For over 20 years, the phenomenon of parental alienation and its related characteristics has been described in literature. Various clinicians independently researched and described the pathological alignment of a child within the context of divorce. In the 1980’s Richard Gardner coined this “Parental alienation syndrome” (PAS). According to Gardner PAS is characterised by a child’s profound preoccupation with criticism against a parent. This criticism is overstated and ungrounded, and it is caused by both conscious and unconscious behaviour by the alienating parent, which influences the child negatively against the alienated parent. In essence, PAS is the subjective contamination of the child’s understanding and beliefs about his/her environment. The alienating parent gives the impression that the targeted parent is unworthy, dangerous, unloving and deserving of the child’s rejection. This is done by a series of alienation strategies like bad-mouthing, blaming, limiting contact and belittling. The alienated child, as a result responds with unjustified expressions of hate and discontent towards the targeted parent. The experience of divorce can be very challenging to children. Research about the relationship between divorce and child adjustment holds that a child’s exposure to inter parental conflict and the quality of the parent-child relationship are the two major predictors of children’s adjustment during divorce. Research suggests that the negative effects of PAS may include guilt, self-hatred, distortion of reality testing, and general emotional and psychological problems. The aim of this study was to provide an in-depth exploration and description of how PAS is experienced, and the possible effect it has on children from the perspective of young adults who was possible exposed to PAS as children. This was done by exploring their memories and their recalled experiences of their parents’ divorce and the possible effect on their current lives. In this study a collective exploratory/descriptive case study design was used. Nine voluntary participants, between 18 and 28 years of age, were chosen for this study by means of purposeful sampling strategies. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews that were audio taped and transcribed verbatim. Transcribed data were analysed by means of thematic analysis from which themes and sub-themes were derived. Two main themes with sub-themes were identified. It was found that some of the parental behaviour evident in PAS cases may fall under specific subtypes of psychological maltreatment and leave children feeling angry, worthless, flawed, unloved, unwanted, incompetent and sceptical about trusting other individuals. It was found that parents who engage in alienation strategies are likely to discourage autonomous behaviour and lack nurturance and emotional responsiveness towards their children’s needs. As result children exposed to PAS learn parental love and acceptance is conditional and is based needs fulfilment of the alienating parent. These expectations are brought forward from the early relationship into adulthood and influences individual’s expectations, behaviour, and beliefs about relationships across the lifespan. The results indicate that the lack parental support, encouragement, and responsiveness may negatively influence the self-esteem, autonomy, competence, and relatedness of individuals exposed to PAS. They reported difficulties with trust, intimacy and social skills and depression as adults. / MA (Clinical Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

La présente étude s’interroge sur le concept d’aliénation, et plus spécifiquement sur sa genèse, son déploiement, son histoire particulière, ses configurations complexes, ses multiples transformations. Trois auteurs sont privilégiés : Rousseau, Hegel, Marx. La tentative d’examiner la notion d’aliénation dans sa forme rousseauiste, hégélienne et jeune-marxienne, a comme point de départ la critique d’Althusser selon laquelle ce concept relèverait d’une vision abstraite, métaphysique, de l’histoire et de l’activité des agents humains. D’après Althusser, l’aliénation est en effet l’expression humaniste d’une philosophie du retour aux origines et de la réunion avec une essence humaine qui se serait perdue. La philosophie de l'aliénation contractuelle (comme fondement de l’institution d’une communauté politique chez Rousseau), la mise en question de la positivité historique dans les écrits du jeune Hegel, et finalement la critique du travail aliéné forgée par le jeune Marx dans ses Manuscrits de 1844, ne seraient-elles toutes au fond que des variations autour d’une même conception essentialiste de l’histoire humaine ? S'écartant d'une telle disqualification indifférenciée, la thèse se propose de mettre en valeur la réflexion originale et singulière que chacun de ces trois auteurs élabore au sujet de l’aliénation, tout en essayant de mettre en lumière ce qu’ils partagent, malgré leurs différences. Car en parlant d'aliénation, il s'agit toujours d'interroger la perte mutilante d’un rapport à soi, à autrui et au monde socialement induite. Et il s'agit toujours aussi de concevoir des conditions historiques jugées dégradantes que l'on doit pouvoir dépasser. En d’autres termes, ce travail se propose de montrer non seulement que l’aliénation ne se réduit pas à une notion abstraite et naïvement humaniste, mais qu’elle forme également un repère incontournable, dès lors qu’elle prend au sérieux la tâche de penser l’impossibilité, pour certains groupes ou certaines classes sociales, de se réaliser et de s'épanouir, sur fond d'une privation durable de ce que peuvent apporter des rapports à soi, aux autres et au monde suffisamment riches et variés. / This study examines the concept of alienation, and focuses more specifically on its genesis, its deployment, its particular history, its complex configurations, its multiple transformations. Three authors are highlighted: Rousseau, Hegel, Marx. The attempt to examine the concept of alienation in the forms that Rousseau, Hegel and the young Marx give it, has as its starting point the criticism of Althusser according to whom this concept rises from an abstract, metaphysical vision of history and from the activity of human agents. According to Althusser, alienation is indeed the humanistic expression of a philosophy of the return to the origins and of a reunion with a human essence that might have been lost. The philosophy of contractual alienation (as the basis for the institution of a political community in Rousseau), the questioning of the historical positivity in the writings of the young Hegel, and finally the critique of alienated labor forged by the young Marx in his Manuscripts of 1844, would they basically all be variations around the same essentialist conception of human history? Diverging from such an undifferentiated disqualification, the thesis proposes to develop the original and singular reflection that each one of these three authors is developing on the subject of alienation, while trying to highlight what they share, despite their differences. Because, speaking of alienation, is always here to question the socially induced mutilating loss of a relation to oneself, to others and to the world. And it is also always a subject to conceive historical conditions considered degrading that must be overcome. In other words, this study intends to not only show that alienation cannot be reduced to an abstract and naively humanist concept, but that it also forms a key benchmark, since it takes seriously the task of thinking of the impossibility for certain groups or certain social classes to achieve self-realization and thrive, amid a sustained deprivation of what can be provided by sufficiently rich and varied relations to oneself, to others and to the world.

No description available.

Moderation does not constitute a monolithic model and the difference in the moderation process will influence the way a political party manages its internal dynamics. The cases of the AKP and the PKS show that both have different levels of moderation due to the different contexts of their social and political environments. The AKP has to deal with an extreme interpretation of secularism in Turkey that influences the party’s members to refrain from any confrontation with secular strongholds. The PKS has more freedom to express its ideology in the Indonesian democratic political system; hence the party is able to develop internal organisational procedures and programmes based on religious principles. To anticipate difficulties arising from from moderation, the AKP uses an organisational approach to give space for open and dynamic internal management and reduce the role of ideology significantly. The PKS still utilises its ideology in managing the impact of moderation by defining religious values as principles of organisation in parallel with organisational principles. Both parties are relatively successful in convincing their members to trust the party and its leaders in different ways. Party vision and personal charisma are more apparent for the AKP, although the PKS has to rely on interpretation of ideology as the main source of trust. By placing more emphasis on organisation, the AKP employs definition of violation toward party’s rules and decisions based on an organisational approach. In contrast, the definition of violation in the PKS relies on both religious and organisational principles. As a result, the AKP implements policies to dismiss members based on unambiguous principles with relatively insignificant opposition. The PKS has to deal with complaints of dismissal since the policies are taken based on interpretation of procedures and reasons. It is also proven that the AKP is able to convince voters by offering programmes to meet popular demands without relying on a religious agenda. While the PKS has been successful in developing an effective and solid party, it still has many problems in gaining support during elections as its pragmatic adjustment moderation also generates confusion internally and externally.

The problem of this study was to compare the social alienation of upper elementary students receiving reading instruction in five types of environmental settings.

This study aims to enlighten the effect the agile leadership has on alienation. Two different companies, with different leadership styles, are examined in an attempt to determine if leadership is a contributing factor to alienation among the employees. The study was conducted through the use of a case study of two stores of two different companies. To obtain the purpose of this study the following questions have been asked: • Which features of alienation can be found among the employees? • What effect does the leadership have on the employee’s alienation? To acquire the purpose of the study the theoretical framework is based on a presentation of the traditional leadership, the agile leadership and alienation. The study shows that the employees have encountered some features of alienation. The study shows that the employee at the company who practices the agile leadership encounters fewer of the alienation features, than the employees at the company who practices the traditional leadership. The results of the study showed that some of the features had a bigger impact on the employees. We also found that the agile leadership had good effects on alienation, as the self organized-team, an including approach and lack of hierarchy had beneficial effects on the employee’s sense of control and motivation. / Studiens syfte är att belysa det agila ledarskapets påverkan på alienation. Två företag med två olika ledarskapsstilar har undersökts för att kunna avgöra om ledarskapet är en faktor som kan påverka alienation hos medarbetarna. Undersökningen har gjorts med hjälp av en fallstudie, där två butiker från två olika företag undersökts. Studiens syfte har lett till följande frågeställningar: •     Vilka drag av alienation kan påträffas bland medarbetarna?•     Vad har ledarskapet för effekt på medarbetarnas alienation? En teoretisk referensram bestående av en genomgång av det traditionella ledarskapet, det agila ledarskapet samt alienation har utformats för att svara på frågeställningarna. Då alienationsbegreppet har stor betydelse har det bearbetats noga och brutits ned i fem beståndsdelar. Studien visar att intervjupersonerna upplever drag av alienation. Det framgår att medarbetaren på företaget med agilt ledarskap påträffar färre drag av alienation än medarbetarna på företaget med traditionellt ledarskap. Studien visade att de olika dragen av alienation har olika inverkan på medarbetarna. Det framkom även att det agila ledarskapet hade goda effekter på alienation, då det självorganiserade teamet, ett inkluderande förhållningssätt och avsaknad av hierarki främjade medarbetarnas känsla av kontroll och motivation i arbetet.

Incel är en förkortning av det engelska involuntary celibacy, eller på svenska de individer som befinner sig i ett ofrivilligt celibat. De individer som identifierar sig som incel har som en grupp fått mycket uppmärksamhet på grund av dess misogyna tankar och våldsamma agerande. I denna studie granskar vi hemsidan incels.is, som är det största forumet där individer som identifierar sig som incel sammanstrålar. Vi fokuserar i vår studie på att undersöka upplevelsen av alienation hos medlemmarna på hemsida samt vilka förklaringsmodeller och vilken världsbild som skildras på hemsidan. Studien har en diskursanalytisk grund, då vi strävar efter att med hjälp av medlemmarnas egna ord beskriva hur verkligheten konstrueras. Genom att studera forumstrådar och  kommentarer på hemsidan framkommer att medlemmarna upplever att deras identitet som incel har konstruerats på grund av feminismens framsteg och hypergamin. Vidare framkommer att upplevelsen av alienation är vanligt förekommande hos medlemmarna på incels.is och att många uttrycker att det finns en stark korrelation mellan alienation och psykisk ohälsa.  Vi vill, via denna studie, belysa incel som ett fenomen samt vilka konsekvenser alienation kan generera i.

Este estudo parte da idéia de que se pode encontrar, sob o processo de desenvolvimento da consciência, em O Dia dos Prodígios, obra da autora portuguesa Lídia Jorge, referências que remetem à maneira pela qual esta consciência se constitui nos habitantes de Vilamaninhos, cidade fictícia em que se inscreve a ação no romance. O objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em verificar o estado de consciência dos habitantes dessa aldeia e a dinâmica da passagem desse nível precário para outro, mais elevado, nas personagens femininas Branca Volante e Carminha Parda e na personagem masculina Macário, uma espécie de trovador medieval da aldeia. O exame leva em conta o confronto da aldeia com os soldados que, na narrativa, são os que se inserem no mundo da cultura e que vão levar à aldeia a notícia da Revolução dos Cravos, fato histórico que serve de pano de fundo para o desenvolvimento da trama. Também são examinadas as relações entre as personagens de Vilamaninhos e, ainda, entre estas e os soldados, a linguagem que utilizam; e a atmosfera mítica que permeia o romance. Além disso, investiga-se o contexto histórico da Revolução dos Cravos, que possibilita compreender o rudimentar nível de consciência dos camponeses em relação ao real, sua desarticulação em relação ao universo cosmopolita e seu conseqüente desencontro consigo mesmo, transformado em um ser esvaziado de sentido. Sendo assim, o fato de se apresentarem com um grau de consciência muito precário mostra a alienação do povo de Vilamaninhos, com relação ao restante da sociedade e instiga reflexões sobre as relações humanas. / The starting point for this study is the supposition that, under the process of consciousness development, in O Dia dos Prodígios, narrative work written by the contemporary Portuguese writer Lídia Jorge, lies a series of references to how the character\'s state of consciousness is and develops along the story. Thus the purpose of this analysis is to verify the state of consciousness of the inhabitants of Vilamaninhos, a small Portuguese village, as well as the dynamics of the transition from such precarious level to a more developed one, the latter illustrated by the female characters of Branca Volante and Carminha Parda, and also by the male character of Macário, who represents a kind of medieval troubadour of the village. This analysis takes into account the confrontation between the inhabitants and the soldiers, who represent the cultured and civilized world (in opposition to the archaic community of Vilamaninhos), and who will tell the villagers the great news about The Oillet Revolution, historic event that fits as a background for the development of the plot. Personal contacts among the villagers and with the outsiders (like the soldiers, for example), their language, the myths supporting their conception of reality are also examined. The socio-historical context of the Oillet Revolution is also investigated, for it helps to understand the villager\'s rudimentary state of consciousness as to the apprehension of reality, their disconnection with the civilized world and their consequent inner disconnection, which makes them sense-emptied individuals. Thereby, such rudimentary level of consciousness shows the villager\'s alienation relatively to the rest of society, and the study of this social situation instigates reflections about human relations.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido na favela da Rocinha (RJ) e utilizando-se de observações de campo, procurou sistematizar a noção de produção política do Espaço, suas implicações sobre os metamorfismos vividos por sua população. Enumera as formas pelas quais se estabelecem sucessivos processos de alienação, apoiando-se na dialética sócio-espacial. Procedeu-se ao desvendamento desses processos de alienação, indicando os distintos mecanismos em que estes se manifestam. A preocupação fundamental era a de partir do concreto chegar às abstrações e por fim formatar a compreensão do complexo e fragmentado cotidiano dos residentes na Rocinha. / This study was conducted in the slum of Rocinha (RJ), and using field observations, we tried to systematize the notion of political production of space, its implications on metamorphisms experienced by its people. It lists the ways in which they lay successive processes of alienation, drawing on socio-spatial dialectic. Proceeded with the unveiling of these processes of alienation, indicating the different mechanisms by which these are manifested. The main concern was to get from the concrete and in abstractions, and finally format the understanding of the complex and fragmented daily life of residents in Rocinha.

Defendemos nesta dissertação que formas radicais de controle de si pela superação do sofrimento físico e das necessidades corporais são respostas subjetivas à configuração do modo de vida social contemporâneo. Modo de vida cujo núcleo está no que autores marxistas chamam de alienação e de fetichismo da mercadoria. Procuraremos examinar o fenômeno que em psiquiatria ganhou o nome de anorexia nervosa ou anorexia mental como uma dessas respostas que, ao mesmo tempo em que renega esse modo de vida, acaba por reafirmar algumas de suas premissas centrais. / We intend to defend that radical forms of self-control by overcoming physical suffering and bodily needs are subjective responses to the contemporary form of life. Form of life which core lies in what Marxist authors call alienation and commodity fetishism. We will seek to examine the phenomena in psychiatry called \"anorexia nervosa\" or \"anorexia mental\" as one of those responses that, at the same time denies this form of life, and, on the other hand, reaffirms some of its central assumptions.