 breast cancer women\'s relatives, in treatment at two health services facilities in Sao Paulo state. The product of the semantic and the face and content validity analysis resulted in a version of the FDM II in Portuguese adapted for use in Brazil. Factor analysis showed that the adapted version did not confirm the theoretical dimensionality. However, it was like to those obtained by the authors at the factor analysis on the original instrument. At the convergent validity analysis on FDM II and HADS, the correlation between anxiety and depression measurements and the FDM II dimensions measurements were inverted, from moderate to low intensity. At the reliability analysis, the items internal consistency were very good (α = 0,90), despite the low coefficients by dimension. The conclusion is that the FDM II adapted version was considered valid and new studies to strengthen this evidence are suggested.

O objetivo principal desta tese foi testar um modelo teórico que pudesse relacionar os construtos atitude, norma subjetiva, hábito e intenção de comportamento no consumo de carne bovina. Também se propôs uma análise do impacto das emoções antecipadas (positivas e negativas), do grau de envolvimento e de diferenças culturais como variáveis moderadoras no modelo. Buscou-se ainda contribuir com a Teoria do Comportamento Planejado (Theory of Planned Bahviour – TPB, AJZEN, 1985, 1988, 1991) em estudos sobre o consumo de alimentos pela inclusão do construto hábito como um regressor independente no modelo (VERPLANKEN, 1998) e pela exclusão do construto controle percebido de comportamento (BREDAHL; GRUNERT, 1997; TOWLER; SHEPHERD, 1991/1992). Até recentemente os alimentos eram considerados simplesmente commodities, e seu estudo na área de marketing foi negligenciado por muitos anos. A abertura global dos mercados e o surgimento de novos padrões de consumo mudaram esta realidade, trazendo para a área do comportamento do consumidor tão importante discussão. No entanto, apesar da importância do agronegócio, estudos relacionando hábitos, emoções antecipadas, nível de envolvimento, cultura, atitudes, intenção e comportamento de consumo de produtos alimentares ainda são escassos no Brasil, e, portanto, totalmente abertos à exploração. Os construtos foram analisados como um modelo teórico quantitativo e a Modelagem em Equações Estruturais (MEE) foi utilizada para o cálculo dos parâmetros e teste das hipóteses (ARBUCKLE, 1999). O pré-teste foi realizado na Escócia e coleta de dados ocorreu no Brasil, na Holanda e na Austrália em 2005 e 2006. Foram obtidos 816 questionários válidos nas surveys realizadas, sendo que 400 casos foram usados para a análise cross-cultural multivariada dos dados. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram a relação existente, direta e estatisticamente significante entre os construtos atitude, hábito e norma subjetiva com o comportamento de consumo de carne bovina. No entanto, o papel mediador da intenção de comportamento entre a atitude e a norma subjetiva com o comportamento, postulado pela TPB, não foi confirmado. Uma relação direta, do hábito para atitude também foi um achado teórico relevante. A inclusão de hábito como uma extensão à TPB foi considerada apropriada, pois ajudou a explicar o comportamento de consumo de carne bovina. Os consumidores de Porto Alegre e da Austrália apresentaram a relação entre a atitude e comportamento mais positiva e níveis de envolvimento mais altos com carne bovina do que os consumidores de São Paulo e Holanda. As emoções antecipadas também foram consideradas variáveis moderadoras satisfatórias, tendo em vista que os grupos com expectativas emocionais (positivas e negativas) mais altas mostraram relações mais fortes e significativas no modelo. Os grupos que sofreram menor impacto das variáveis moderadoras emoções antecipadas (positivas e negativas) demonstraram um padrão de consumo menos cognitivo, mais habitual, e mais influenciável pelas normas subjetivas. Sob o ponto de vista gerencial, as cadeias produtivas de carne bovina no Brasil, Holanda e Austrália se beneficiarão dos resultados, pois campanhas e esforços de marketing poderão ser direcionados a grupos específicos de consumidores, com base no seu comportamento de consumo. Vantagens competitivas poderão ser alcançadas por todos os elos da cadeia pela orientação para o mercado e satisfação das demandas dos consumidores a partir do conhecimento gerado. / The main objective of this thesis was to test a theoretical model relating attitude, subjective norm, habit and behaviour intention in beef consumption. We also proposed to analyze the impact of anticipated emotions (positive and negative), degree of involvement and cultural differences as moderator variables in the model. The author aimed to contribute to the Theory of Planned Behaviour - TPB (AJZEN, 1985, 1988, 1991) in food consumption through the inclusion of habit as an independent regressor in that model (Verplanken, 1998) and exclusion of perceived behaviour control (BREDAHL; GRUNERT, 1997; TOWLER;SHEPHERD, 1991/1992). Until recently food was regarded as a commodity and marketing scholars neglected its study for many years. Although, with the global opening of markets and new consumption patterns, this reality changed, bringing up to the study of consumer behaviour such important discussion. Amazingly, in spite of the importance of the agribusiness sector, studies relating food consumption, habits, anticipated emotions, involvement, culture, attitudes and behaviour intention are scarce in Brazil, and therefore, totally open to exploration. The constructs were presented as a theoretical quantitative model and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to estimate parameters and test the hypotheses (ARBUCKLE, 1999). A pre-test was held in Scotland and data collection took place in Brazil, in The Netherlands and in Australia during 2005 and 2006. 816 valid questionnaires were obtained from the surveys and 400 cases were used on the cross-cultural multivariate analysis. Results obtained from this study confirmed most of the hypothesized relations. The authors confirmed the direct, statiscally significant effect of attitude, habit and subjective norm on consumption behaviour. The mediating role of behavioral intention from attitude and subjective norm to consumption behaviour, by contrast, was not confirmed, as postulated by the TPB. A direct relation, from habit to attitude was also found significant. The inclusion of habit as a TPB extension was considered appropriated, helping to explain beef consumption behavior. Consumers from Porto Alegre and Australia confirmed to have stronger relation from attitude to behavior and to have higher degrees of involvement with beef than consumers from São Paulo and The Netherlands. Anticipated emotions were also considered satisfactory moderator variables based on the findings that groups with higher emotional expectations showed stronger relationships in the model. Groups presenting a lower moderating impact were found to show a less cognitive, more habitual consumption pattern, and yet more susceptible to subjective norms influence. From a managerial perspective, Brazilian, European and Australian beef sector will benefit from the results, since marketing campaigns and sales efforts can be addressed to specific groups of consumers, based on their behaviour trends. The entire beef productive chain can improve its competitive advantage via consumer-driven or market-oriented actions.

A presente tese de doutorado teve por objetivo traduzir, adaptar e validar para o contexto brasileiro o Questionário de Comportamentos Agressivos e Reativos entre Pares (Q-CARP), instrumento italiano, de autorrelato, empiricamente baseado, constituído por duas escalas independentes. A primeira escala avalia o comportamento agressivo infantil e a segunda escala avalia diferentes reações frente à agressão entre pares. Também foi objetivo deste estudo, a validação transcultural do instrumento entre Itália e Brasil. O estudo de validação do instrumento no Brasil contou com a participação de 727 crianças (52% meninos), de 8 a 13 anos, estudantes do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas e privadas do Rio Grande do Sul. Análises fatoriais exploratórias e confirmatórias foram conduzidas para testar a estrutura do instrumento, a qual foi consistente com o instrumento original, apresentando uma solução unifatorial para a primeira escala (Escala de Comportamentos Agressivos – ECA) e uma solução de três fatores (Reação Agressiva – RA; Busca de Apoio – BA; Reação Internalizada – RI) para a segunda escala (Escala de Comportamentos Reativos – ERA). Análises de validade convergente e análises multivariadas por sexo e idade também foram conduzidas. Os resultados indicaram que o Q-CARP apresenta boas propriedades psicométricas e satisfatórias evidências de validade e de fidedignidade, configurando-se como um instrumento útil para avaliação dos comportamentos agressivos bem como da reação da criança frente à agressão de seus pares. O estudo de validação transcultural contou com a participação de 587 crianças italianas, de 6 a 11 anos (52% meninos), além das 727 crianças brasileiras. As análises confirmatórias multigrupos atestaram a invariância do instrumento, indicando que o Q-CARP é uma medida válida para avaliar os comportamentos agressivos e reações frente à agressão em ambos os contextos (brasileiro e italiano). Uma MANCOVA foi realizada para avaliar diferenças em meninos e meninas e em crianças brasileiras e italianas para cada uma das escalas do Q-CARP. Meninos apresentaram maior nível que as meninas na ECA e também apresentaram maiores médias no fator RA da ERA. Já as meninas apresentaram maiores níveis para o fator BA e para fator RI da ERA. Em relação à comparação entre países, crianças italianas apresentaram maiores médias para a ECA e crianças brasileiras maiores médias para RI. Os resultados são discutidos à luz da literatura. / The present doctoral dissertation aimed to translate, adapt and validate to the Brazilian context the Peer Aggressive and Reactive Behaviors Questionnaire (PARB-Q), an Italian self-report and empirically based instrument, composed by two independent scales. The first scale assesses child aggressive behavior, whereas the second scale evaluates different reactions to peer aggression. It was also conducted a cross-cultural validation of the PARB-Q between Italy and Brazil. Participants of the Brazilian validation study were 727 children (52% boys), ranging from 8 to 13 years old, students of public and private elementary schools of the Rio Grande do Sul State. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted in order to verify the structure of the PARB-Q, which was consistent with the original instrument, resulting in a one-factor solution for the first scale (Peer Aggression - PA) and a three-factor solution (Reactive Aggression – RA, Seeking Teacher Support – STS and Internalizing Reaction - IR) for the second scale (Reaction to Peer Aggression Scale - RPA). Convergent validity analysis and multivariate analysis by sex and age were also performed. The results indicated that the PARB-Q presented good psychometric properties and satisfactory evidence of validity and reliability. The PARB-Q was configured as a useful tool to evaluate child aggressive behavior and child's response to peer aggression. Participants of the cross-cultural validation study were 587 Italian and 727 Brazilian students of elementary public schools. Multigroup confirmatory factor analyses attested full measurement invariance of the instrument, indicating that the PARB-Q is a valid measure to assess the child aggressive behavior and responses to peer aggression in both Brazilian and Italian contexts. A MANCOVA (using age as a co-variable) was performed to assess differences in boys and girls and in Brazilian and Italian children for each of the PARB-Q scales. Boys showed higher levels than girls in the PA scale and also presented higher levels in the RA factor of the RPA scale. Girls presented higher levels of the STS and IR factors of the RPA scale. Regarding cross-country comparisons, Italian children presented higher levels in the PA scale whereas Brazilian children presented higher levels in the IR factor. The results are discussed in light of the literature.

Aspectos metodológicos envolvidos na mensuração de atividade física têm sido cada vez mais requisitados em pesquisas na área de ciências da saúde. Observa-se ausência de questionários adaptados à realidade brasileira na faixa etária de 7 a 10 anos. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a adaptação transcultural de questionário já validado para faixa etária de 7 a 10 anos para avaliar atividade física. A partir de levantamento bibliográfico extenso identificou-se o questionário a ser adaptado (Physical Activity Checklist Interview). Na adaptação transcultural envolveu-se a avaliação da equivalência conceitual na qual verificou que o questionário avaliava o construto de interesse e suas dimensões. Na equivalência de itens observou que alguns não eram equivalentes à cultura brasileira, sugerindo substituições equivalentes ao original. E na equivalência semântica foram realizadas tradução, retradução e avaliação dos significados conotativo e referencial, nos quais alguns itens apresentaram modificações, porém não foram consideradas discrepantes entre as versões. O pré-teste do questionário adaptado foi realizado com 24 crianças de 7 a 10 anos, da Escola de Aplicação da USP. Foi possível observar que a lista de atividades auxiliou para a lembrança das atividades realizadas no dia anterior, dificuldade na estimativa do tempo em minutos de atividade física e ocupações sedentárias no dia anterior. O tempo de entrevista foi longo e os avaliadores apresentaram dificuldade quanto à classificação sobre a avaliação da entrevista. Conclui-se que o questionário avalia o construto atividade física e suas respectivas dimensões, necessitando a realização das etapas de equivalência de mensuração e operacional para ser considerado adaptado. / Methodological aspects involved in the measurement of physical activity have been more and more requested in researches on the health science field. The absence of questionnaires adapted to the Brazilian reality in the group of 7 to 10 years old was investigated. The purpose of this study was to perform the cross cultural adaptation of a validated questionnaire for children between 7 to 10 years old to assess physical activity. From extensive bibliographic survey, the questionnaire to be adapted (Physical Activity Checklist Interview) was identified. In the cross cultural adaptation, engaged the conceptual equivalence was assessed, in which was found that the questionnaire evaluated the interest construction and it's dimensions. In the item equivalence, it was noted that some items were not equivalent to the Brazilian culture, suggesting substitutions similar to the source. And, in the semantic equivalence, translation, backtranslation and evaluation of connotative and referential meaning were carried out. The adapted questionnaire pre test was conducted with 24 children from 7 to 10 years old, in Escola de Aplicação from USP. It was possible to observe that the activity list helped them remember the activities held as well as difficulty in estimating minutes of physical activity and sedentary occupations on the previous day. The interview took very long time and the interviewers showed difficulty in classifying the interview evaluation. We can conclude that the questionnaire assesses the construct physical activity and it's dimensions, requiring implementation of measurement and operational equivalence stages to be adapted. Cross cultural adaptation of an instrument of assessment of physical activity for children between 7 to 10 years old: evaluation of conceptual, items, semantic and operational equivalence

Neste estudo foi realizada a tradução e adaptação transcultural para o português no contexto da cultura brasileira e validada a versão do Questionário de Incapacidade decorrente de Dor Orofacial de Manchester. As diretrizes seguidas para a tradução e adaptação transcultural foram propostas por Beaton et al. (2000) e Wild et al. (2005). A versão final instituída (Brasil - MOPDS) foi aplicada em 50 pacientes com Dor Orofacial da clínica ambulatorial de ATM e Oclusão do Departamento de Prótese Dentária da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo. A Brasil MOPDS foi administrada duas vezes por um entrevistador (intervalo de 15-20 dias) e uma vez por um entrevistador independente. A versão brasileira do questionário OHIP-14 e a Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) foram realizadas em uma das entrevistas. Para análise da consistência interna foi utilizado Alpha de Cronbach e o Coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman. O Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (ICC) e o Coeficiente de Correlação de Bland-Altmann (CCBA) foram computados para avaliar a validade e a confiabilidade externa e interna. A consistência interna encontrada foi alta ( = 0,9175) e as correlações interobservador (ICC = 0,924) e intraobservador (ICC = 0,982) foram excelentes. As validades comparadas ao OHIP- 14 (r = 0,857) e a EVA (r = 0,758) foram altas. A Brasil MOPDS foi validada e adaptada com sucesso para aplicação em pacientes brasileiros, com validade e confiabilidade interna e externa satisfatória. / In this study was done the translation and cross cultural adaptation of the Manchester Orofacial Pain Disability for the Portuguese language. The guidelines followed for this process was suggested by Beaton et al. (2000) and Wild et al. (2005). Therefore, the final version (Brazil - MOPDS) was established and applied in 50 patients with Orofacial Pain selected in TMJ and Occlusion clinic ambulatory of University of São Paulo University Dentistry School. The Brazil MOPDS was administered twice by one interviewer (15-20 days interval) and once by an independent interviewer. The Brazilian OHIP short version (OHIP-14) and the Visual Analogical Scale (VAS) were applied on the same day. For internal consistency analysis, the Cronbach´s Alpha test, Spearmans Correlation Coefficient, intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altmans Correlation Coefficient were used to evaluate the validation and internal and external reliability. Results: The internal consistency found was high (=0, 9175). Inter-observer correlations (ICC = 0.924) and intra-observer (ICC= 0.982) were excellent. Validity compared with OHIP-14 (r= 0.857) and VAS (r= 0.758) were high. Brazil MOPDS was successfully translated and adapted to be applied to Brazilian patients, with satisfactory internal and external reliability.

Orientador: Maria Helena Baina de Moraes Lopes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T20:58:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernandes_MarcellaLimaVictal_M.pdf: 3941848 bytes, checksum: 51a27ec98438641644e783f34a5ceb86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Objetivou-se traduzir, adaptar para a cultura brasileira e avaliar as medidas psicométricas de confiabilidade de teste-reteste e validade discriminante dos instrumentos "The Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index and Problem Index" (The O'Leary-Sant) e "Pelvic Pain and Urgency/Frequency (PUF) Patient Symptom Scale" utilizados no diagnóstico de cistite intersticial. Foram realizadas as etapas metodológicas recomendadas pela literatura internacional para a adaptação cultural. As etapas de tradução, síntese das traduções e retro-tradução foram realizadas satisfatoriamente e a avaliação das versões síntese, pelo comitê de especialistas resultou em algumas alterações, assegurando as equivalências entre as versões originais e traduzidas. O "PUF" foi pré-testado entre 40 sujeitos e o "The O'Leary-Sant" em uma amostra de 50 indivíduos devido a necessidade de ajustes em decorrência da baixa escolaridade da população. O processo de tradução e adaptação foi realizado com sucesso e os instrumentos, após as modificações, demonstraram ser de fácil compreensão e rápido preenchimento. A estabilidade foi avaliada usando-se teste-reteste, com intervalo de 3 a 7 dias entre as duas aplicações. Para verificar a validade discriminante foram usados três grupos: um de pacientes com cistite intersticial (CI), e dois grupos controles: um formado por indivíduos com pelo menos um sintoma indicativo de CI (controle 1) e outro por pessoas sem sintomas (controle 2). O teste-reteste foi aplicado a 24 pacientes com CI (grupo de estudo). O coeficiente de correlação intra-classe (CCI) foi de 0,56, IC: 95% (0,21-0,78) para o índice de sintomas do "The O'Leary-Sant", 0,48, IC: 95% (0,10-0,73) para o índice de problemas do "The O'Leary-Sant" e de 0,49, IC: 95% (0,12-0,74) para o PUF. Para a análise da validade discriminante entre os grupos utilizou-se o teste exato de Fisher e odds ratio para identificar as diferenças. O p-valor <0,0001 indicou que, considerando um nível de significância de 5%, a hipótese nula foi rejeitada, isto é, houve indícios de que pelo menos dois grupos eram diferentes em relação à proporção de casos com cistite intersticial. Concluiu-se que os dois instrumentos analisados não atingiram valor adequado para confiabilidade, o que gera a necessidade de futuros estudos de análises de medidas psicométricas em uma amostra maior de pacientes com cistite intersticial / Abstract: The objective was to translate, adapt to the Brazilian culture and to evaluate psychometric measures of test-retest reliability and discriminant validity of the instruments "The Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index and Problem Index" (The O'Leary-Sant) and "Pelvic Pain and Urgency/Frequency (PUF) Patient Symptom Scale" used in the diagnosis of interstitial cystitis. We made the methodological steps recommended by the international literature for cultural adaptation. The steps of translation, synthesis of translations and back-translation were performed satisfactorily and evaluation the versions of the synthesis by the committee of experts has resulted in some changes, ensuring the equivalence between the original and translated versions. The "PUF" was pre-tested among 40 subjects and "The O'Leary-Sant" in a sample of 50 individuals due to the need for adjustments due to the low education population. The translation and adaptation process was successful and the instruments, after changes, proved easy to understand and fill quickly. However, this is a study prior to the validation process and will be pressing the use of the instrument in new research to be assessed its measurement properties. The stability of test-retest was evaluated using intervals of 3 to 7 days between the two applications. To check the discriminant validity were used three groups: patients with interstitial cystitis (IC), and two control groups: one composed of individuals with at least one symptom of CI (control 1) and another for those without symptoms (control 2). The test-retest was administered to 24 patients with IC (study group). The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was 0.56, IC: 95% (0.21-0.78) for the index of symptoms of "The O'Leary-Sant", 0.48, IC: 95% (0.10-0.73) for the index of issues of "The O'Leary-Sant" and 0.49, IC: 95% (0.12-0.74) for PUF. For the analysis of discriminant validity between groups used the Fisher exact test and odds ratios to identify the differences. The p-value <0.0001 indicated that, considering a significance level of 5%, the null hypothesis is rejected, ie, there were signs that at least two different groups were compared to the proportion of patients with interstitial cystitis. It was concluded that the two instruments analyzed did not reach the appropriate value for reliability, which creates the need for future studies of analyzes of psychometric measures in a larger sample of patients with interstitial cystitis / Mestrado / Enfermagem e Trabalho / Mestra em Ciências da Saúde

Online Social Networks (OSNs) have seen an exponential growth over the last decade, with Facebook having more than 1.49 billion monthly active users and Twitter having 135,000 new users signing up every day as of 2015. Users are sharing 70 million photos per day on the Instagram photo-sharing network. Yahoo Answers question-answering community has more than 1 billion posted answers. The meteoric rise in popularity has made OSNs important social platforms for computer-mediated communications and embedded themselves into society’s daily life, with direct consequences to the offline world and activities. OSNs are built on a foundation of trust, where users connect to other users with common interests or overlapping personal trajectories. They leverage real-world social relationships and/or common preferences, and enable users to communicate online by providing them with a variety of interaction mechanisms. This dissertation studies abuse and privacy in online social networks. More specifically, we look at two issues: (1) the content abusers in the community question answering (CQA) social network and, (2) the privacy risks that comes from the default permissive privacy settings of the OSNs. Abusive users have negative consequences for the community and its users, as they decrease the community’s cohesion, performance, and participation. We investigate the reporting of 10 million editorially curated abuse reports from 1.5 million users in Yahoo Answers, one of the oldest, largest, and most popular CQA platforms. We characterize the contribution and position of the content abusers in Yahoo Answers social networks. Based on our empirical observations, we build machine learning models to predict such users. Users not only face the risk of exposing themselves to abusive users or content, but also face leakage risks of their personal information due to weak and permissive default privacy policies. We study the relationship between users’ privacy concerns and their engagement in Yahoo Answers social networks. We find privacy-concerned users have higher qualitative and quantitative contributions, show higher retention, report more abuses, have higher perception on answer quality and have larger social circles. Next, we look at users’ privacy concerns, abusive behavior, and engagement through the lenses of national cultures and discover cross-cultural variations in CQA social networks. However, our study in Yahoo Answers reveals that the majority of users (about 87%) do not change the default privacy policies. Moreover, we find a similar story in a different type of social network (blogging): 92% bloggers’ do not change their default privacy settings. These results on default privacy are consistent with general-purpose social networks (such as Facebook) and warn about the importance of user-protecting default privacy settings. We model and implement default privacy as contextual integrity in OSNs. We present a privacy framework, Aegis, and provide a reference implementation. Aegis models expected privacy as contextual integrity using semantic web tools and focuses on defining default privacy policies. Finally, this dissertation presents a comprehensive overview of the privacy and security attacks in the online social networks projecting them in two directions: attacks that exploit users’ personal information and declared social relationships for unintended purposes; and attacks that are aimed at the OSN service provider itself, by threatening its core business.