Pollen morphology of 8 species (TEM), 86 species (SEM), and leaf anatomy of 62 species (LM), were surveyed in the Oisinae, Coryclinae and, as outgroup taxa, the Orchideae and Satyriinae. Characters extracted from observations made of leaf anatomy and pollen were analysed using cladistic methods, and assessed in relation to the present phylogeny of the group. Leaf anatomy data gave little phylogenetic information. Sclerification associated with vascular bundles was systematically useful. Pollen data served to resolve taxa at the subtribal level. Both data sets provided evidence of relationship for taxonomically problematic taxa. The Coryciinae are palynologically defined by a suite of synapomorphies, including a secondarily tectate exine structure, fasciculate massulae, and elongated tetrads with linear microspore configuration. Bibliography: pages 107-123.

Disa comprises 163 species, 131 of which occur in South Africa (SA). The genus is distributed across winter- and summer-rainfall areas, but few species transverse both climatic regions. Species are therefore regarded as winter-rainfall or summer-rainfall endemics - yet release their seeds in autumn, irrespective of provenance. Disa contributes 40 % of threatened Orchidaceae in SA, with half of the local species requiring conservation initiatives. In vitro seed germination is a potential conservation tool for producing large numbers of genetically diverse plants in relatively short periods. However, only 11 winter-rainfall Disa species are easily germinated ex situ. Studies were therefore undertaken on summer-rainfall taxa, which are ungerminated in vitro, in an effort to define their germination parameters. This thesis describes mechanisms that control germination in Disa and establishes practical propagation methods for seed culture. Two seed types occur in Disa; i) comparatively large, pale and pyriform seeds in members of the D. uniflora sub-c1ade, which populate streamside habitats under conditions of winter-rainfall maxima, and ii) smaller, variously brown and fusiform seeds in the remainder of the genus. Seed morphometrics distinguished seed types, although embryo dimensions were similar. Testa continuity, which is disrupted in the large seeds, also supported separation. Typically, small seeds are ungerminated in vitro, whilst large seeds germinated readily. Increased seed size did not necessarily impart increased germ inability, as several germinable, small-seeded species exist - being winter-rainfall species Attempts to establish in vitro germinability revealed that increased water availability and charcoal supplementation promoted germination in intractable species. The control of germination was therefore proposed as a trade-off between water availability and the presence of phyto-inhibitors - two features typical of seeds exhibiting water-impermeable dormancy. Three germinability categories were recognized; i) easily germinable species, ii) poorly germinable species through media manipulation, and iii) ungerminated species. Germination of immature seed in the absence of media modification was comparable to mature seed germination under modified conditions, providing evidence of the role of an impermeable seed testa in regulating germination. Testa impermeability in mature, small-seeded species was demonstrated using aqueous EVANS' blue dye and was linked to i) testa integrity and ii) increased levels of leachable phenolics (LPC) - which are hydrophobic and phytotoxic. In addition, this research revealed an impervious and elaborate embryo carapace in small seeds. Large-seeded species were highly permeable at dehiscence, with perforated testae and negligible LPC. Germinability was ultimately defined by a significant regression with LPC. Phenolic deposition increased exponentially with increasing seed maturity and reflected decreased permeability and the development of testa colouration. The testa precludes the use of viability stains such as nc and FDA, unless rendered permeable through scarification. This was achieved using NaOCI. Viability and germinability percentages did not correlate well for the small-seeded Disa species, indicating that i) the methods used to break dormancy are inadequate, ii) additional factors may be acting in concert with the testa to regulate germination and iii) that the determination of mature Disa seed viability is ineffective. As an alternative, the germination potential of immature seed was estimated as the ratio between the proportion of embryos stained with TTC and the proportion of seeds permeable to EVANS' blue. Attempts to relieve water-impermeable dormancy in Disa resulted in the formulation of a dual-phase protocol - with the specific aim of increasing water availability to the embryo. Dual-phase cultures comprised a solid, charcoal-rich medium overlaid with a reduced strength, liquid medium fraction of the same type. The solid fraction negated the influence of leached phenols and allowed protocorms to establish polarity, whilst the fluid fraction increased water availability. The dual-phase protocol allowed germination of nine summer-rainfall Disa species, usually in percentages that approximated their estimated germination potential. For the remaining species, germination is controlled by more complex factors. Large seeds are atypical in containing starch, the hydrolysis of which facilitated their rapid, autonomous germination. Small-seeded Disa species stored lipids and proteins and germinable species accumulated starch post-germination. The embryo protoplasts of all species contained appreciable amounts of soluble sugars, irrespective of germinability. However, decreased sucrose and increased fructose correlated significantly with decreased seed germinability. This study provides evidence of the nutritional value of mycotrophy, with endophytes liberating soluble carbohydrate and non-carbohydrate compounds upon lysis. However, few species were germinated symbiotically, suggesting that endophytes isolated from adult roots do not necessarily support germination in the same species. Similar endophytic fungi occur in Australian and Holarctic orchids. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.

<p><em>The DISA method is a universal program developed for teenage girls to prevent depression. The program includes cognitive behavioral techniques are suppose to change negative pattern of thinking, give practice of communication, strategies of problem solution and exercises to strengthen the social network. </em><em></em></p><p><em>The purpose of this study is to find out how a group of teenage boys were affected by the DISA program and what factors that may have impacted the outcome. Material from three different studies have been used, a quantitative study in terms of data from self-assessment form CES-D, materials from two semi-structured focus group interviews with the boys and material from a questionnaire filled out by the boys on two occasions during the DISA method.</em></p><p><em> </em><em>The result of the CES-D indicates that the boys had less depressive symptoms after the final group meeting compared to the first group meeting and also a year later. Analysis of the material from focus group interviews and questionnaire have been made from a communication theory and systems theory perspective and indicate a shift to greater cohesion in the group and demonstrates that communication between the boy-group and group leaders had importance for the outcome. In particular, this study demonstrates how important group values and norms where for the boys, especially with regard to communication of emotions</em><em>. </em><em></em></p>

The DISA method is a universal program developed for teenage girls to prevent depression. The program includes cognitive behavioral techniques are suppose to change negative pattern of thinking, give practice of communication, strategies of problem solution and exercises to strengthen the social network. The purpose of this study is to find out how a group of teenage boys were affected by the DISA program and what factors that may have impacted the outcome. Material from three different studies have been used, a quantitative study in terms of data from self-assessment form CES-D, materials from two semi-structured focus group interviews with the boys and material from a questionnaire filled out by the boys on two occasions during the DISA method.  The result of the CES-D indicates that the boys had less depressive symptoms after the final group meeting compared to the first group meeting and also a year later. Analysis of the material from focus group interviews and questionnaire have been made from a communication theory and systems theory perspective and indicate a shift to greater cohesion in the group and demonstrates that communication between the boy-group and group leaders had importance for the outcome. In particular, this study demonstrates how important group values and norms where for the boys, especially with regard to communication of emotions.

<p>Twice as many women as men suffer from mental ill-health. The negative trend of mental problems among teenagers continues. In certain places in Sweden, 40 per cent of the teenage girls have outspoken symptoms of depression. This is why it is important to observe mental ill-health in a public health perspective.</p><p> </p><p>One effect evaluation of the DISA method (Depression In Swedish Adolescents) drew the conclusion that this universal depression preventive method is well working. The DISA method includes cognitive behavioural techniques that change negative pattern of thinking, give practice of communication, strategies of problem solution plus exercises to strengthen the social network. The purpose, in current investigation, was to let the group leaders’ estimations of the carrying through and of future prospects of the method be the basis of the method development as the method can be more effective. Six persons, who recently had became group leaders of DISA in Västmanland, were selected as interviewees by structured selection. Qualitative interviews were completed. A manifest qualitative content analysis carried through on the transcriptions.</p><p> </p><p>Generally speaking, the interest of the method is great and there are bright prospects, according to the result of investigation. The basic education of DISA could however be experienced as heavy and intensive with a negative focus. The structured method material has an advanced language and a stereotyped gender perspective that influence the group meetings, which takes a lot of work and time. The supervision facilitates for the group leaders, as they through supervision will learn from each other’s experiences. A conclusion is that good anchorage of the method facilitates for the group leaders during implementation where the group meetings are carried through.</p> / <p>Dubbelt så många kvinnor som män lider av psykisk ohälsa. Den negativa trenden av psykiska besvär bland tonåringar fortsätter. På vissa ställen i Sverige har 40 procent av tonårsflickorna uttalade depressionssymptom. Därför är det viktigt att uppmärksamma psykisk ohälsa ur ett folkhälsoperspektiv.</p><p> </p><p>En effektutvärdering av DISA-metoden (Depression In Swedish Adolescents) drog slutsatsen att denna universella depressionsförebyggande metod är välfungerande. DISA-metoden innefattar kognitiva beteendetekniker som förändrar negativa tankemönster, ger kommunikationsträning, problemlösningsstrategier samt övningar till att stärka det sociala nätverket. Syftet, i aktuell undersökning, var att låta gruppledarnas bedömningar av genomförandet och av metodens framtidsutsikter utgöra grund för metodutvecklingen, då metoden kan bli mer verkningsfull. Sex nyblivna DISA-gruppledare i Västmanland valdes ut som intervjupersoner genom strategiskt urval. Kvalitativa intervjuer fullbordades och manifest kvalitativ innehållsanalys genomfördes på transkriberingarna.</p><p> </p><p>Intresset för metoden är generellt sett stort och framtidsutsikterna är goda, enligt undersökningsresultatet. Grundutbildningen i DISA kan emellertid upplevas som tung och intensiv med negativt fokus. Det strukturerade metodmaterialet har ett avancerat språk och stereotypt genusperspektiv, vilket inverkar på gruppträffarna som kräver mycket arbete och tid. Handledningen underlättar för gruppledarna, då de under handledningen kan lära av varandras erfarenheter. En slutsats är att god förankring av metoden underlättar för DISA-gruppledarna under implementeringen där gruppträffarna genomförs.</p>

Twice as many women as men suffer from mental ill-health. The negative trend of mental problems among teenagers continues. In certain places in Sweden, 40 per cent of the teenage girls have outspoken symptoms of depression. This is why it is important to observe mental ill-health in a public health perspective.   One effect evaluation of the DISA method (Depression In Swedish Adolescents) drew the conclusion that this universal depression preventive method is well working. The DISA method includes cognitive behavioural techniques that change negative pattern of thinking, give practice of communication, strategies of problem solution plus exercises to strengthen the social network. The purpose, in current investigation, was to let the group leaders’ estimations of the carrying through and of future prospects of the method be the basis of the method development as the method can be more effective. Six persons, who recently had became group leaders of DISA in Västmanland, were selected as interviewees by structured selection. Qualitative interviews were completed. A manifest qualitative content analysis carried through on the transcriptions.   Generally speaking, the interest of the method is great and there are bright prospects, according to the result of investigation. The basic education of DISA could however be experienced as heavy and intensive with a negative focus. The structured method material has an advanced language and a stereotyped gender perspective that influence the group meetings, which takes a lot of work and time. The supervision facilitates for the group leaders, as they through supervision will learn from each other’s experiences. A conclusion is that good anchorage of the method facilitates for the group leaders during implementation where the group meetings are carried through. / Dubbelt så många kvinnor som män lider av psykisk ohälsa. Den negativa trenden av psykiska besvär bland tonåringar fortsätter. På vissa ställen i Sverige har 40 procent av tonårsflickorna uttalade depressionssymptom. Därför är det viktigt att uppmärksamma psykisk ohälsa ur ett folkhälsoperspektiv.   En effektutvärdering av DISA-metoden (Depression In Swedish Adolescents) drog slutsatsen att denna universella depressionsförebyggande metod är välfungerande. DISA-metoden innefattar kognitiva beteendetekniker som förändrar negativa tankemönster, ger kommunikationsträning, problemlösningsstrategier samt övningar till att stärka det sociala nätverket. Syftet, i aktuell undersökning, var att låta gruppledarnas bedömningar av genomförandet och av metodens framtidsutsikter utgöra grund för metodutvecklingen, då metoden kan bli mer verkningsfull. Sex nyblivna DISA-gruppledare i Västmanland valdes ut som intervjupersoner genom strategiskt urval. Kvalitativa intervjuer fullbordades och manifest kvalitativ innehållsanalys genomfördes på transkriberingarna.   Intresset för metoden är generellt sett stort och framtidsutsikterna är goda, enligt undersökningsresultatet. Grundutbildningen i DISA kan emellertid upplevas som tung och intensiv med negativt fokus. Det strukturerade metodmaterialet har ett avancerat språk och stereotypt genusperspektiv, vilket inverkar på gruppträffarna som kräver mycket arbete och tid. Handledningen underlättar för gruppledarna, då de under handledningen kan lära av varandras erfarenheter. En slutsats är att god förankring av metoden underlättar för DISA-gruppledarna under implementeringen där gruppträffarna genomförs.

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Vi har i vår forskningsöversikt inte hittat någon beskrivning på hur ledarskap kan anpassas tillmedarbetares olika personlighetstyper. Vårt syfte med studien var således att ta reda på hurolika typer av ledarskap kan anpassas till anställdas olika personlighetstyper för att uppnåstörsta möjlighet till utveckling av deras motivation. Vilket är en bidragande faktor till ettföretags utveckling och bör därför ligga i ledarens intresse. Med hjälp av två olikapersonlighetsklassificeringsmodeller, teorier om ledarskap och motivation samt empiri hämtatfrån ledare i arbetslivet har vi studerat vad för typ av ledarskap som fungerar för modellernasolika personlighetstyper. Med hjälp av kvalitativ forskningsstrategi har vi använt oss avtvärsnittsdesign samt en öppen och sex semistrukturerade intervjuer för att uppnå studienssyfte.Genom vår studie kan vi på ett tydligt sätt visa på att de personligheter vi utgått ifrån kräverolika typ av ledarskap, motiveras av olika faktorer och att situationen kan ha stor inverkan pånär ett visst ledarskap passar. Resultatet av vår studie har utformats till två tabeller utifrån depersonlighetsklassificeringsmodeller vi använt oss av. Tabellerna presenterar vilkenledarskapsteori som passar till vilken personlighetstyp. Studien resulterade även i ettkonstaterande att ledare bör använda sig av relationsinriktat ledarskap i grunden ochkomplettera det med uppgiftsinriktat ledarskap, för att finna de anställdas motivation och ledadem på ett framgångsrikt sätt. / In the research of this study we found a gap regarding information on how to adapt leadershipto employees of various personalities. Our purpose was now to fill that research gap. In ourstudy on personality-adapted leadership, we found that all kinds of personalities have variouspreferences to be led. Using two different personality classification models, theories ofleadership and motivation as well as empirical evidence drawn from Business leaders, wehave studied which kind of leadership that works best for models of different personalitytypes. With the help of a cross-section design, qualitative methods together with semistructuredinterviews we were able to combine the theories we used with the empiricalevidence. Accordingly, our purpose is to acknowledge how leadership can be adapted todifferent personalities to achieve the greatest opportunity for the development of theirmotivation. This is a contributing factor to the development of a company and shouldtherefore be in the leader’s interest.As a conclusion our study shows how different personalities demand certain kinds ofleadership, that they get motivated by a wide range of factors and that various situations canhave a big effect where a certain leadership is most suitable. The result of our study has led totwo tables based on the personality classification models, which show which leadershiptheory fits the different kinds of personality types. The study also shows that leaders shouldadapt a relationship-oriented leadership and complement it with a task-oriented one in order tofind their employees motivation and be able to lead them in a successful way.

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka om trovärdighet och förväntningar på behandling, deltagarens smartphoneanvändning, aktivitet i behandlingen, samtidig ångestdiagnos, initial symtomnivå på depression samt demografiska egenskaper kan predicera behandlingsutfallet i en depressionsbehandling via smartphone med internetstöd utifrån beteendeaktivering och mindfulness. 81 deltagare randomiserades till antingen beteendeaktiverings- (n=40) eller mindfulnessbetingelsen (n=41). Huvudutfallsmåttet var förändring i BDI-II mellan för- och eftermätning mätt med residual gain scores. Korrelationsanalyser genomfördes för att undersöka samband mellan prediktorer och utfallsmåttet. För att analysera skillnader mellan grupper gjordes regressionsanalys på interaktionseffekten mellan prediktor x grupp, samt envägs-ANOVA. Resultatet visade att två frågor som rör deltagarens smartphoneanvändning korrelerade negativt med utfallsmåttet för alla deltagare sammantaget; ”så här ofta i snitt laddar jag ner nya applikationer till min smartphone”, (r=-.45, p=.01, R2=.21), samt ”jag märker att jag ofta använder min smartphone när jag har tråkigt eller när jag inte har något annat att göra”, (r=-.24, p&lt;.05, R2=.06). Av de demografiska variablerna korrelerade att ha sysselsättning positivt med utfallet för alla deltagare sammantaget (r=.26, p=.03, R2=.07). Civilstånd, att bo tillsammans med en partner, korrelerade positivt med utfallsmåttet i beteendeaktiveringsgruppen (r=.44, p&lt;.01, R2=.19). En signifikant skillnad i förändring, mätt i förändringsvärde, mellan deltagare med måttliga och svåra initiala symtom på BDI-II observerades (t(69)=4.36, p&lt;.01). Ingen signifikant skillnad i eftermätningar mellan de två grupperna kunde observeras. Slutsatsen är att hur deltagaren använder sin smartphone kan ha betydelse för utfallet. Även sysselsättning och civilstånd visade sig ha betydelse för utfallet. Varken att ha en svår depression och/eller en samtidig ångestdiagnos visade sig vara hindrande för att ta till sig behandlingen. Det var flera presumtiva prediktorer som inte visade signifikanta samband med behandlingsutfallet vilket indikerar att behandlingen kan komma att passa en bred patientgrupp. / DISA-En randomiserad kontrollerad studie via smartphone med internetstöd baserad på beteendeaktivering respektive mindfulness för vuxna med subklinisk och egentlig depression

Avhandlingen tar sin utgångspunkt i två sammanvävda tendenser, den ökade förekomsten av psykisk ohälsa bland unga och skolors uppdrag att främja hälsa. Larmen om att ohälsa bland unga ökar har skett i takt med att skolans hälsofrämjande arbete allt starkare efterfrågas. Hur skolans hälsofrämjande arbete på så vis fått en alltmer generell prägel som innefattar hela skolan och alla elever samt vad detta innebär för skolans verksamhet är frågor som diskuteras i denna avhandling. Forskningsfrågorna formuleras såsom hur produceras hälsa som olika figurationer i skolors hälsofrämjande arbete och vad producerar i sin tur dessa figurationer. Figurationer förstås här som samtidigt stabila och temporära figurer eller uttryck. De sätter fokus på göranden som formar hälsa till olika formationer, språkligt och diskursivt men också materiellt och affektivt utifrån ett post-konstruktionistiskt perspektiv (Lykke, 2010). Inom ramen för detta perspektiv sammankopplas teorier och begrepp från Michel Foucault, Donna Haraway, Karen Barad, Bruno Latour och Ann-Marie Mol. Det formar en teoretisk apparatur med möjligheter att undersöka hälsa och skolors hälsofrämjande arbete genom att utmana uppdelningar av ting, texter, kroppar, känslor och diskurser. Här blir inte bara människor utan också materialiteter aktiva aktörer i produktionen av hälsa. Det görs med ett etnografiskt tillvägagångssätt där fenomenet hälsa spåras i två skolpraktiker, skol- och hälsopolitiska policytexter och ett manualbaserat hälsofrämjande program kallat DISA (Depression in Swedish Adolescens). Spårandet följer fyra figurationer av hälsa; hälsa som plats, hälsa som kompetens, hälsa som känslor och hälsa som könad kropp. Genom dessa figurationer återkommer komponenterna kontroll och förändring. Hälsa produceras i relation till kontroll och förändring som en förmåga att kontrollera och förändra såväl egna tankar och känslor som omgivning. Spårandet av hälsa har skett i och genom praktiker som syftar till förändring, en förbättrad hälsa, men som genom en önskan om kontroll framförallt producerar stabiliserande och faslåsande effekter. Hälsa, känslor och lärande blir genom spårningen ytterligare sammanvävda aspekter vilket i avhandlingen förstås som en hälsofiering av skola där ett hälsofrämjande arbete ska vara del av hela skolan och riktas mot alla elever. Samtidigt spåras hur materiella, diskursiva och affektiva aktörer är delaktiga i händelser som inte går att förutse, bestämma eller kontrollera. Det formades händelser där texter, rum, manualer, spiraler, lappar, soffor och kroppar blev aktiva genom att koppla samman, beröra och producera hälsa. På så vis framträdde hur önskan om kontroll både är tillfällig och imaginär. Avslutningsvis konstrueras och diskuteras begreppet tekno-biopedagogik och hur det kan göra det möjligt att undersöka hur pedagogiska praktiker tillsammans med kroppar och materialiteter formar biopolitiska processer. Därutöver artikuleras en figuration av hälsa som omsorg med en utvidgad teoretisk diskussion om vad den skulle kunna innebära, dels sammankopplat med skolors hälsofrämjande arbete, dels sammankopplat med en forskningspraktik. / This thesis examines two interwoven movements highlighted in education during the last decades, and articulated here as a decline in young people's mental health and as school's increasing efforts to prevent ill-health. Promotion of health in education has been enacted throughout history employing various constructions of health. In recent decades, there have been profound changes, making it relevant to examine this issue. The aim of this thesis is to examine how health is produced within different figurations of health in apparatus of schools' health promotion. The two research questions are: How are figurations of health produced in school health promotion? and What are these figurations of health producing in relation to school health promotion? In this thesis health and schools health promotion is examined from the theoretical position of post-constructionism (Lykke, 2010). Post-constructionism offers a web of theories that in different ways articulate how meaning, matter, language and reality are interconnected and together produce figurations of health. In order to investigate the research questions, an ethnographic tracing is conducted. The ethnographic tracing is carried out in two practices, education and health policies, and participant engagement in a manual-based school health promotion program called DISA (Depression in Swedish Adolescence). Within these two practices four figurations of health are traced:  health as place, health as competence, health as feelings, and health as gendered body. Here, health is produced through boundaries articulating a desire for control. Entangled with this desire health becomes an individual competence to control and change thoughts and feelings as well as the surroundings. The figurations also contribute to a healthification of education. This healthification is intertwined to learning and hereby school health promotion becomes involved in the entire school and all students. The tracing of figurations also disclose how the intra-actions of materialities, discourses and affects together produce tensions with a potential to challenge the stabilizing boundaries. This takes place within events that are neither predicable nor controllable, making the production of health in school health promotion both more complex and more hopeful. In conclusion, I construct and discuss the concept of techno-biopedagogy. In relation to this concept I ask how it is possible to produce a health promotion practice with that intervene carefully in school health promotion.