Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Since the late 1940s, South Africa and South Korea were ruled by authoritarian governments, which oppressed the people’s freedom and rights. The governments created the deeply divided societies that resulted in racism in South Africa and regionalism in South Korea. These similarities may have played a major role in allowing Nelson Mandela and Kim Dae-jung to develop strong emotional bonds with their followers and to articulate their visions for the future. The two leaders, Nelson Mandela and Kim Dae-jung, fought for freedom and human rights against the apartheid government in South Africa and military dictatorial government in South Korea. During these processes of democratisation, the two leaders displayed common transformational and social learning leadership styles and presented their visions of the end of the authoritarian regimes and the establishment of democracy; shared these visions with the people and encouraged and mobilised them in struggling together against authoritarian government. Subsequently, the two leaders’ transformational and social learning leadership styles provide a successful role model to countries in which there are conflicts between the constituents of the society, as in East Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa and Middle East; a desire for transformation towards democracy by the people, and where countries are confronted with new challenges. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Beide Suid-Afrika en Suid-Korea was sedert die laat 1940’s onder die bewind van outoritêre regerings met gepaardgaande onderdrukking van die mense se vryhede en regte. Dié regerings het diep-verdeelde gemeenskappe daar gestel wat in Suid-Afrika op rassisme en in Suid-Korea op regionalisme uitgeloop het. Hierdie ooreenkomste mag grootliks daartoe bygedra het dat beide Nelosn Mandela en Kim Dae-jung sterk emosionele verbintenisse met hul volgelinge kon ontwikkel en hul toekomsvisies kon artikuleer. Die twee leiers, Nelson Mandela en Kim Dae-jung, het onderskeidelik teen die apartheidsregering in Suid-Afrika en die militêre diktatuur in Suid-Korea geveg vir vryheid en menseregte. Gedurende hierdie demokratiseringsprosesse het die twee leiers gemeenskaplike transformasie en sosiale leer leierskapstyle openbaar, hulle visies oor die beëindiging van outoritêre regimes en die vestiging van demokrasie bekend gemaak en die mense aangemoedig tot en gemobiliseer vir strydvoering teen die outoritêre regerings. Gevolglik verskaf hierdie twee leiers se transformasie en sosiale leer leierskapstyle ‘n geslaagde rolmodel vir alle lande waar daar konflik binne gemeenskappe bestaan, soos in Oos-Asië, Suid-Sahara Afrika asook die Midde-Ooste; lande waar die mense smag na transformasie tot demokrasie en lande wat hulleself met nuwe uitdagings gekonfronteer vind.

Thesis (MA)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis re-evaluates the writing of seminal Afrikaans modernist Etienne Leroux from a South African English perspective. The present author's new translation of Leroux's prizewinning novel Sewe Dae by die Silbersteins (1962) is the focal point of an enquiry into how “rewriting”, in translation theorist André Lefevere's coinage, has shaped the reception of Leroux's work outside the Afrikaans literary system. It is shown from a literary-historiographical viewpoint that translation played a crucial role in Leroux's rise to international prominence and subsequent eclipse. It is demonstrated that Leroux's standing within the English literary system rests predominantly on extant translations of his novels, without taking into account the cyclical quality of his fiction, especially the overarching nine-novel cycle – the basis of Leroux's renown in Afrikaans. The distortions produced by this fact are critiqued. In particular, the received idea of Leroux as an apolitical obscurantist is challenged, the work of J.C. Kannemeyer especially showing that Leroux's politics and art were much more integral and radical than previously (mis)understood. A case is made for Leroux's re-evaluation as a seminal contributor to modern South African fiction comparable to J.M. Coetzee, and for the production of fresh translations of his work to facilitate this re-evaluation. A detailed account of the translation process behind the present author's new translation of Sewe Dae by die Silbersteins follows. A series of close readings compares this new translation to the first translation by Charles Eglington (1964), shows how Eglington's translation obscured certain textual strategies vital to a full comprehension of Leroux's text, examines the difficulties inherent in restoring them, and argues for the new translation's success therein. A mise au point in which insights yielded by this process feed back into an assessment of Leroux's relevance today concludes the thesis. Leroux's technique is shown to have immunised his texts against the desuetude into which time-bound “committed” literature often falls. In particular, Sewe Dae by die Silbersteins, or its new translation, emerges as a satirical anatomisation of subjectivity under late modern capitalism entirely in tune with contemporary cultural representations of apartheid as metaphor for global capitalism. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word die skryfwerk van die hoog-aangeskrewe Afrikaanse modernis Etienne Leroux vanuit 'n Suid-Afrikaans-Engelse oogpunt in heraanskouing geneem. Die kandidaat se nuwe vertaling van Leroux se beroemde roman, Sewe dae by die Silbersteins (1962 ), word as uitgangpunt gebruik vir vrae oor hoe Leroux se werk “herskryf” is deur kritici en vertalers. In verband hiermee word die vertaal-teoris André Lefevere se werk gebruik om die ontvangs van Leroux se werk buite die Afrikaanse literêre-sisteem in oënskou te neem. Uit n literêr-historiografiese standpunt word bewys dat vertaling 'n sleutel-rol in Leroux se internasionale beroemdheid en sy daaropvolgende verdwyning gespeel het. Leroux se status binne die Engelse literêre-stelsel berus tans hoofsaaklik op bestaande vertalings van sy romans, wat beperk in omvang en gehalte is. Leroux se “Engelse” reputasie neem as gevolg hiervan glad nie die sikliese eienskappe van sy fiksie in ag nie, bowenal sy oorkoepelende siklus van nege romans, wat die grondslag van Leroux se roem in Afrikaans vorm. Verskeie misvattings wat uit hierdie toestand voortspruit – veral die gedagte dat Leroux se skryfwerk apolities en “duister” is – word bevraagteken. Vernaamlik die werk van J. C. Kannemeyer wys daarop dat Leroux se kuns baie meer integraal en radikaal is as wat dit blyk binne die wanvoorstelling daarvan in Suid-Afrikaanse kritiek in Engels. ‘n Pleidooi word gemaak vir ‘n herwaardering van Leroux as 'n sentrale figuur in moderne Suid-Afrikaanse fiksie, vergelykbaar selfs met J.M. Coetzee. Verder word gepleit vir die behoefte aan nuwe vertalings van Leroux se werk, om sodoende 'n deeglike herwaardering moontlik te maak. Daarna volg 'n bespreking van die vertalingsproses van die kandidaat se nuwe vertaling van Sewe dae by die Silbersteins. 'n Reeks noukeurige beskouings wat die nuwe vertaling met die bestaande vertaling (Charles Eglington, 1964) vergelyk, wys daarop dat Eglington se vertaling kerneienskappe van Leroux se teks effektief verdoesel. Hierdie eienskappe, word aangevoer, is noodsaaklik vir 'n deeglike begrip van Leroux se teks. Die kandidaat bied ‘n wye analise oor hierdie eienskappe aan en voer ook aan dat sy nuwe vertaling die wese van Leroux se roman in ere herstel. Die tesis sluit af met 'n mise au point waarin die insigte wat bereik is deur die vertalingsproses voorgestel word as stof tot nadenke oor Leroux se belangrikheid in vandag se leefwêreld. Daar word vervolgens ook bewys dat Leroux se werk bestand is teen die onbruik waarin tydgebonde littérature engagée dikwels verval. Veral Sewe dae by die Silbersteins, en die nuwe vertaling wat hier aangebied word, bied 'n satiriese beskouing van subjektiwiteit onder apartheid-kapitalisme wat strook met huidige voorstellings van apartheid as metafoor vir globale kapitalisme.

The thesis describes Korean Peninsula political development from 1998 to 2008, in the frame of historical context from 1948 when two independent states were oficially founded. Discussed decade was characterized by the policy of engagement or the sunshine policy of the Republic of Korea, respectively. This represented a concept of friendly relationship towards the DPRK, aiming at final unification. Detailed description of the political development year by year and its evaluation is the subject of this thesis.

More than 20 million copies of Warren’s book, The Purpose Driven Life (2002), were sold over the past 2 years. It is the best-selling hardback in U.S. history. Warren’s previous book, “The Purpose Driven Church” (1995), has sold over one million copies in 20 languages, and was selected as one of the 100 Christian books that. changed the 20th century. More than 415 churches/congregations in South-Africa have already purchased “The Purpose Driven campaign kit” and completed the 40 Days Campaign or are planning to do so. The name Rick Warren is synonymous with “Purpose Driven” and the popularity of his work as well as his influence in this country, justifies a study of this nature. This study wants to determine the effect of Rick Warren’s 40 days of purpose in the Circuit of Klerksdorp of the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika. Warren (2002/3) provides five purposes for a believer in the church in his book, A Purpose Driven Life, which is according to him, the church’s purpose of existence. The book is divided into 40 brief chapters and participating congregations are motivated to use the book as part of their 40 days campaign. A Campaign Training Manual can be used complementary to the book helping congregations to prepare their campaign successfully. Chapter 1 of this study takes a look at the external and internal problems in the church. The question arises if the church is at all times sure of her purpose of excistence. There is a difference between efficiency (doing things correctly) and effectiveness, which is doing the right things correctly. The purpose of the church’s existence therefore involves choosing the right alternatives. The hypothesis of this study is that the 40 Days of Purpose is an excellent project for congregations to discover their purpose of existence while it also strengthens the process of building up the local congregation. With this hypothesis in mind, chapter 2 provides the underlying theological principles, concepts and some definitions of the subject of building up the local church. Chapter 3 contains a description of the preparation, the course and the ending of the 40 Days Campaign. The participating congregations in the circuit of Klerksdorp are evaluated according to the guidelines of the Campaign Training Manual. A theological view of each of Warren’s (2002) five purposes is also presented. Chapter 4 provides the quantitative and qualitative research which was done in the Curcuit of Klerksdorp. Eight congregations participated in the research project and the respondents reactions are discussed. Interviews that took place whith the pastors of participating congregations, are also discussed. Chapter 5 contains a critical evaluation of the 40 Days of Purpose as well as the book of Warren (2002/3). The conclusion reviews the hypothesis and whether it can be confirmed. / Dissertation (MA (Theology) : Practical Theology)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

No description available.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit verschiedenen mathematischen Fragestellungen hinsichtlich der Modellierung, Analysis und numerischen Simulation von Gasnetzen. Hierbei liegt der Fokus auf der mathematischen Handhabung von partiellen differential-algebraischen Gleichungen, die mit algebraischen Gleichungen gekoppelt sind. Diese bieten einen einfachen Zugang hinsichtlich der Modellierung von dynamischen Strukturen auf Netzen Somit sind sie insbesondere für Gasnetze geeignet, denen im Zuge der steigenden Bedeutung von erneuerbaren Energien ein gestiegenes Interesse seitens der Öffentlichkeit, Politik und Wissenschaft entgegen gebracht wird. Wir führen zunächst die gängigsten Elemente, die in Gasnetzen benötigt werden ein und formulieren zwei PDAE-Klassen für solche Netze: Eine für reine Rohrnetze, und eine, die zusätzliche Elemente wie Verdichter und Widerstände beinhaltet. Des Weiteren untersuchen wir die Sensitivität der Lösung der Rohrnetz-PDAE hinsichtlich Störungen. Dabei berücksichtigen wir Störungen, die nicht nur den dynamischen Teil der PDAE beeinflussen, sondern auch Störungen in den algebraischen Gleichungen und weisen Stabilitätseigenschaften für die Lösung der PDAE nach. Darüber hinaus beschäftigen wir uns mit einer neu entwickelten, an die Netztopologie angepassten Ortsdiskretisierung, welche die Stabilitätseigenschaften der PDAE auf DAE Systeme überträgt. Des Weiteren zeigen wir, wie sich die Gasnetz-DAE zu einer gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichung, welche die inhärente Dynamik der DAE widerspiegelt entkoppeln lässt. Dieses entkoppelte System kann darüber hinaus direkt aus den Topologie- und Elementinformationen des Netzes aufgestellt werden. Abschließend demonstrieren wir die Ergebnisse an Benchmark-Gasnetzen. Dabei vergleichen wir sowohl die entkoppelte Differentialgleichung mit dem ursprünglichen DAE System, zeigen aber auch, welche Vorteile die an die Netztopologie angepasste Ortsdiskretisierung gegenüber existierenden Verfahren besitzt. / This thesis addresses several aspects regarding modelling, analysis and numerical simulation of gas networks. Hereby, our focus lies on (partial) differential-algebraic equations, thus systems of partial and ordinary differential equations which are coupled by algebraic equations. These coupled systems allow an easy approach towards the modelling of dynamic structures on networks. Therefore, they are well suited for gas networks, which have gained a rise of attention in society, politics and science due to the focus towards renewable energies. We give an introduction towards gas network modelling that includes the most common elements that also appear in real gas networks and present two PDAE systems: One for pipe networks and one that includes additional elements like resistors and compressors. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of perturbations onto the pipe network PDAE, where we explicitly allow perturbations to affect the system in the differential as well as in the algebraic components. We conclude that the solution of the PDAE possesses stability properties. In addition, this thesis introduces a new spatial discretisation that is adapted to the net- work topology. This topology-adapted semi-discretisation results in a DAE which possesses the same perturbation behaviour as the space continuous PDAE. Furthermore, we present a topology based decoupling procedure that allows to reformulate the DAE as an ordinary differential equation (ODE), which represents the inherent dynamics of the DAE system. This ODE, together with a decoupled set of algebraic equations, can be derived from the topology and element information directly. We conclude by demonstrating the established results for several benchmark networks. This includes a comparison of numerical solutions for the decoupled ODE and the DAE system. In addition we present the advantages of the topology-adapted spatial discretisation over existing well established methods.

La modélisation du transport réactif du contaminant en milieu poreux est un problème complexe cumulant les difficultés de la modélisation du transport avec celles de la modélisation de la chimie et surtout du couplage entre les deux. Cette modélisation conduit à un système d'équations aux dérivées partielles et algébriques dont les inconnues sont les quantités d'espèces chimiques. Une approche possible, déjà utilisée par ailleurs, est de choisir la méthode globale DAE : l'utilisation d'une méthode de lignes, correspondant à la discrétisation en espace seulement, conduit à un système différentiel algébrique (DAE) qui doit être résolu par un solveur adapté. Dans notre cas, on utilise le solveur IDA de Sundials qui s'appuie sur une méthode implicite, à ordre et pas variables, et qui requiert à chaque pas de temps la résolution d'un grand système non linéaire associé à une matrice jacobienne. Cette méthode est implémentée dans un logiciel qui s'appelle GRT3D (Transport Réactif Global en 3D). Le présent travail présente une amélioration de la méthode GDAE, du point de vue de la performance, de la stabilité et de la robustesse. Nous avons ainsi enrichi les possibilités de GRT3D, par la prise en compte complète des équations de précipitation-dissolution permettant l'apparition ou la disparition d'une espèce précipitée. En complément de l'étude de la méthode GDAE, nous présentons aussi une méthode séquentielle non itérative (SNIA), qui est une méthode basée sur le schéma d'Euler explicite : à chaque pas de temps, on résout explicitement l'équation de transport et on utilise ces calculs comme données pour le système chimique, résolu dans chaque maille de façon indépendante. Nous présentons aussi une comparaison entre cette méthode et l'approche GDAE. Des résultats numériques pour deux cas tests, celui proposé par l'ANDRA (cas-test 2D) d'une part, celui proposé par le groupe MoMas (Benchmark "easy case") d'autre part, sont enfin présentés, commentés et analysés. / Modeling reactive transport of contaminants in porous media is a complex problem combining the difficulties of modeling the trasport with those of modeling the chemistry and especially the coupling between the two .This model leads to a system of partial differential equations and algebraic equations whose unknowns are the quantities of chemical species. One approach , already used elsewhere , is choosing the global DAE method : using the method of lines, discretization in space only, leads to a differential algebraic system (DAE ) to be solved by a suitable solver . In our case , the solver IDA Sundials relies on an implicit method, order is used but not variables, and requires at each time solving a large nonlinear system associated with a Jacobian matrix . This method is implemented in a software called GRT3D (Global Reactive Transport in 3D). This paper presents an improved GDAE method , from the standpoint of performance, the stability and robustness. We have enriched the possibilities of GRT3D , by taking full account of the equations of dissolution – precipitation for the appearance or disappearance of precipitated species. In addition to the study of the GDAE method, we also present a non-iterative sequential method ( SNIA ) which is a method based on the explicit Euler scheme : at each time step, we explicitly solve the transport equation and we use these calculations as data for the chemical system which is resolved in each cell independently. We also present a comparison between this method and GDAE approach . Numerical results for two test cases , one proposed by ANDRA ( 2D test case ) on one hand and one proposed by the group MOMAS ( Benchmark "easy case" ) on the other hand, are finally presented , discussed and analyzed.

Zur numerischen L\"osung von Algebro-Differentialgleichungen (ADGln) m\"ussen konsistente Anfangswerte berechnet werden. Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit einem Ansatz zur Behandlung dieses Problems f\"ur Index-2 DAEs unter Verwendung von Projektoren auf die zur DAE zugeh\"origen Unterr\"aume. Die Arbeit hat zwei Schwerpunkte.\\ Zum einen werden neue Struktureigenschaften aus schwachen Voraussetzungen hergeleitet. Anschlie{\ss}end wird eine Vorgehensweise zur Auswahl von geeigneten Gleichungen einer Index-2 ADGln vorgeschlagen, deren Differentiation zu einer Indexreduktion f\"uhrt. Diese Indexreduktion liefert neue Existenz- und Eindeutigkeitsergebnisse f\"ur L\"osungen von Index-2 ADGln. Die Ergebnisse umfassen eine allgemeinere Aufgabenklasse als die bisherigen Resultate. Beruhend auf dieser Vorgehensweise wird ein stufenweiser Ansatz zur Berechnung konsistenter Anfangswerte hergeleitet. Auf diese Weise werden neue Einsichten hinsichtlich der Ausnutzung von Struktureigenschaften von Index-2 ADGln gewonnen. Insbesondere stellt sich heraus, dass im Vergleich zu Index-1 ADGln der zus\"atzliche Schritt oft in der L\"osung eines linearen Systems besteht. Die sich hieraus ergebenden numerischen Folgen werden f\"ur zwei in der Schaltungssimulation h\"aufig verwendete Verfahren, das implizite Eulerverfahren und die Trapezregel, erl\"autert. \\ Zum anderen wird die Anwendung der erhaltenen Ergebnisse auf die Gleichungen, die bei der Schaltungssimulation mittels modifizierter Knotenanalyse entstehen, ausgearbeitet. Abschlie{\ss}end wird eine kurze \"Ubersicht der durchgef\"uhrten Umsetzung gegeben.\\ / For solving DAEs numerically, consistent initial values have to be calculated. This thesis deals with an approach for handling this problem for index-2 DAEs by considering projectors onto the spaces related to the DAE. There are two major aspects in this work.\\ On the one hand, new structural properties are deduced from weak assumptions. Subsequently, a method is proposed to choose suitable equations of an index-2 DAE, whose differentiation leads to an index reduction. This index reduction yields new theoretical results for the existence and uniqueness of solutions of index-2 DAEs which apply to a wider class of applications than previous results. Based on this method, a step-by-step approach to compute consistent initial values is developed. In this way, we gain new insights about how to deal with structural properties of index-2 DAEs. In particular, it turns out that, in comparison to index-1 DAEs, the additional step that has to be undertaken in practice often consists in solving a linear system. The numerical consequences of this fact are exemplified for two methods commonly used in circuit simulation, the implicit Euler method and the trapezoidal rule.\\ On the other hand, the application of the obtained results to the equations arising in circuit simulation by means of the modified nodal analysis (MNA) is worked out. Finally, a short overview of the specifics of their realization is given.

La modélisation du transport réactif du contaminant en milieu poreux est un problème complexe cumulant les difficultés de la modélisation du transport avec celles de la modélisation de la chimie et surtout du couplage entre les deux. Cette modélisation conduit à un système d'équations aux dérivées partielles et algébriques dont les inconnues sont les quantités d'espèces chimiques. Une approche possible, déjà utilisée par ailleurs, est de choisir la méthode globale DAE : l'utilisation d'une méthode de lignes, correspondant à la discrétisation en espace seulement, conduit à un système différentiel algébrique (DAE) qui doit être résolu par un solveur adapté. Dans notre cas, on utilise le solveur IDA de Sundials qui s'appuie sur une méthode implicite, à ordre et pas variables, et qui requiert à chaque pas de temps la résolution d'un grand système non linéaire associé à une matrice jacobienne. Cette méthode est implémentée dans un logiciel qui s'appelle GRT3D (Transport Réactif Global en 3D). Le présent travail présente une amélioration de la méthode GDAE, du point de vue de la performance, de la stabilité et de la robustesse. Nous avons ainsi enrichi les possibilités de GRT3D, par la prise en compte complète des équations de précipitation-dissolution permettant l'apparition ou la disparition d'une espèce précipitée. En complément de l'étude de la méthode GDAE, nous présentons aussi une méthode séquentielle non itérative (SNIA), qui est une méthode basée sur le schéma d'Euler explicite : à chaque pas de temps, on résout explicitement l'équation de transport et on utilise ces calculs comme données pour le système chimique, résolu dans chaque maille de façon indépendante. Nous présentons aussi une comparaison entre cette méthode et l'approche GDAE. Des résultats numériques pour deux cas tests, celui proposé par l'ANDRA (cas-test 2D) d'une part, celui proposé par le groupe MoMas (Benchmark "easy case") d'autre part, sont enfin présentés, commentés et analysés.

Background: In 2007 the population density for the Gauteng Province was 614 persons per km2 and in the Northern Cape Province it was 2.9 persons per km2 . High population density leads to an increase in crime. This was evident in the percentage distribution of total crime reported from 2000 to 2003 of 27.4% in Gauteng Province, while the percentage distribution of total crime reported in the Northern Cape for the same period of time was 2,8%. Stress and insomnia can be caused by crime which is influenced by population density. Crime and high population density, may cause stress and fear, which may lead to insomnia and anxiety, which in turn may lead to an increase in benzodiazepine usage. Objective: The general objective of this study was to investigate the benzodiazepine usage in the private health care sector in South Africa based on age, sex, geographical areas, prescriber type and days between refills. Methods: The data were obtained from a medicine claims database of a pharmacy benefit management company covering the periods from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2006 and 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2008. The statistical analysis was performed by making use of the Statistical Analysis System®. A drug utilisation review was performed. Results: Patients claiming benzodiazepines represented about 7.25% of all patients in total database in 2006 and 7.97% in 2008. Female patients claimed more benzodiazepines than male patients in both Gauteng (67.24% in 2006 & 67.36% in 2008 respectively) and Northern Cape Province (67.77% in 2006 & 67.70% in 2008 respectively). Patients aged 40 years to 65 years claimed the highest number of benzodiazepine items, while patients younger than 12 years claimed the lowest number of benzodiazepine items. The number of patients that claimed benzodiazepines in the Northern Cape was lower than those in Gauteng. The percentage of patients that claimed benzodiazepines in 2006 was 7.91% in Gauteng versus 8.96% in Northern Cape. In 2008 the percentage of patients that claimed benzodiazepines was 8.47% in Gauteng versus 9.51% in Northern Cape. The percentage of benzodiazepine prescriptions claimed in Gauteng was 4.79% in 2006 and 5.10% in 2008. In the Northern Cape the percentages of benzodiazepine prescriptions claimed in 2006 and 2008 were 4.62% and 4.30% respectively. General medical practitioners prescribed most of the benzodiazepine prescriptions in both Northern Cape and Gauteng Province. Trade name products that were mostly prescribed in the Gauteng was Adco–Alzam® 0.5 mg and in the Northern Cape it was Brazepam® 3 mg for both 2006 and 2008. Conclusion: The difference in the prescribing patterns of benzodiazepines in Gauteng and the Northern Cape was not statistically significant. Recommendations for future research were made. / Thesis (M.Pharm (Pharmacy Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.