Vibrationsförderer sind Stetigförderer, welche Fördergüter durch periodische Schwingbewegungen in gerichtete Bewegungen versetzen. Vibrationsförderer sind in der Handhabungstechnik, der Zuführung von Mikrobauteilen und feinen Pulvern, sowie in der Schüttgut verarbeitenden Schwerindustrie weit verbreitet. In dieser Arbeit erfolgt nach der Betrachtung des Stands der Technik von Vibrationsförderern und den Interpretationsmöglichkeiten der Förderorganbewegung, die Vorstellung und Diskussion weiterer analytischer Berechnungsansätze. Anschließend werden Störprozesse, die während des Guttransportes auf Vibrationsförderern immer wieder beobachtet werden, erstmals klassifiziert und mathematisch beschrieben. Um die DEM-Simulation von Vibrationswendelförderern und linearen Vibrationsförderern unter Verwendung des Gleit-, Wurf- und Haft-Gleitförderprinzips in der Software LIGGGHTS zu ermöglichen, wurde eine Softwareerweiterung entwickelt. Diese Erweiterung umfasst zwei Module, welche die Bewegungen von importierten CAD-Geometrien auf Basis von als Fourierreihen definierten harmonischen Schwingungen höherer Ordnung ermöglichen. Das Befehlsmodul viblin ermöglicht die Definition von translatorischen Schwingungen. Das Modul vibrot ermöglicht die Definition von Rotationsschwingungen um eine raumfeste Achse. Beide Bewegungsmodule ermöglichen die Definition von komplexen Schwingungszuständen der CAD-Geometrien. Untersuchungen der Mikroprozesse innerhalb einer Arbeitsperiode zeigen, für die Förderarten Wurf und Gleiten, alle notwendigen Abschnitte der Kraft- und Geschwindigkeitsverläufe am Fördergut. Die durchgeführten Validierungen stellen die Verwendung der DEM als Simulationswerkzeug in der Vibrationsfördertechnik sicher. Auf der Basis der abschließend durchgeführten Parameterstudien können in Zukunft Kalibrierungsmethoden bezüglich des Verhaltens von Partikeln auf vibrierenden Unterlagen entwickelt werden. / Vibratory conveyors are continuous conveyors which move the materials to be conveyed by periodic vibrations of the conveyor chute. Vibrating conveyors are used in handling technology, the supply of micro components and fine powders, as well as in bulk material processing heavy industry. Within this work the state of the art of vibratory conveyors and alternative interpretations of the conveyor movement are introduced. Afterwards further analytical approaches are discussed. Subsequently, interfering processes, which occur during the transport of the materials on vibratory conveyors are classified and mathematically described. To simulate vibrating spiral conveyors and linear vibration conveyors using the sliding, throwing or sticking-glide conveyor principle in the software LIGGGHTS, a software extension was developed. This extension includes two software modules, to define the movements of imported CAD geometries on the basis of as Fourier series defined harmonic oscillations. The viblin command module allows the definition of translatory vibrations. The module vibrot allows the definition of rotational vibrations around a fixed axis. Both motion modules allow the definition of complex vibrational states of the CAD geometries. Investigations of the micro processes within a working period showed all necessary sections of the force and speed progression on the conveyed particles for the conveyor principles of micro throw and slide. The validations constitute the basic function of the DEM as a simulation tool in the vibratory conveyor technology. The final parameter studies can be used to develop calibration methods to describe the motion of particles on vibrating plates

Dans l’industrie pharmaceutique, la granulation sèche par compactage à rouleaux est un procédé d’agglomération de poudres en granulés pour améliorer les propriétés d’écoulement nécessaire pour le procédé de compression en matrice. Comprendre le procédé de compactage à rouleaux et optimiser l’efficacité de production est limitée par l’utilisation de l’approche expérimentale à cause du coût élevé des poudres, le temps des essais et la complexité du procédé. Dans ce travail, une méthode d’éléments finis en 3D, est développée dans le but d’identifier les paramètres critiques du matériau et du procédé pour le contrôle de la qualité de la production. Le modèle de comportement de Drucker-Prager Cap est utilisé pour décrire le comportement en compression de poudres et sa calibration est déterminée à partir des essais standard. Pour surmonter la complexité liée à l’existence de deux mécanismes différents, l’alimentation en poudre par une vis sans fin et le compactage entre les rouleaux, une nouvelle méthode d’interfaçage entre la méthode des éléments discrets (DEM) employée pour décrire l’écoulement dans l’alimentation et la méthode des éléments finis (FEM) utilisée pour le compactage entre les rouleaux est développée. Enfin, pour une modélisation de compactage de rouleaux plus réaliste, prenant en compte la variation de l’entrefer entre les rouleaux, une nouvelle approche de couplage Euler-Lagrange est proposée. Les résultats de simulations par éléments finis montrent clairement l’effet des différents paramètres du procédé sur les distributions de pression et de densité dans la zone de compactage. En outre, les résultats montrent que l'utilisation de plaques de confinement de la poudre entre les rouleaux, développe une distribution de pression et de densité non homogène dans le compact, avec une densité plus élevée au centre et plus faible aux bords. D'autre part, l’utilisation de rouleaux dont l’un est surmonté d’une jante de confinement, a montré une distribution de propriétés globalement plus uniforme sur la largeur du compact avec des valeurs légèrement plus élevées aux bords qu’au centre. La méthodologie combinant les méthodes DEM & FEM montre clairement une corrélation directe entre la vitesse des particules entraînées par la vis dans la zone d’alimentation et la pression du rouleau. Tous les deux oscillent avec la même période. Cela se traduit par un compact anisotrope avec un profile de densité variant de manière sinusoïdale le long de sa largeur. Afin d'étudier la capacité du modèle à prédire les propriétés des compacts produits par compactage à rouleaux, les prédictions par simulations numériques sont comparées aux données de la littérature et validées par des mesures spécifiques. / In the pharmaceutical industry, dry granulation by roll compaction is a process of size enlargement of powder into granules with good flowability for subsequent die compaction process. Understanding the roll compaction process and optimizing manufacturing efficiency is limited using the experimental approach due to the high cost of powder, time-consuming and the complexity of the process. In this work, a 3D Finite Element Method (FEM) model was developed to identify the critical material properties, roll press designs and process parameters controlling the quality of the product. The Drucker-Prager Cap (DPC) model was used to describe the powder compaction behavior and was determined based on standard calibration method. To overcome the complexity involving two different mechanisms of powder feeding by the screw and powder compaction between rolls, a novel combined approach of Discrete Element Method (DEM), used to predict the granular material flow in the feed zone and the Finite Elements Method (FEM) employed for roll compaction, was developed. Lastly, for a more realistic roll compaction modelling, allowing the fluctuation of the gap between rolls, a Coupled-Eulerian Lagrangian (CEL) approach was developed. FEM simulation results clearly show the effect of different process parameters on roll pressure and density distribution in the compaction zone of powder between the rolls. Moreover, results show that using a cheek-plates sealing system causes a nonuniform roll pressure and density distribution with the highest values in the middle and the lowest at the edges. On the other hand, the resultant pressure and density distributions with the rimmed-roll obtained higher values in the edges than in the middle and overall a more uniform distribution. The combined DEM-FEM methodology clearly shows a direct correlation between the particle velocity driven by the screw conveyor to the feed zone and the roll pressure, both oscillating in the same period. This translates into an anisotropic ribbon with a density profile varying sinusoidally along its length. To validate the results, the simulations are compared with literature and experimentally measured values in order to assess the ability of the model to predict the properties of the produced ribbons.

In vielen Bereichen der Tagebautechnik spielt die Zerkleinerung von Material/ -strömen eine wesentliche Rolle, wobei sich je nach Material verschiedene Anforderungen an das Brechersystem ergeben. In Folge dessen werden Brecher auftragsspezifisch, meist für einen speziellen Gesteinstyp oder Einsatzort entwickelt oder modifiziert. Eine aussagekräftige Prognose der im Bruchprozess auftretenden Lasten auf den Brecher ist somit essentieller Bestandteil im Entwicklungsprozess. Ein viel versprechender Ansatz, um das Materialverhalten in der Lastprognose zu berücksichtigen, ist die numerische Simulation des Materialbruchverhaltens mit Hilfe der Diskreten-Elemente-Methode (DEM). Das Verhalten der sogenannten Partikel wird über Kontakt- und bond-Modelle beschrieben und soll das makroskopische Verhalten des jeweiligen Gesteins möglichst realitätsnah abbilden. Die Problematik ist, dass in SimulationX® keine Module zur DEM-Simulation vorhanden sind und umgekehrt in der DEM-Simulationsumgebung LIGGGHTSG® (LAMMPS improved for general granular and granular heat transfer simulations) keine derartige Maschinensimulation möglich ist. Der Ausweg ist die Co-Simulation zweier unterschiedlicher Simulationsumgebungen durch die Nutzung des ,,Functional Mock-Up Interface“-Standards (FMI). Berechnungsergebnis sind die dynamischen Lasten auf den Brecher unter Berücksichtigung des Materialverhaltens. Somit können früher in der Brecherentwicklung Prognosen zu auftretenden Lasten getroffen und Einflussuntersuchungen von Maschinenkonfigurationen zur Effizienzsteigerungen durchgeführt werden, was zuvor auf Grund des Einzelanfertigungscharakters nicht möglich oder nicht wirtschaftlich war.

Les modèles numériques de terrain, cas particulier de modèles numériques de surfaces, n'ont pas la même erreur quadratique moyenne en planimétrie qu'en altimétrie. Différentes solutions ont été envisagées pour déterminer séparément l'erreur en altimétrie et l'erreur planimétrique, disposant, bien entendu, d'un modèle numérique plus précis comme référence. La démarche envisagée consiste à déterminer les paramètres des ellipsoïdes d'erreur, centrées dans la surface de référence. Dans un premier temps, l'étude a été limitée aux profils de référence avec l'ellipse d'erreur correspondante. Les paramètres de cette ellipse sont déterminés à partir des distances qui séparent les tangentes à l'ellipse du centre de cette même ellipse. Remarquons que cette distance est la moyenne quadratique des distances qui séparent le profil de référence des points du modèle numérique à évaluer, c'est à dire la racine de la variance marginale dans la direction normale à la tangente. Nous généralisons à l'ellipsoïde de révolution. C'est le cas ou l'erreur planimétrique est la même dans toutes les directions du plan horizontal (ce n'est pas le cas des MNT obtenus, par exemple, par interférométrie radar). Dans ce cas nous montrons que le problème de simulation se réduit à l'ellipse génératrice et la pente du profil correspondant à la droite de pente maximale du plan appartenant à la surface de référence. Finalement, pour évaluer les trois paramètres d'un ellipsoïde, cas où les erreurs dans les directions des trois axes sont différentes (MNT obtenus par Interférométrie SAR), la quantité des points nécessaires pour la simulation doit être importante et la surface tr ès accidentée. Le cas échéant, il est difficile d'estimer les erreurs en x et en y. Néanmoins, nous avons remarqué, qu'il s'agisse de l'ellipsoïde de révolution ou non, que dans tous les cas, l'estimation de l'erreur en z (altimétrie) donne des résultats tout à fait satisfaisants. / A Digital Surface Model (DSM) is a numerical surface model which is formed by a set of points, arranged as a grid, to study some physical surface, Digital Elevation Models (DEM), or other possible applications, such as a face, or some anatomical organ, etc. The study of the precision of these models, which is of particular interest for DEMs, has been the object of several studies in the last decades. The measurement of the precision of a DSM model, in relation to another model of the same physical surface, consists in estimating the expectancy of the squares of differences between pairs of points, called homologous points, one in each model which corresponds to the same feature of the physical surface. But these pairs are not easily discernable, the grids may not be coincident, and the differences between the homologous points, corresponding to benchmarks in the physical surface, might be subject to special conditions such as more careful measurements than on ordinary points, which imply a different precision. The generally used procedure to avoid these inconveniences has been to use the squares of vertical distances between the models, which only address the vertical component of the error, thus giving a biased estimate when the surface is not horizontal. The Perpendicular Distance Evaluation Method (PDEM) which avoids this bias, provides estimates for vertical and horizontal components of errors, and is thus a useful tool for detection of discrepancies in Digital Surface Models (DSM) like DEMs. The solution includes a special reference to the simplification which arises when the error does not vary in all horizontal directions. The PDEM is also assessed with DEM's obtained by means of the Interferometry SAR Technique

This study aims to explain the demarcations regarding which crimes that are seen as “acceptable” to commit as an police officer, and those who categorizes as “not acceptable”. The study is based on a qualitative, narrative method of semi-structured interviews. Antecedent research shows the strong subculture in the police force and the approach of seeing the police profession as a lifestyle. This study uses Erving Goffmans dramaturgic perspective on society by applying “Team”, “Front Stage and “Back Stage” to explain why the demarcations is the way it is. By studying “Front Stage” as police officers in front of the public and “Back Stage” as a closed space for the police officers, the essay intends to see how police officers, seen as a team, deal with wrongful acts made by an police officer. By using an constructed sorting model the study separated the data from ten interviewed police officers by categorizing into ways of legitimizing crimes commited by an police officer. The study aims to show understanding in why unethic and unlegal deeds by police officers are not reported, and therefore legitimized by the subculture. The conclusion of this essay is that there are two ways to legitimize wrongful acts of police officers. These two ways are by the norms “Us versus them” and the silence code. We created two concepts in combination with the use of the theories of Goffman. This paper will show how the two concepts, ”team offset” and ”team censoring”, can legitimize crimes as a part of the subculture. To be able to legitimize a wrongful act, the police officer needs to use his team. If the team can not legitimize the crime, it categorizes as “not acceptable”.

Authors: Ellen Gunnarsson & Emma Lindström Title: Honour as argument- A qualitative study of approaches and attitudes towards the concept of “honour” in verdicts regarding Section 2 of the LVU.  [Translated title] Supervisor: Barzoo Eliassi Assessor: Anette Lundin   The aim of this study was to extend comprehension of which approaches and attitudes towards violence and oppression in the name of “honour” may be of significance in the social services investigations and judgments relating to section 2 of the LVU. The empirical material are based on ten verdicts, some including girls who were exposed to “honour related violence” and others including girls who were not exposed. To analyze the verdicts in this study, we examined the arguments authorities used for the decision on LVU through a text-analysis. The main conclusion of the study were that the social welfare authorities combined the concept of “honour” with culture and that “honour” was seen as something dangerous for the girls. This cultural interpretation creates an Orientalist view and divides people into "us” and “them" which can lead to discrimination and racism of certain cultural groups.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-04-04T11:51:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TAMIRES BARBOSA NASCIMENTO DOS SANTOS.pdf: 5285149 bytes, checksum: d224eb611ad840d86fa9cacfe3b79d1a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-04T11:51:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TAMIRES BARBOSA NASCIMENTO DOS SANTOS.pdf: 5285149 bytes, checksum: d224eb611ad840d86fa9cacfe3b79d1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-02 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The increase of the population's average age, there was a prevalence increment on the chronic nerological disorders, degenerative such as the Alzheimer's Disease (AD). The deepening on the knowledge of the processes of lifestyle, regarding the nutritional state and its relations with the cognition are important for the guidance and conducting of the elderly people. This study aimed to analyze the nutritional status of elderly patients with AD and its relationship with the clinical aspects, neurocognitive, behavioral and lifestyle. 43 elderlies from the Clinical Neurology Ambulatory of the Celso Pierro Hospital and Maternity (PUCCampinas) were evaluated with the diagnosis of light, moderate and severe AD, according to the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and 51 controls matched by age, gender, schooling and socioeconomic level, whith no history of cognitive decline. The procedures used were: clinical evaluation, mental State mini-exam, simple drawing memory, verbal fluency, clock drawing, functional ability, neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI), CDR, socioeconomic evaluation, physical and social activity (International Questionnaire of Physical Activity - IQPA short version), Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), Body mass Index (BMI), Waist circumference (WC), Arm Circumference (AC), Calf Circumference (CC), Triciptal Cutaneous Fold (TCF), Subscapular cutaneous fold (SCF), Muscular Arm circumference (MAC), Corrected Arm Muscle Area (CAMA), Thumb Adductor Muscle (TAM), Palmar Holding Force (PHF) and Bioelectric Impedance. Comparison were made between Alzheimer's Disease Group (ADG) and Control Group (CG) with sociodemographic aspects, lifestyle, cognitive, MNA, Nutritional indicators and nutritional indicators by gender Comparisons were made between CG and AD stages according to the CDR with nutritional variables, It were also performed correlations between PHF with anthropometric variables on the ADG and CG and between cognitive and anthropometric variables on the ADG. With suitable statistical tests the situation and level of significance of 5% in all cases. It was noticed that the ADG develops less social activity and has a smaller relationship network, less physically active, and has poor performance in Daily life activities, mostly in instrumental activities. GDA showed malnutrition with a decrease in total food intake and higher daily intake of some foods on the MNA. Among genders, woman showed diferences in most anthropometric measurements with lower values in the ADG. In the comparison between CG and fazes of ADG there were differences in some measures with lower values in the severe ADG, and higher in the CG. In the comparison between CG and ADG, CG versus light and moderate ADG versus severe ADG there was a difference for some anthropometric measurements. There were no differences between Light and Moderate stages. The Lean Mass (LM) composition measurements were lower in the ADG. No difference was seen on the WC and reactance comparison. There were correlations between PHF and anthropometric variables in the ADG but not between nutritional variables with socioeconomic aspects, behavioral, NPI, social and physical activities. The findings suggests a significant association between social and leisure activities during the eld and a lower dementia risk. In the MNA the lowest score indicates greater deterioration of mental state. As per the feeding, it was noticed that, possibly, ADG feeds with lower amount and higher quality, suggesting a better selection of food by the caregiver. The authors reports a significant difference between BMI in AD phases, with reduction in BMI at the severe stage compared to light and moderate. In the study, there was a greater presence of elderly individuals at malnutrition risk in the AD group when compared to the CG, suggesting that the malnutrition is a factor of risk to the dementia progression. The nutritionals variables were progressively more committed with the advancement of cognitive deficits, since there was a LM reduction trend with the AD progression, more evident in the transition from moderate to severe. / Com o aumento da idade m?dia da popula??o houve incremento de preval?ncia de afec??es neurol?gicas cr?nicas, degenerativas, como a Doen?a de Alzheimer (DA). O aprofundamento do conhecimento dos processos do estilo de vida no que se refere ao estado nutricional e de suas rela??es com a cogni??o s?o de import?ncia para orienta??o e conduta desses idosos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar o estado nutricional de idosos com DA e sua rela??o com aspectos cl?nicos, neurocognitivos, comportamentais e de estilo de vida. Foram avaliados 43 idosos procedentes do ambulat?rio de Neurologia Cl?nica do Hospital e Maternidade Celso Pierro (PUC-Campinas) com diagn?stico de DA leve, moderado e grave, segundo o Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) e 51 controles pareados por idade, g?nero, escolaridade e n?vel socioecon?mico, sem hist?ria de decl?nio cognitivo. Os procedimentos foram avalia??o cl?nica, Mini-Exame do estado mental, mem?ria do desenho simples, Flu?ncia Verbal, desenho do rel?gio, capacidade funcional, Invent?rio Neuropsiqui?trico (INP), CDR, avalia??o socioecon?mica, atividade f?sica (Question?rio Internacional de Atividade F?sica ? IPAQ vers?o curta) e sociais, Mini Avalia??o Nutricional (MAN), ?ndice de Massa Corp?rea (IMC), Circunfer?ncia da Cintura (CC), Circunfer?ncia do Bra?o (CB), Circunfer?ncia da Panturrilha (CP), Dobra Cut?nea Tricipital (DCT), Dobra Cut?nea Subescapular (DCSE), Circunfer?ncia Muscular do Bra?o (CMB), ?rea Muscular do Bra?o corrigida (AMBc), M?sculo Adutor do Polegar (MAP), For?a de Preens?o Palmar (FPP) e Imped?ncia Bioel?trica. Foi realizada a compara??o entre Grupo Doen?a de Alzheimer (GDA) e Grupo Controle (GC) com aspectos sociodemogr?ficos, estilo de vida, cognitivos, comportamentais, MAN, indicadores nutricionais e indicadores nutricionais por g?nero. Foram feitas compara??es entre GC e est?gios da DA de acordo com CDR com as vari?veis nutricionais, tamb?m foram realizadas correla??es entre FPP com vari?veis antropom?tricas no GDA e GC e entre vari?veis cognitivas e antropom?tricas no GDA. Com testes estat?sticos adequados a situa??o e n?vel de signific?ncia de 5% em todos os casos. Foi observado que o GDA desenvolve menos atividade social e tem rede de relacionamento menor, ? fisicamente menos ativo e tem desempenho inferior nas Atividades de Vida Di?ria, principalmente nas atividades instrumentais. O GDA apresentou desnutri??o com diminui??o da ingest?o alimentar total e maior ingest?o di?ria de alguns alimentos, na MAN. Entre os g?neros, as mulheres apresentaram diferen?a em mais medidas antropom?tricas, com valores menores no GDA. Na compara??o entre GC e fases do GDA, houve diferen?a em algumas medidas com valores menores no GDA grave e maior no GC. Na compara??o entre GC e GDA, GC versus GDA leve e moderado e GDA leve e moderado versus GDA grave houve diferen?a para algumas medidas antropom?tricas. N?o houve diferen?a entre os est?gios leve e moderado. As medidas de composi??o de Massa Magra (MM) foram menores no GDA. CC e Reat?ncia n?o apresentaram diferen?a em nenhuma compara??o. Houve correla??es entre FPP e vari?veis antropom?tricas nos GDA e n?o houve entre vari?veis nutricionais com aspectos socioecon?micos, comportamentais, INP, atividades sociais e f?sicas. Os achados da literatura sugerem uma associa??o significativa entre atividades sociais e de lazer durante a velhice e o menor risco de dem?ncia. Na MAN a menor pontua??o indica maior deteriora??o do estado mental. Quanto a alimenta??o, foi observado que possivelmente o GDA se alimenta com menor quantidade e maior qualidade, sugerindo uma melhor sele??o dos alimentos pelo cuidador. Os autores relatam diferen?a significativa entre IMC nas fases da DA, com redu??o no IMC no est?gio grave comparado ao leve e moderado. No estudo houve maior presen?a de idosos em risco de desnutri??o no grupo com DA quando comparados ao GC, sugerindo que a desnutri??o ? um fator de risco para a progress?o da dem?ncia. As vari?veis nutricionais foram progressivamente mais comprometidas com o avan?ar dos d?ficits cognitivos, pois houve uma tend?ncia a redu??o de MM com a progress?o da DA, sendo mais evidente na transi??o da fase moderada para o grave.

<p>The main objectives of this work were to investigate Geographical Information Systems techniques for modelling a cross-country trafficability. To accomplished stated tasks, reciprocal relationships between the soil deposits, local hydrology, geology and geomorphology were studied in relation to the study area in South-Eastern Sweden.</p><p>Growing awareness of nowadays users of GIS in general is being concentrated on understanding an importance of soil conditions changed after cross-country trafficability. Therefore, in this thesis, constructing of the Soil Knowledge Database introduced to the genuine geological soil textural classes a new, modified geotechnical division with desirable for off-road ground reasoning measurable factors, like soil permeability, capillarity or Atterberg’s consistency limits.</p><p>Digital Elevation Model, the driving force for landscape studies in the thesis, was carefully examined together with the complementary datasets of the investigated area. Testing of the elevation data was done in association to the hydrological modelling, which resulted with the Wetness Index map. The three distinguishable soil wetness conditions: dry, moist and wet, were obtained, and used consequently for creation of the static ground conditions map, a visible medium of soils susceptibility to for example machine compaction.</p><p>The work resulted with a conceptual scheme for cross-country trafficability modelling, which was put into effect while modeling in GIS. As a final outcome, by combining all processed data together, derivatives were incorporated and draped over the rendered 3D animating scene. A visually aided simulation enabled to concretized theoretical, hypothetical and experimental outcomes into one coherent model of apprised under Multicriterial Evaluation techniques standardized factor maps for ground vehicle maneuverability. Also further steps of research were proposed.</p>

We analyze the asymptotic behavior in the limit epsilon to zero for a wide class of difference operators H_epsilon = T_epsilon + V_epsilon with underlying multi-well potential. They act on the square summable functions on the lattice (epsilon Z)^d.<br> We start showing the validity of an harmonic approximation and construct WKB-solutions at the wells. Then we construct a Finslerian distance d induced by H and show that short integral curves are geodesics and d gives the rate for the exponential decay of Dirichlet eigenfunctions. In terms of this distance, we give sharp estimates for the interaction between the wells and construct the interaction matrix. / Wir analysieren das asymptotische Verhalten im Grenzwert epsilon gegen null von einer weiten Klasse von Differenzen operatoren H_epsilon = T_epsilon + V_epsilon mit unterliegendem Potential. Sie wirken auf die quadrat-summierbaren Funktionen auf dem Gitter (epsilon Z)^d.<br> Zunächst zeigen wir die Gültigkeit einer harmonischen Approximation und konstruieren WKB-Lösungen an den Töpfen. Dann konstruieren wir eine Finslersche Abstandsfunktion d, die durch H induziert wird und zeigen, daß kurze Integralkurven Geodäten sind und daß d die Rate des exponentiellen Abfallverhaltens von Dirichlet-Eigenfunktionen beschreibt. Bezügliche dieses Abstands geben wir scharfe Abschätzungen für die Wechselwirkung zwischen den Töpfen und konstruieren die Wechselwirkungs-Matrix.

A method to estimate blast-induced damage in rock considering both stress waves and gas expansion phases is presented. The method was developed by assuming a strong correlation between blast-induced damage and stress wave amplitudes, and also by adapting a 2D numerical method to estimate damage in a 3D real case. The numerical method is used to determine stress wave damage and provides an indication of zones prone to suffer greater damage by gas expansion. The specific steps carried out in this study are: i) extensive blast monitoring in hard rock at surface and underground test sites; ii) analysis of seismic waveforms in terms of amplitude and frequency and their azimuthal distribution with respect to borehole axis, iii) measurement of blast-induced damage from single-hole blasts; iv) assessment and implementation of method to utilize 2D numerical model to predict blast damage in 3D situation; v) use of experimental and numerical results to estimate relative contribution of stress waves and gas penetration to damage, and vi) monitoring and modeling of full-scale production blasts to apply developed method to estimate blast-induced damage from stress waves. The main findings in this study are: i) both P and S-waves are generated and show comparable amplitudes by blasting in boreholes; ii) amplitude and frequency of seismic waves are strongly dependent on initiation mode and direction of propagation of explosive reaction in borehole; iii) in-situ measurements indicate strongly non-symmetrical damage dependent on confinement conditions and initiation mode, and existing rock structure, and iv) gas penetration seems to be mainly responsible for damage (significant damage extension 2-4 borehole diameters from stress waves; > 22 from gas expansion). The method has the potential for application in regular production blasts for control of over-breaks and dilution in operating mines. The main areas proposed for future work are: i) verification of seismic velocity changes in rock by blast-induced damage from controlled experiments; ii) incorporation of gas expansion phase into numerical models; iii) use of 3D numerical model and verification of crack distribution prediction; iv) further studies on strain rate dependency of material strength parameters, and v) accurate measurements of in-hole pressure function considering various confinement conditions.