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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
321

Psychological distress and anxiety compared amongst dental patients- results of a cross-sectional study in 1549 adults

Zinke, Alexander, Hannig, Christian, Berth, Hendrik 26 April 2019 (has links)
Background This study aimed to identify anxiety in dental patients visiting a dental clinic using the Dental Anxiety Scale, their level of psychological distress using the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 and therefore identifying a correlation between these groups as well as their gender and age. Methods An adult sample of N = 1549 patients (865 females, 779 males) was examined over the course of three years using the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 to evaluate psychological distress and the Dental Anxiety Scale to determine anxiety before dental treatment. Evaluations were conducted according to age and gender. Results There was no correlation between different age groups of the sample the Dental Anxiety Scale. Anxiety, depression and GSI were more frequent in patients below the age of 46 than above. Women were more susceptible to signs of Anxiety and Somatization and scored higher on the Dental Anxiety Scale and the Global Severity Index than male patients. There was a significant positive correlation between scores of the BSI-18 categories: Somatization, Anxiety and Depression and the DAS for dental patients. Conclusions This study showed that a relationship between dental anxiety and psychological distress exists. It would be an improvement to use a short questionnaire like the Dental Anxiety Scale to evaluate a patient before his first treatment so that more appropriate treatments can be pursued.
322

Komplementäre Therapie der zervikalen Dystonie

Viehmann, Manuel Alexander 14 June 2013 (has links)
In der Behandlung der zervikalen Dystonie wird die Therapie mit Botulinumtoxin (BTX) erfolgreich angewendet. Neben dieser Therapie werden von Patienten oft alternative Therapien (CAM [Complementary and Alternative Medicine]) angesprochen und ausprobiert. Diese Studie geht der Frage nach, wie häufig CAM-Therapien genutzt werden, wie deren Wirkung bewertet wird und ob es Prädiktoren für die Therapiewahl gibt. Zur Datenerhebung wurden 265 Fragebögen von zwei Patientengruppen ausgewertet. Gruppe 1 (n=101) bestand aus Patienten der Botulinumtoxinsprechstunde des Universitätsklinikums Leipzig und der Paracelsus Klinik Zwickau. Gruppe 2 (n=165) wurde aus Mitgliedern des Selbsthilfeverbandes Bundesverband-Torticollis e.V. rekrutiert. Bei 86% der Patienten wurde die Therapie mit BTX angewendet. Von den Therapiemöglichkeiten der CAM wurden am häufigsten physikalische Therapien (Massagen n=171) genannt. Am besten bewertet wurden jedoch, neben der BTX-Therapie, spezielle physiotherapeutische sowie psychotherapeutische Verfahren. Die CAM-Therapien wurden häufig in Kombination mit der BTX-Therapie angewendet und von Patienten, deren Erkrankung einen langen chronischen Verlauf vorwies (>10 Jahre). Als Prädiktoren für die Wahl einer CAM-Therapie zeigten sich eine Zugehörigkeit zur Gruppe 2, aufgetretene Nebenwirkungen im Rahmen der BTX-Therapie, männliches Geschlecht und erhöhter Stress bei den Erkrankten. Außerdem fand sich ein signifikanter Unterschied zu einem höheren Bildungsabschnitt und Arbeit in gehobeneren Berufsgruppen bei Patienten, die vermehrt CAM Therapie anwenden. Zusammenfassend wurden CAM-Therapien, neben der Behandlung mit BTX, häufig von den Befragten angewendet. Hohe Zufriedenheitswerte erzielte eine Kombination mit physiotherapeutischen Verfahren oder Psychotherapie. Die Wahl von CAM-Therapien ist von der Erkrankungsdauer, Bildungslage und finanziellen Ressourcen abhängig.:1 EINLEITUNG 5 2 STAND DER FORSCHUNG 6 2.1 Definitionen 6 2.2 Epidemiologie 7 2.3 Pathologie 8 2.4 Klinisches Bild 11 2.5 Therapie 13 3 FRAGESTELLUNG UND HYPOTHESEN 24 4 STICHPROBE UND METHODE 25 4.1 Stichprobe 25 4.2 Erhebungsinstrument 26 4.3 Statistische Auswertung 28 5 ERGEBNISSE 30 5.1 Soziodemographische Daten 30 5.2 Krankheitsbezogene Merkmale 33 5.3 Therapie 35 5.4 Prädiktoren für die Therapiewahl 42 6 DISKUSSION 45 6.1 Das Patientenkollektiv 45 6.2 Diskussion der Botulinum-Toxin-Therapie 47 6.3 Diskussion der alternative Therapien 48 6.4 Diskussion der Prädiktoren für die Therapiewahl 54 6.5 Kritik 58 6.6 Schlussfolgerungen und Empfehlungen 59 7 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 61 8 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 64 9 ANLAGEN 72 9.1 Tabellen- und Abbildungsverzeichnis 9.2 Fragebogen 9.3 Erklärung der eigenständigen Abfassung der Arbeit 9.4 Curriculum Vitae 9.5 Veröffentlichungen und Vorträge 9.6 Danksagung
323

Is the Association of Diabetes With Uncontrolled Blood Pressure Stronger in Mexican Americans and Blacks Than in Whites Among Diagnosed Hypertensive Patients?

Liu, Xuefeng, Song, Ping 01 November 2013 (has links)
BACKGROUND: Clinical evidence shows that diabetes may provoke uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients. However, racial differences in the associations of diabetes with uncontrolled BP outcomes among diagnosed hypertensive patients have not been evaluated. METHODS: A total of 6,134 diagnosed hypertensive subjects aged ≥ 20 years were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2008 with a stratified multistage design. Odds ratios (ORs) and relative ORs of uncontrolled BP and effect differences in continuous BP for diabetes over race/ethnicity were derived using weighted logistic regression and linear regression models. RESULTS: Compared with participants who did not have diabetes, non-Hispanic black participants with diabetes had a 138% higher chance of having uncontrolled BP, Mexican participants with diabetes had a 60% higher chance of having uncontrolled BP, and non-Hispanic white participants with diabetes had a 161% higher chances of having uncontrolled BP. The association of diabetes with uncontrolled BP was lower in Mexican Americans than in non-Hispanic blacks and whites (Mexican Americans vs. non-Hispanic blacks: relative OR = 0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.37-0.82; Mexican Americans vs. non-Hispanic whites: relative OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.35-0.80) and the association of diabetes with isolated uncontrolled systolic BP was lower in Mexican Americans than in non-Hispanic whites (Mexican Americans vs. non-Hispanic whites: relative OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.40-0.96). Mexican Americans have a stronger association of diabetes with decreased systolic BP and diastolic BP than non-Hispanic whites, and a stronger association of diabetes with decreased diastolic BP than non-Hispanic blacks. CONCLUSIONS: The association of diabetes with uncontrolled BP outcomes is lower despite higher prevalence of diabetes in Mexican Americans than in non-Hispanic whites. The stronger association of diabetes with BP outcomes in whites should be of clinical concern, considering they account for the majority of the hypertensive population in the United States.
324

The Rivermead Mobility Index allows valid comparisons between subgroups of patients undergoing rehabilitation after stroke who differ with respect to age, sex, or side of lesion

Roorda, L.D., Green, J.R., Houwink, A., Bagley, Pamela J., Smith, J., Molenaar, I.W., Geurts, A.C. January 2012 (has links)
To investigate differential item functioning or item bias of the Rivermead Mobility Index (RMI) and its impact on the drawing of valid comparisons with the RMI between subgroups of patients after stroke who differ with respect to age, sex, or side of lesion. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: A rehabilitation center in the Netherlands and 2 stroke rehabilitation units and the wider community in the United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS: The RMI was completed for patients undergoing rehabilitation after stroke (N=620; mean age +/- SD, 69.2+/-12.5y; 297 [48%] men; 269 [43%] right hemisphere lesion, and 304 [49%] left hemisphere lesion). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mokken scale analysis was used to investigate differential item functioning of the RMI between subgroups of patients who differed with respect to age (young vs older), sex (men vs women), and side of stroke lesion (right vs left hemisphere). RESULTS: No differential item functioning was found for any of the comparison subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: The RMI allows valid comparisons to be made between subgroups of patients undergoing rehabilitation after stroke who differ with respect to age, sex, or side of lesion.
325

"Plano de ação participativa para a identificação da deficiência auditiva em crianças de 3 a 6 anos de idade de uma comunidade de baixa renda" / Participation of non-specialists in the detection of hearing loss in preschool children of a poor community

Gomes, Mariana Szymanski Ribeiro 30 September 2004 (has links)
Objetivo: este estudo teve por objetivo verificar a eficácia de um procedimento para a identificação da deficiência auditiva em crianças pré escolares de uma comunidade de baixa renda por pessoas não especialistas. Casuística e métodos: funcionários da creche e da unidade de saúde foram treinados para aplicarem um questionário para triagem auditiva nos pais de 224 crianças de 3 a 6 anos de idade, que foram submetidas à triagem audiométrica e imitanciométrica. Resultados: verificou-se alta concordância na coleta de dados por meio do questionário entre a pesquisadora e os não especialistas. O questionário apresentou melhor sensibilidade e pior especificidade. Os não especialistas relataram aprendizado com a pesquisa e conscientização sobre a importância da audição. Conclusão: é possível treinar agentes comunitários a identificarem a deficiência auditiva em suas comunidades com instrumentos de baixo custo. / Aim: this study aimed to access the efficacy of a low cost instrument used by non professionals to identify hearing loss in pre-school children in a low income community. Methods: employees of a nursery school and a health unit were trained to use a hearing screening questionnaire with parents of 224 children aged 3 to 6 years. The children underwent audiological screening. Results: the results showed that the non - specialists were capable of reproducing the evaluation of the professional regarding the use of the questionnaire. The questionnaire presented better sensitivity than specificity. The non - specialists reported learning and awareness of the importance of hearing in children. Conclusion: the questionnaire offers a low cost option for hearing screening, specially if it is administered by non professionals resources
326

Avaliação da estimulação ventricular direita crônica em crianças e adultos jovens com bloqueio atrioventricular congênito isolado / Evaluation of chronic right ventricular pacing in children and young adults with isolated congenital complete atrioventricular block

Oliveira Júnior, Roberto Marcio de 24 April 2014 (has links)
Introdução: O bloqueio atrioventricular congênito isolado (BAVCi) é raro e tem múltiplas apresentações clínicas. O implante de marca-passo cardíaco permanente (MP) é o tratamento de escolha, resultando em evolução clínica satisfatória para a maioria dos casos, porém, aproximadamente 10% deles apresentam remodelamento ventricular e insuficiência cardíaca grave. Objetivos: Estudar a evolução tardia de crianças e adultos jovens com BAVCi e estimulação crônica do ventrículo direito (VD), visando determinar: a prevalência de sinais clínicos e laboratoriais de insuficiência cardíaca e de remodelamento ventricular; a capacidade funcional; a qualidade de vida e fatores preditores de alterações clínicas, funcionais ou ecocardiográficas. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em coorte de portadores de BAVCi e MP implantado antes de 21 anos de idade com estimulação no VD há mais de um ano. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos a avaliação clínica e laboratorial, da capacidade funcional, da qualidade de vida e a ecocardiograma. Mães e sujeitos da pesquisa foram investigados para doenças reumatológicas. Os dados foram armazenados no sistema REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) e analisados pelos programas SAS (Statistical Analysis System), SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) e R Studio. A análise dos dados incluiu: análise univariada para pesquisa de associações entre variáveis preditoras e desfechos, coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e modelo de regressão linear multivariado. Resultados: De março/2010 a dezembro/2013, foram avaliados 63 indivíduos, 68% do sexo feminino, com idade de 1 a 40 anos, com MP por 13,4 ± 6,5 anos e estimulação do VD por 10,0 ± 5,4 anos. O modo de estimulação era atrioventricular em 55,6%, o percentual de estimulação de VD de 97,9 ± 4,2% e a duração do complexo QRS estimulado de 152,4 ± 20,1 ms. A maioria (88,9%) era assintomática e não utilizava medicamentos de ação cardiovascular. Maior tempo de MP (P= 0,013), maior tempo de estimulação do VD (P= 0,005), maior idade na inclusão no estudo (P= 0,032) ou menor fração de ejeção do ventrículo (FEVE) (P= 0,013) associaram-se com a presença de classe funcional II (NYHA) e/ou uso medicamentos. Os valores do peptídeo natriurético tipo B foram normais em todos os exames laboratoriais, mas houve alteração da proteína C reativa ultrassensível, fator de necrose tumoral alfa e interleucina-6 em 66%, 34% e 13% exames, respectivamente. A distância média percorrida no teste de caminha de seis minutos foi de 546,9 ± 76,2 metros (91,0 ± 12,5% do valor predito). Os escores médios da qualidade de vida foram 78,1 ± 17,7 para o \"Sumário Físico\" e 76,6 ± 17,1 para o \"Sumário Mental\" do questionário Short Form 36 (SF-36) e de 77,4 ± 18,5, para o \"Sumário Físico\" e de 77,7 ± 21,6 para o \"Sumário Psicossocial\", do Child Health Questionnaire - Parent Form 50 (CHQ-PF50). Diminuição da FEVE foi detectada em 39,7% e aumento do diâmetro diastólico do ventrículo esquerdo (DDVE) em 22,2% dos indivíduos. A idade mais avançada no primeiro implante de MP se correlacionou negativamente com menor FEVE (r= -0,302; P= 0,016); a duração do complexo QRS estimulado (r= 0,447; P= 0,002) e maior tempo sob estimulação do VD (r= 0,416; P= 0,007) se correlacionaram positivamente ao aumento do DDVE. Foi detectada dissincronia ventricular em 60,3% dos indivíduos. O retardo da ativação eletromecânica intraventricular esquerda foi de 86,5 ± 56,9 ms e interventricular, de 141,9 ± 88 ms. Contudo, não houve correlação com os fatores estudados. Autoanticorpos anti-Ro/SSA foram detectados em 18 (32,1%) mães, com associação entre idade no momento do implante do MP (P= 0,032) e uso de MP ventricular no momento do estudo (P= 0,022). A regressão linear multivariada confirmou a correlação entre a idade no momento do implante do MP com a FEVE (P= 0,016), da duração do complexo QRS estimulado (P= 0,004) e do tempo sob estimulação do VD (P= 0,014) com o DDVE. Conclusões: A prevalência de manifestações clínicas e laboratoriais de insuficiência cardíaca foi baixa; por outro lado, a de remodelamento ventricular esquerdo foi elevada. A capacidade funcional foi satisfatória, assim como a qualidade de vida, nos aspectos físicos e emocionais. Idade mais avançada no primeiro implante de MP, maior tempo sob estimulação cardíaca e complexo QRS estimulado mais alargado foram fatores independentes de remodelamento ventricular e/ou de manifestação de insuficiência cardíaca / Introduction: Isolated congenital atrioventricular block (iCAVB) is a rare condition with multiple clinical presentations. Permanent cardiac pacing is the most effective therapy for this population resulting in satisfactory long-term outcomes. However, approximately 10% of patients may have ventricular remodeling and severe heart failure. Objectives: To study the long-term effects of chronic right ventricular (RV) pacing in children and young adults with iCAVB in order to determine: prevalence of clinical and laboratory signs of heart failure and ventricular remodeling, functional capacity, quality of life and predictors of clinical, functional or echocardiographic abnormalities. Methods: Cross-sectional study of a cohort of iCAVB patients with <= 21 years old at initial pacemaker (PM) implantation and single or dual-chamber pacing in a unique RV site for a minimum of one year. All subjects underwent clinical and laboratory assessment, functional capacity, quality of life and echocardiogram. Mothers and research subjects were investigated for rheumatic diseases. Data were stored in REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) system and analyzed by SAS (Statistical Analysis System), SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) and R Studio programs. Data analysis included: univariate analysis for associations between predictor variables and outcomes, Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression multivariate model. Results: Between March/2010 and December/2013, we evaluated 63 subjects aged 1-40 years old, 68% female, under PM for 13.4 ± 6.5 years and under RV pacing for 10.0 ± 5.4 years. Pacing mode was atrioventricular in 55.6%, percentage of RV pacing was 97.9 ± 4.2% and paced QRS duration was 152.4 ± 20.1 ms. Overall, the majority (88.9%) were asymptomatic and did not use cardiovascular drugs. Longer time under PM (P= 0.013), or even under RV pacing (P= 0.005), higher age at study inclusion (P= 0.032) and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (P= 0.013) were associated with functional class II (NYHA) and / or drug use. B-natriuretic peptide values were normal in all tests. C reactive protein ultrasensitive, tumor necrosis factor alfa and interleukin-6 were increased in 66%, 34% and 13% tests, respectively. The mean walked distance in the sex minute walk test was 546.9 ± 76.2 meters (91.0 ± 12.5% of the predicted value). Mean scores of quality of life were 78.1 ± 17.7 for \"Physical Summary\" and 76.6 ± 17.1 for \"Mental Summary\" in the Short Form 36 (SF-36) and 77.4 ± 18.5 for \"Physical Summary\" and 77.7 ± 21.6 for \"Psychosocial Summary\", of Child Health Questionnaire - Parent Form 50 (CHQ-PF50). Decreased LVEF was detected in 39.7% and increased left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVDD) in 22.2% of subjects. Higher age at the first PM implant was negatively correlated with lower LVEF (r= -0.302; P= 0.016); paced QRS duration (r= 0.447; P= 0.002) and time under RV pacing (r= 0.416; P= 0.007) were positively correlated with LVDD. Ventricular dyssynchrony was detected in 60.3 % of individuals. Intra-left ventricular electromechanical delay was 86.5 ± 56.9 ms and interventricular was 141.9 ± 88 ms. However, ventricular dyssynchrony was not correlated with the studied variables. Autoantibodies anti-SSA/Ro were detected in 18 (32.1%) mothers. There was association between age at PM implant (P= 0.032) and use of ventricular PM at the time of the study (P= 0.022) and presence of anti-SSA/Ro. Multivariate linear regression showed significant correlation between age at PM implant with LVEF (P= 0.016); and paced QRS duration (P= 0.005) and time under RV pacing (P= 0.014) with LVDD. Conclusions: Clinical and laboratorial manifestations of heart failure presented low prevalence in this population. On the other hand, the prevalence of left ventricular remodeling was high. Functional capacity was adequate, as well as quality of life, in both physical and emotional aspects. Higher age at first PM implant, longer time under pacing and wider paced QRS duration were independent factors of ventricular remodeling and/or manifestation of heart failure
327

"Plano de ação participativa para a identificação da deficiência auditiva em crianças de 3 a 6 anos de idade de uma comunidade de baixa renda" / Participation of non-specialists in the detection of hearing loss in preschool children of a poor community

Mariana Szymanski Ribeiro Gomes 30 September 2004 (has links)
Objetivo: este estudo teve por objetivo verificar a eficácia de um procedimento para a identificação da deficiência auditiva em crianças pré escolares de uma comunidade de baixa renda por pessoas não especialistas. Casuística e métodos: funcionários da creche e da unidade de saúde foram treinados para aplicarem um questionário para triagem auditiva nos pais de 224 crianças de 3 a 6 anos de idade, que foram submetidas à triagem audiométrica e imitanciométrica. Resultados: verificou-se alta concordância na coleta de dados por meio do questionário entre a pesquisadora e os não especialistas. O questionário apresentou melhor sensibilidade e pior especificidade. Os não especialistas relataram aprendizado com a pesquisa e conscientização sobre a importância da audição. Conclusão: é possível treinar agentes comunitários a identificarem a deficiência auditiva em suas comunidades com instrumentos de baixo custo. / Aim: this study aimed to access the efficacy of a low cost instrument used by non professionals to identify hearing loss in pre-school children in a low income community. Methods: employees of a nursery school and a health unit were trained to use a hearing screening questionnaire with parents of 224 children aged 3 to 6 years. The children underwent audiological screening. Results: the results showed that the non - specialists were capable of reproducing the evaluation of the professional regarding the use of the questionnaire. The questionnaire presented better sensitivity than specificity. The non - specialists reported learning and awareness of the importance of hearing in children. Conclusion: the questionnaire offers a low cost option for hearing screening, specially if it is administered by non professionals resources
328

Conhecimento sobre HIV/Aids entre usuários de drogas / Knowledge about HIV / AIDS among drug users

Reis, Neilane Bertoni dos January 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:36:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010 / Introdução: O conhecimento adequado sobre as formas de transmissão do HIV não é suficiente para a adoção de comportamentos de proteção, mas a falta dessas informações contribui para aumentar a vulnerabilidade ao HIV / AIDS. Indivíduos com menor nível sócio-econômico e comportamentos de risco, geralmente, apresentam níveis mais baixos de informação. Objetivo: Descrever o conhecimento dos usuários de drogas acerca do HIV/AIDS, utilizando metodologias distintas, de forma comparativa, e verificar a possível associação entre conhecimento e testagem para HIV. Descrever o conhecimento dos usuários de drogas acerca do HIV/AIDS, utilizando metodologias distintas, de forma comparativa, e verificar a possível associação entre conhecimento e testagem para HIV. Métodos: Os dados referem-se à linha-de-base de um estudo seccional realizado em 2006/2007, com uma amostra não-probabilística de 295 usuários de drogas ilícitas do Rio de Janeiro. Após análise exploratória, o conhecimento sobre a AIDS e formas de transmissão do HIV foi avaliado a partir de respostas a uma série de afirmações, classificadas como corretas vs. incorretas. As respostas de usuários que haviam sido ou não testados para o HIV foram comparadas com teste. Informações provenientes de 108 indivíduos, selecionados de forma aleatória, que receberam intervenção educativa com o uso de cartões ilustrando situações potencialmente associadas à transmissão do HIV foram avaliadas utilizando-se o Escalonamento Multidimensional (MDS). Verificou-se, ainda, a concordância entre as respostas obtidas através do questionário e da intervenção com cartões. Resultados: A maioria dos entrevistados era do sexo masculino (77 por cento), com idade mediana de 29 anos e metade deles teve renda inferior a um salário mínimo no último mês. As drogas mais frequentemente consumidas foram: maconha, cocaína inalada, inalantes e ecstasy (91,5 por cento, 67,5 por cento, 61,0 por cento e 15,9 por cento, respectivamente). O uso do crack foi relatado por menos de 20 por cento dos entrevistados. Quase 40 por cento dos usuários relataram nunca ter usado preservativos em relações sexuais e mais de 60 por cento afirmaram ter deixado de usá-los quando sob o efeito de drogas. A maioria dos entrevistados (80,6 por cento) respondeu corretamente que a camisinha torna o sexo seguro. Quase metade da amostra (49,8 por cento) considerava que estar em boa forma física era uma forma de não se infectar com o HIV e 41,3 por cento acreditavam que o HIV passaria pelos poros da camisinha. Aproximadamente 44 por cento dos usuários de drogas acreditavam que o HIV pode ser transmitido pela saliva e 55 por cento por escovas de dentes compartilhadas. Observou-se diferença significativa(p<0,05) quanto a diversos itens referentes ao conhecimento da AIDS entre os usuários de drogas que já haviam e não haviam sido testados para o HIV, apresentando os já testados um melhor conhecimento. O MDS evidenciou que os itens referentes a sexo vaginal / anal e compartilhamento de seringas / agulhas foram classificados em um mesmo conjunto, enquanto formas efetivas de transmissão do vírus. O item mais distante deste subgrupo ou seja, aquele com referência ao qual o conhecimento foi mais errôneo se referiu à doação de sangue. Os demais itens mostraram-se dispersos, sugerindo incertezas quanto às formas de transmissão. A concordância das respostas obtidas pelos dois métodos quanto à transmissão em banheiros públicos, por doação de sangue, compartilhamento de escovas de dentes e picada de mosquito, foi de, respectivamente, 58,3 por cento, 62,9 por cento, 69,4 por cento, 87,0 por cento. Discussão: Os achados falam a favor de uma vulnerabilidade acrescida dos usuários de drogas à infecção pelo HIV, se comparados à população geral, uma vez que este subgrupo populacional apresenta dúvidas relevantes acercadas formas de transmissão do HIV, além de elevada frequência de comportamentos de risco. / Background: Proper knowledge on HIV transmission is not enough for people to adopt protective behaviors, however, lack of these information may increase HIV/AIDS vulnerability. Individuals with a lower socioeconomic status and who present risky behaviors, usually have lower levels of information. Objective: To describe drug users’ knowledge on HIV/AIDS using different methodologies, in a comparative way, and assess possible association between knowledge and HIV testing. Methods: Data refers to a cross-sectional baseline study undertaken in 2006/2007 with a non-probabilistic sample of 295 illicit drug users in Rio de Janeiro. After exploratory analysis, knowledge on AIDS and HIV transmission modes was evaluated based on responses to a series of statements classified as “correct” vs. “incorrect”. Responses of users who have been or have not been tested for HIV were compared using ² tests. Information from 108 drug users selected at random, who received an educational intervention using cards illustrating situations potentially associated with HIV transmission, were assessed using Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). Agreement between questionnaire and cards responses was also assessed. Results: Most of respondents were male (77%), with a median age of 29 years, and half of them had an income lower than the Brazilian minimum wage in the last month. Drugs most frequently used were: marijuana, snorted cocaine, inhalants, and ecstasy (91.5%, 67.5%, 61.0% and 15.9%, respectively). Crack use was reported by less than 20% of the respondents. Almost 40% of drug users reported to have never used condoms and more than 60% reported not to use condoms under the influence of substances. Most drug users (80.6%) correctly answered condoms make sex safer. Almost half (49.8%) interviewees considered that to be in a good physical shape is a way to avert getting infected by HIV and 41.3% believed HIV can pass through condoms’ pores. Nearly 44% of respondents believed HIV can be transmitted through saliva and 55% sharing tooth brushes. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found for different events related to AIDS knowledge between drug users who had and who had not been tested for HIV, and those who had been tested (vs. those never tested) had better knowledge. MDS showed queries on vaginal/anal sex and sharing syringes/needles were classified in the same set as effective modes of HIV transmission. The event that was further away from this core – that is, the one reflecting the most inaccurate knowledge – referred to blood donation. Other items have been found to be scattered all over the analytic space, suggesting inchoate beliefs on transmission modes. The agreement between the two methodologies about HIV transmission at public bathrooms, due to blood donation, sharing of tooth brushes and mosquito bites was, respectively, 58.3%, 62.9%, 69.4%, and 87.0%. Discussion: The findings speak in favor of an increased HIV infection vulnerability of drug users compared to the general population, since this specific population expressed relevant doubts about HIV transmission, as well as high levels of risky behavior.
329

Avaliação da estimulação ventricular direita crônica em crianças e adultos jovens com bloqueio atrioventricular congênito isolado / Evaluation of chronic right ventricular pacing in children and young adults with isolated congenital complete atrioventricular block

Roberto Marcio de Oliveira Júnior 24 April 2014 (has links)
Introdução: O bloqueio atrioventricular congênito isolado (BAVCi) é raro e tem múltiplas apresentações clínicas. O implante de marca-passo cardíaco permanente (MP) é o tratamento de escolha, resultando em evolução clínica satisfatória para a maioria dos casos, porém, aproximadamente 10% deles apresentam remodelamento ventricular e insuficiência cardíaca grave. Objetivos: Estudar a evolução tardia de crianças e adultos jovens com BAVCi e estimulação crônica do ventrículo direito (VD), visando determinar: a prevalência de sinais clínicos e laboratoriais de insuficiência cardíaca e de remodelamento ventricular; a capacidade funcional; a qualidade de vida e fatores preditores de alterações clínicas, funcionais ou ecocardiográficas. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em coorte de portadores de BAVCi e MP implantado antes de 21 anos de idade com estimulação no VD há mais de um ano. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos a avaliação clínica e laboratorial, da capacidade funcional, da qualidade de vida e a ecocardiograma. Mães e sujeitos da pesquisa foram investigados para doenças reumatológicas. Os dados foram armazenados no sistema REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) e analisados pelos programas SAS (Statistical Analysis System), SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) e R Studio. A análise dos dados incluiu: análise univariada para pesquisa de associações entre variáveis preditoras e desfechos, coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e modelo de regressão linear multivariado. Resultados: De março/2010 a dezembro/2013, foram avaliados 63 indivíduos, 68% do sexo feminino, com idade de 1 a 40 anos, com MP por 13,4 ± 6,5 anos e estimulação do VD por 10,0 ± 5,4 anos. O modo de estimulação era atrioventricular em 55,6%, o percentual de estimulação de VD de 97,9 ± 4,2% e a duração do complexo QRS estimulado de 152,4 ± 20,1 ms. A maioria (88,9%) era assintomática e não utilizava medicamentos de ação cardiovascular. Maior tempo de MP (P= 0,013), maior tempo de estimulação do VD (P= 0,005), maior idade na inclusão no estudo (P= 0,032) ou menor fração de ejeção do ventrículo (FEVE) (P= 0,013) associaram-se com a presença de classe funcional II (NYHA) e/ou uso medicamentos. Os valores do peptídeo natriurético tipo B foram normais em todos os exames laboratoriais, mas houve alteração da proteína C reativa ultrassensível, fator de necrose tumoral alfa e interleucina-6 em 66%, 34% e 13% exames, respectivamente. A distância média percorrida no teste de caminha de seis minutos foi de 546,9 ± 76,2 metros (91,0 ± 12,5% do valor predito). Os escores médios da qualidade de vida foram 78,1 ± 17,7 para o \"Sumário Físico\" e 76,6 ± 17,1 para o \"Sumário Mental\" do questionário Short Form 36 (SF-36) e de 77,4 ± 18,5, para o \"Sumário Físico\" e de 77,7 ± 21,6 para o \"Sumário Psicossocial\", do Child Health Questionnaire - Parent Form 50 (CHQ-PF50). Diminuição da FEVE foi detectada em 39,7% e aumento do diâmetro diastólico do ventrículo esquerdo (DDVE) em 22,2% dos indivíduos. A idade mais avançada no primeiro implante de MP se correlacionou negativamente com menor FEVE (r= -0,302; P= 0,016); a duração do complexo QRS estimulado (r= 0,447; P= 0,002) e maior tempo sob estimulação do VD (r= 0,416; P= 0,007) se correlacionaram positivamente ao aumento do DDVE. Foi detectada dissincronia ventricular em 60,3% dos indivíduos. O retardo da ativação eletromecânica intraventricular esquerda foi de 86,5 ± 56,9 ms e interventricular, de 141,9 ± 88 ms. Contudo, não houve correlação com os fatores estudados. Autoanticorpos anti-Ro/SSA foram detectados em 18 (32,1%) mães, com associação entre idade no momento do implante do MP (P= 0,032) e uso de MP ventricular no momento do estudo (P= 0,022). A regressão linear multivariada confirmou a correlação entre a idade no momento do implante do MP com a FEVE (P= 0,016), da duração do complexo QRS estimulado (P= 0,004) e do tempo sob estimulação do VD (P= 0,014) com o DDVE. Conclusões: A prevalência de manifestações clínicas e laboratoriais de insuficiência cardíaca foi baixa; por outro lado, a de remodelamento ventricular esquerdo foi elevada. A capacidade funcional foi satisfatória, assim como a qualidade de vida, nos aspectos físicos e emocionais. Idade mais avançada no primeiro implante de MP, maior tempo sob estimulação cardíaca e complexo QRS estimulado mais alargado foram fatores independentes de remodelamento ventricular e/ou de manifestação de insuficiência cardíaca / Introduction: Isolated congenital atrioventricular block (iCAVB) is a rare condition with multiple clinical presentations. Permanent cardiac pacing is the most effective therapy for this population resulting in satisfactory long-term outcomes. However, approximately 10% of patients may have ventricular remodeling and severe heart failure. Objectives: To study the long-term effects of chronic right ventricular (RV) pacing in children and young adults with iCAVB in order to determine: prevalence of clinical and laboratory signs of heart failure and ventricular remodeling, functional capacity, quality of life and predictors of clinical, functional or echocardiographic abnormalities. Methods: Cross-sectional study of a cohort of iCAVB patients with <= 21 years old at initial pacemaker (PM) implantation and single or dual-chamber pacing in a unique RV site for a minimum of one year. All subjects underwent clinical and laboratory assessment, functional capacity, quality of life and echocardiogram. Mothers and research subjects were investigated for rheumatic diseases. Data were stored in REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) system and analyzed by SAS (Statistical Analysis System), SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) and R Studio programs. Data analysis included: univariate analysis for associations between predictor variables and outcomes, Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression multivariate model. Results: Between March/2010 and December/2013, we evaluated 63 subjects aged 1-40 years old, 68% female, under PM for 13.4 ± 6.5 years and under RV pacing for 10.0 ± 5.4 years. Pacing mode was atrioventricular in 55.6%, percentage of RV pacing was 97.9 ± 4.2% and paced QRS duration was 152.4 ± 20.1 ms. Overall, the majority (88.9%) were asymptomatic and did not use cardiovascular drugs. Longer time under PM (P= 0.013), or even under RV pacing (P= 0.005), higher age at study inclusion (P= 0.032) and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (P= 0.013) were associated with functional class II (NYHA) and / or drug use. B-natriuretic peptide values were normal in all tests. C reactive protein ultrasensitive, tumor necrosis factor alfa and interleukin-6 were increased in 66%, 34% and 13% tests, respectively. The mean walked distance in the sex minute walk test was 546.9 ± 76.2 meters (91.0 ± 12.5% of the predicted value). Mean scores of quality of life were 78.1 ± 17.7 for \"Physical Summary\" and 76.6 ± 17.1 for \"Mental Summary\" in the Short Form 36 (SF-36) and 77.4 ± 18.5 for \"Physical Summary\" and 77.7 ± 21.6 for \"Psychosocial Summary\", of Child Health Questionnaire - Parent Form 50 (CHQ-PF50). Decreased LVEF was detected in 39.7% and increased left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVDD) in 22.2% of subjects. Higher age at the first PM implant was negatively correlated with lower LVEF (r= -0.302; P= 0.016); paced QRS duration (r= 0.447; P= 0.002) and time under RV pacing (r= 0.416; P= 0.007) were positively correlated with LVDD. Ventricular dyssynchrony was detected in 60.3 % of individuals. Intra-left ventricular electromechanical delay was 86.5 ± 56.9 ms and interventricular was 141.9 ± 88 ms. However, ventricular dyssynchrony was not correlated with the studied variables. Autoantibodies anti-SSA/Ro were detected in 18 (32.1%) mothers. There was association between age at PM implant (P= 0.032) and use of ventricular PM at the time of the study (P= 0.022) and presence of anti-SSA/Ro. Multivariate linear regression showed significant correlation between age at PM implant with LVEF (P= 0.016); and paced QRS duration (P= 0.005) and time under RV pacing (P= 0.014) with LVDD. Conclusions: Clinical and laboratorial manifestations of heart failure presented low prevalence in this population. On the other hand, the prevalence of left ventricular remodeling was high. Functional capacity was adequate, as well as quality of life, in both physical and emotional aspects. Higher age at first PM implant, longer time under pacing and wider paced QRS duration were independent factors of ventricular remodeling and/or manifestation of heart failure
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Assessment of cerebral venous return by a novel plethysmography method

Zamboni, P., Menegatti, E., Conforti, P., Shepherd, Simon J., Tessari, M., Beggs, Clive B. January 2012 (has links)
No / BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance imaging and echo color Doppler (ECD) scan techniques do not accurately assess the cerebral venous return. This generated considerable scientific controversy linked with the diagnosis of a vascular syndrome known as chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) characterized by restricted venous outflow from the brain. The purpose of this study was to assess the cerebral venous return in relation to the change in position by means of a novel cervical plethysmography method. METHODS: This was a single-center, cross-sectional, blinded case-control study conducted at the Vascular Diseases Center, University of Ferrara, Italy. The study involved 40 healthy controls (HCs; 18 women and 22 men) with a mean age of 41.5 +/- 14.4 years, and 44 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS; 25 women and 19 men) with a mean age of 41.0 +/- 12.1 years. All participants were previously scanned using ECD sonography, and further subset in HC (CCSVI negative at ECD) and CCSVI groups. Subjects blindly underwent cervical plethysmography, tipping them from the upright (90 degrees ) to supine position (0 degrees ) in a chair. Once the blood volume stabilized, they were returned to the upright position, allowing blood to drain from the neck. We measured venous volume (VV), filling time (FT), filling gradient (FG) required to achieve 90% of VV, residual volume (RV), emptying time (ET), and emptying gradient (EG) required to achieve 90% of emptying volume (EV) where EV = VV - RV, also analyzing the considered parameters by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and principal component mathematical analysis. RESULTS: The rate at which venous blood discharged in the vertical position (EG) was significantly faster in the controls (2.73 mL/second +/- 1.63) compared with the patients with CCSVI (1.73 mL/second +/- 0.94; P = .001). In addition, respectively, in controls and in patients with CCSVI, the following parameters were highly significantly different: FT 5.81 +/- 1.99 seconds vs 4.45 +/- 2.16 seconds (P = .003); FG 0.92 +/- 0.45 mL/second vs 1.50 +/- 0.85 mL/second (P < .001); RV 0.54 +/- 1.31 mL vs 1.37 +/- 1.34 mL (P = .005); ET 1.84 +/- 0.54 seconds vs 2.66 +/- 0.95 seconds (P < .001). Mathematical analysis demonstrated a higher variability of the dynamic process of cerebral venous return in CCSVI. Finally, ROC analysis demonstrated a good sensitivity of the proposed test with a percent concordant 83.8, discordant 16.0, tied 0.2 (C = 0.839). CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral venous return characteristics of the patients with CCSVI were markedly different from those of the controls. In addition, our results suggest that cervical plethysmography has great potential as an inexpensive screening device and as a postoperative monitoring tool.

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