Este trabalho tem por propósito analisar os textos de Max Stirner - em particular a primeira parte de seu livro intitulado O Único e a sua Propriedade -, assumindo a perspectiva de que neles é elaborado um diagnóstico de como a subjetividade moderna, no processo de sua constituição, forma-se comprometida com a dominação. Para isso, é preciso refazer com o filósofo o caminho dialético do eu, da Antiguidade até a sua manifestação moderna, identificando nesse percurso as razões que o fizeram alienar-se de si, sem se esquecer do papel da arte e da religião na criação, no rejuvenescimento e na manutenção da alienação. Além disso, encontrará também tratamento neste trabalho a forma de racionalidade, de moral e de educação modernas, elementos importantes da subjetividade, uma vez que esses elementos perfazem com ela um todo sistemático onde o que só encontra espaço são as exigências do \"espírito\", e isso em detrimento do que quer que seja da ordem da individualidade. Portanto, para uma abordagem apropriada desse tema, requer-se a compreensão do processo de formação da Modernidade e da sua subjetividade correlata, identificando a maneira pela qual, nesse processo, a dominação inscreve-se de forma imanente no eu. Isso significa dizer que, na interpretação que aqui se oferece da filosofia stirneriana, o processo de formação da subjetividade moderna e a dominação não são fenômenos independentes, mas sim resultantes de um e mesmo processo de engendramento da Modernidade. / This paper intends to examine the texts of Max Stirner - specially those related to the first part of his major work, The Ego and its Own - by assuming the perspective that through these texts, the author articulates a diagnosis of how the modern subjectivity, in the process of its constitution, forms itself compromised with domination. For this, we will need to remake with the philosopher the dialectical path of the self, from Antiquity to its modern manifestation, identifying in this way the reasons that made this ego to alienate from itself - without obliterating the role of art and religion in the creation, rejuvenation and maintenance of this alienation. Moreover, it will also be found in this paper a discussion about the forms of modern rationality, moral and education - important elements of the subjectivity, that compose with it a systematic whole where nothing but the claims of the \"spirit\" find place, in despite of everything that originates from individuality. Therefore, for an appropriate approach of these questions, one must comprehend the constitution of Modernity and its correlated subjectivity, identifying the way by which, within this process, domination engraves itself immanently in the self. In other words, this means that in the interpretation we are offering of Stirner\'s philosophy, the process of constitution of modern subjectivity and the domination are not independent phenomena, but rather are both resultants of one and the same process of engendering of Modernity.

Neste trabalho, realiza-se uma leitura da obra de István Mészáros, especificamente das que versam sobre a temática do direito e dos direitos humanos. István Mészáros desenvolve uma crítica externa aos direitos humanos, não se tratando de uma crítica imanente do direito, mas de uma crítica que se desenvolve no âmbito de uma obra que engloba diversas questões filosóficas, sociológicas, econômicas, políticas e jurídicas. István Mészáros entende que os direitos humanos são uma questão de alta relevância quando o livre desenvolvimento das individualidades aparece como um horizonte da luta social e, por isso, o que está em jogo é a superação das mediações de segunda ordem do sistema sociometabólico do capital e o desenvolvimento positivo de um sistema alternativo, que não exclui as mediações de primeira ordem, inclusive de uma superestrutura alternativa correspondente ao controle consciente da reprodução social pelos produtores associados. Neste sentido, o trabalho analisa o modo como István Mészáros examina a questão dos direitos humanos, propondo, a partir de tal análise, que há uma vigorosa metodologia crítica desenvolvida pelo autor. Neste sentido, conclui-se que a teoria de István Mészáros é de grande valia para compreender o modo como se deve lidar com a questão dos direitos humanos numa perspectiva crítica, isto é, numa perspectiva que leve em conta a necessária historicidade da normatividade alienada (medida externa) e se apoie nas mediações de primeira ordem para propor uma alternativa superestrutural viável ao novo contexto (medida interna, autodeterminação). / In this work, we make a reading of the work of István Mészáros, specifically those that deal with the themes of law and of human rights. István Mészáros develops a external critics to human rights, not an immanent critique of law, but a critique that develops within a work that encompasses many philosophical, sociological, economic, political and legal problems. István Mészáros seethat human rights are a matter of \"great importance\" when the \"free development of individualities\" appears as a horizon of social struggle and, therefore, what is at stake is the overcoming of second order mediations of the capitals sociometabolic system and the positive development of an alternative system, which does not exclude the first order mediations, including an alternative superstructure corresponding to the conscious control of social reproduction by the freely associated producers. In this sense, the work examines how István Mészáros examines the issue of human rights, proposing, from this analysis, that there is a vigorous critical methodology developed by the author. In this sense, it is concluded that the theory of István Mészáros is valuable to understand how one should deal with the issue of human rights in a critical perspective, i. e., a perspective that takes into account the necessary historicity of alienated normativity (external measure) and support the first order mediations to propose an alternative viable superstructure to the new context (as internal self-determination).

O presente trabalho tem o intuito de apresentar a teoria de Guy Debord para as discussões psicanalíticas relacionadas à teoria social e à política. Para tal propõe-se traçar a constituição conceitual de sua teoria sobre a sociedade do espetáculo, nascida da conjunção entre as discussões provenientes da crítica da economia política no campo marxista e a temática da superação da arte nas vanguardas artísticas, e articulando-a às aproximações teóricas que Debord faz com a psicanálise. Em um primeiro momento é apresentada a teoria do espetáculo como a atualização da alienação, reificação e fetichismo da mercadoria nas sociedades contemporâneas; ligando então esta reflexão à teoria freudiana do sonho através da analogia do espetáculo como sonho mau. Em um segundo momento é apresentada a teoria da superação do espetáculo, através das contradições internas do capitalismo avançado e a busca da revolução; ligando então esta reflexão com a psicanálise através da aproximação do capitalismo como inconsciente econômico que deve ser trazido à consciência pela prática revolucionária. Por fim conclui-se que apesar de Debord ser leitor de Freud, suas aproximações são um uso particular da teoria psicanalítica para a explicitação da teoria da sociedade do espetáculo; mas ainda assim uma aproximação rica para uma discussão psicanaliticamente orientada sobre a sociedade capitalista avançada / This work intends to present the theory of Guy Debord to psychoanalytic discussions related to social and political theory. To this end it is proposed to trace the conceptual constitution of his society of the spectacle theory, born from the conjunction of the discussions from the critique of political economy in the Marxist camp and the theme of the surpassing of art in the artistic avant-garde, linking this conjunction to the theoretical approaches that Debord makes to psychoanalysis. At a first moment the theory of the spectacle is presented as the update of alienation, reification and commodity fetishism in contemporary societies, then this reflection is linked to the Freudian dream theory through the analogy of the spectacle as a bad dream. In a second step the theory of the surpass of the spectacle is presented through the internal contradictions of advanced capitalism and the pursuit of revolution, then linking this discussion with psychoanalysis through the approximation of capitalism as an economic unconscious that must be brought to consciousness by the revolutionary practice. Finally it is concluded that although Debord is a reader of Freud, his approaches are a particular use of the psychoanalytic theory to the explanation of the society of spectacle theory, but it is still a rich approach for a psychoanalytically oriented discussion of the advanced capitalist society

Este estudo parte da idéia de que se pode encontrar, sob o processo de desenvolvimento da consciência, em O Dia dos Prodígios, obra da autora portuguesa Lídia Jorge, referências que remetem à maneira pela qual esta consciência se constitui nos habitantes de Vilamaninhos, cidade fictícia em que se inscreve a ação no romance. O objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em verificar o estado de consciência dos habitantes dessa aldeia e a dinâmica da passagem desse nível precário para outro, mais elevado, nas personagens femininas Branca Volante e Carminha Parda e na personagem masculina Macário, uma espécie de trovador medieval da aldeia. O exame leva em conta o confronto da aldeia com os soldados que, na narrativa, são os que se inserem no mundo da cultura e que vão levar à aldeia a notícia da Revolução dos Cravos, fato histórico que serve de pano de fundo para o desenvolvimento da trama. Também são examinadas as relações entre as personagens de Vilamaninhos e, ainda, entre estas e os soldados, a linguagem que utilizam; e a atmosfera mítica que permeia o romance. Além disso, investiga-se o contexto histórico da Revolução dos Cravos, que possibilita compreender o rudimentar nível de consciência dos camponeses em relação ao real, sua desarticulação em relação ao universo cosmopolita e seu conseqüente desencontro consigo mesmo, transformado em um ser esvaziado de sentido. Sendo assim, o fato de se apresentarem com um grau de consciência muito precário mostra a alienação do povo de Vilamaninhos, com relação ao restante da sociedade e instiga reflexões sobre as relações humanas. / The starting point for this study is the supposition that, under the process of consciousness development, in O Dia dos Prodígios, narrative work written by the contemporary Portuguese writer Lídia Jorge, lies a series of references to how the character\'s state of consciousness is and develops along the story. Thus the purpose of this analysis is to verify the state of consciousness of the inhabitants of Vilamaninhos, a small Portuguese village, as well as the dynamics of the transition from such precarious level to a more developed one, the latter illustrated by the female characters of Branca Volante and Carminha Parda, and also by the male character of Macário, who represents a kind of medieval troubadour of the village. This analysis takes into account the confrontation between the inhabitants and the soldiers, who represent the cultured and civilized world (in opposition to the archaic community of Vilamaninhos), and who will tell the villagers the great news about The Oillet Revolution, historic event that fits as a background for the development of the plot. Personal contacts among the villagers and with the outsiders (like the soldiers, for example), their language, the myths supporting their conception of reality are also examined. The socio-historical context of the Oillet Revolution is also investigated, for it helps to understand the villager\'s rudimentary state of consciousness as to the apprehension of reality, their disconnection with the civilized world and their consequent inner disconnection, which makes them sense-emptied individuals. Thereby, such rudimentary level of consciousness shows the villager\'s alienation relatively to the rest of society, and the study of this social situation instigates reflections about human relations.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / A presente tese, fundamentada no referencial teÃrico marxiano-lukacsiano, numa perspectiva ontolÃgica, tem como objeto o complexo da alienaÃÃo em LukÃcs e sua relaÃÃo com a educaÃÃo. Considerando o fato de esse complexo se transformar ao longo da obra lukacsiana, realiza um estudo crÃtico-comparativo da concepÃÃo de alienaÃÃo presente nas obras HistÃria e consciÃncia de classe e Para uma ontologia do ser social, tomando como pressuposto a formulaÃÃo de que a anatomia da alienaÃÃo na obra de maturidade revela-se como a chave para a compreensÃo da anatomia da alienaÃÃo na obra juvenil. No intuito de explicitar os fundamentos teÃrico-prÃticos que distinguem as duas concepÃÃes sistematizadas pelo autor, faz uma incursÃo na sua trajetÃria, tomando como fio condutor o seu caminho para Marx, e evidencia a existÃncia de trÃs momentos-chaves na sua relaÃÃo com o marxismo, correspondentes aos perÃodos prÃ-marxista, protomarxista e marxista. A partir da constataÃÃo da relaÃÃo dialÃtica da continuidade na descontinuidade e da descontinuidade na continuidade, prÃpria da trajetÃria do filÃsofo, perscruta a existÃncia de uma linha de continuidade nas duas obras em tela, examinando suas categorias centrais. Ã luz da compreensÃo da educaÃÃo como um complexo social universal, caracterizado pela relaÃÃo de dependÃncia ontolÃgica e autonomia relativa com o trabalho, busca evidenciar seus liames com o complexo da alienaÃÃo, especialmente seus limites e possibilidades no processo de superaÃÃo da alienaÃÃo. / The present thesis, based upon the Marxian-Lukacsian frame of reference, in an ontological perspective, aims to examine the complex of alienation in LukÃcs and its relation to education. Taking into account the changes that such complex undertakes throughout LukÃcs work, it performs a critical-comparative study of the alienation concept as it presents itself in History and Class Consciousness and Ontology of Social Being, from the standpoint that the anatomy of alienation in the work of maturity reveals itself as the key to understanding the anatomy of alienation formulated by the author in his youth. In order to clarify the theoretical and practical fundamentals that distinguish the two conceptions systematized by the author, taking as guideline, his road to Marx, it retrieves his trajectory, highlighting the existence of three key moments in his relationship with Marxism, corresponding to the pre-marxist, the protomarxist and the Marxist periods. In view of the dialectic relationship of continuity in the discontinuity, and discontinuity in the continuity, inherent to LukÃcs trajectory, it searches for a line of continuity between the two works mentioned above, by examining its central categories. From the point of view of education as a universal social complex, characterized by an ontological dependence and relative autonomy rapport with the labor complex, it seeks to highlight its connections to the alienation complex, pinpointing, in a more particular way, its limits and possibilities in overcoming alienation.

This thesis provides a Marxist analysis of the effect of class on historical alienation in Dermot Bolger’s fiction. Therefore, this study examines the influence of Irish history on Bolger’s choice of content, form and technique in order to argue that historical interpretation and literary technique are mediated through class stratifications. Chapter One investigates how The Journey Home challenges received ideas of what constitutes ‘reality’ which has, consequently, led to elements of critical dismissal used to maintain antiquated gaps, silences and notions of ‘reality’. In Chapter Two I look at A Second Life in order to examine how historical ruptures cannot just be seen in the nonlinear structure of Bolger’s novels, but can also be used to expose the silences and gaps that comprise the previously censored personal histories of Bolger’s characters. In Chapter Three I identify structural confines such as definitions, family roles and nationalism as instigating factors that lead to the alienation of those who do not conform to prescribed frameworks and are therefore oppressed by them. I further investigate how oppression also provides the pressure to rupture the linear trajectory of such approved frameworks and produce the nonlinear structure that can be recognised in The Family on Paradise Pier.

Divorce rates have consistently risen over the past several decades along with the subsequent increase in parental alienation occurring after the breakup of the family. Parental alienation has long-term negative effects on children who have experienced it, including mental health issues, increased risk of substance abuse, lower levels of self-sufficiency, and decreased physical health. The purpose of this quantitative, nonexperimental study was to determine whether alienation from a parent during childhood impacts the quality of adult romantic and marital relationships of the children when they become adults. The Bowen family systems theory and theory of attachment were used as the framework for the study. A convenience sample included 170 adult participants over the age of 18 who were either married or involved in a dating relationship who had parents that divorced during their childhood between the individual's birth and the age of 14. The results from multiple regression analyses indicated that alienation from father was a significant predictor of marital or dating relationship quality, and alienation from mother was a significant predictor of relationship happiness, satisfaction, and quality. As alienation from father or mother scores increased, the criterion variable scores decreased. Anxious attachment was also a significant predictor of relationship satisfaction as higher scores on anxious attachment resulted in lower relationship satisfaction scores. These findings have positive social change implications as practitioners may use the results to help individuals better understand their relationships and identify the negative lasting effects of parental alienation in adult relationships.

Modernism is characterized by alienation from one's self and the processes by which one's self gets constructed. Organizational development (OD) is an activity that attempts to address the experience of work and to transform the historical alienation. OD practitioners are often optimistic that this transformation is possible and even is happening in the day-to-day work of OD. A group of critics, mostly academics, are skeptical about whether any real transformation is possible, arguing that OD practices are misguided extensions of modernism. In one thread of the OD literature, authors build an argument for the centrality of issues of identity in achieving this transformation. Proponents of this perspective argue that dialogic processes of reflection and co-construction are vital to participating in the production of one's self. In this study, I used participant-observation and interview approaches to investigate the ways OD consultants make sense of their work. These approaches are managed through a perspective I call "first person," which aligns them with the dialogic principles of immediacy of presence; emergent, unanticipated consequences; collaborative orientation; vulnerability; and genuineness and authenticity. I found among the OD consultants a shared value for dialogue, an appreciation for people who are engaged, a preoccupation with identity boundaries, a commitment to the greater good, an understanding of the personal benefits they receive from their work, and a concern for fear among their clients and in themselves. Many OD consultants have chosen their roles as independent or internal consultants to escape from modern constructions of identity prevalent in organizations. OD consulting is a practice situated among multiple interests, creating complex tensions of identity and action for OD consultants. OD work itself requires consultants to be reflexive about their own and others' processes of identity construction. OD consultants, when contrasted to critics of OD, show a tendency toward what Mikhail Bakhtin calls dialogue rather than dialectic. A dialogic orientation allows the OD consultants to work more productively on shaping the transition to postmodern consciousness. Reflexivity and self-participation are central to the success of an OD consultant. Education and professional groups should support greater understanding, inquiry, and practice of reflexivity and self-participation.

A noção da autonomia é abordada por diversos campos, como a filosofia, pedagogia, psicologia e psicanálise, que concordam que a autonomia é algo conquistado pelo ser humano de modo gradativo. Para isso, é imprescindível que se conte com a ajuda de outro ser humano para tal. Porém, há uma corrente equivocada de pensamento que dispensa o adulto de sua participação ativa para apoiar as crianças desde cedo, o que pode ser prejudicial para a constituição subjetiva delas. Partindo, desta dissonância em relação à autonomia, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo problematizar a noção presente no discurso de professoras sobre a autonomia dos bebês em um berçário. Para tal, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura; intervenções trianguladas com um bebê e suas professoras na creche; o uso do protocolo IRDI para acompanhar este bebê na relação com estas professoras e uma reunião com a equipe da creche a fim de explicitar os indicadores do bebê que foi acompanhado. Utilizamos nesta pesquisa, com base na teoria psicanalítica, as noções de alienação e separação postuladas por Jacques Lacan, para explorar a relação entre bebê e professoras na creche, bem como na obra de Freud, sobre a relevância da participação de um adulto que realize ações necessárias para a constituição subjetiva. Fundamentos teóricos estes que nortearam as intervenções realizadas, justamente por destacar que os bebês nascem dependentes do outro. Os resultados obtidos a partir das intervenções na relação destas professoras com este bebê nos permitem discutir: as mudanças em relação ao bebê, inicialmente passivo; os giros nas posições discursivas de suas professoras; a reverberação dos efeitos obtidos na relação entre um bebê e suas professoras para os demais bebês da creche e a importância para a atenção à constituição psíquica dos bebês. Ao final deste trabalho, apresentamos as contribuições possíveis a partir da interface entre a psicanálise e a educação no sentido do olhar para o psiquismo dos bebês / The notion of autonomy is addressed by several fields of knowledge, such as philosophy, pedagogy, psychology and psychoanalysis, which they agree that autonomy is something gradually conquered by a human being. For that, a assistance from another human being help is necessary. However, there is a mistaken line of thought that do not consider the active position of a adult in supporting kids, since early days, what can be a damage to their subjective constitution. Assuming this dissonance related to the autonomy, this research aims to problematize it, the notion showed within teachers discourse about babies autonomy in a day care center. In order to achieve this, we accomplished: a review of the academic literature has been carried out; also triangulated interventions involving the baby and his day care center teachers; the IRDI protocol was applied to follow this baby in his relationship with his teachers; and a meeting with some professional of the day care center in order to present the indicators of this specific baby that was accompanied. In this research we used, based on the psychoanalysis theory, the notions of alienation e separation, as postulated by Jacques Lacan, in order to explore the relationship among the baby and his teachers. Freuds work was also a reference to the relevance of an adult participation with necessary actions promoting subjective constitution. The theoretical guidelines of theses authors was used to direct the interventions made, once they highlight exactly the dependent condition if the babies from the other human being. The findings of these interventions among teachers and the baby allow us to argue: the changes related to the baby, initially passive; the turns in these teachers discursive positions; the effects that reverberate on other babies of the day care center due to the interventions in the relationship of this singular baby and his teachers; and the importance of giving attention to babies psychic constitution. By the end of this paper, we present the possible contributions of the interface between psychoanalysis and education regarding the attention given to babies psychism

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