In this thesis we have employed two computational approaches, temperature-dependent molecular dynamics (MD) and normal mode analysis (NMA), to gain insights into the structureunction relationships between three structurally-related proteins, each possessing a central alpha/beta core. The three proteins studied here are: pnbCE from Bacillus subtilis, cutinase from Fusarium solani - both belong to the serine hydrolase family - and TTHA1554, from the thermophile Thermus thermophilus. Mutations at the gate residue 362, located at the side-door of the pnbCE enzyme, are known to alter the catalytic activity of this enzyme. In this work the modifications induced by mutating LEU362 on the structural and dynamical properties of pnbCE are also explored. From MD simulations at several temperatures, we propose a mechanism by which mutations at position 362 of pnbCE affect the stability and functionality of this enzyme. We have identified two coil residues, SER218 and GLN276, whose interactions with residue 362 in wild-type and mutant pnbCE enzymes control the dynamics of the side-door domain of pnbCE. A hydrogen bond between the GLN276 and ARG362 residues in the arginine substituted (L362R) pnbCE mutant enzyme appears to be responsible for locking the sidedoor domain region of the L362R enzyme, thus lowering the catalytic rates of the L362R mutant pnbCE enzyme compared to the wild-type. Similarly, a hydrogen bond formed between SER218 and ARG362 in L362R provides thermal stability to the arginine substituted mutant enzyme. This hydrogen bond is not as prevalent in the wild-type or other mutated pnbCEs, making them prone to structural fluctuations upon increasing temperature. The predominant lowrequency mode, obtained from normal mode analysis, reveals a collective scissor-like motion of residues surrounding the openings to the active site that validates the results of MD simulations on pnbCE systems. The collective motion of large loops also appear in the lowrequency modes of cutinase and TTHA1554, which correspond to particularly mobile regions in these proteins. An attempt to locate a putative active site of the thermophilic protein TTHA1554 was inconclusive. In general, useful comparisons of the flexibility, stability, and dynamic changes were calculated for the three selected proteins.

No description available.

α-conotoxins are 13–19 amino acid toxin peptides that bind various nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes. α-conotoxin Mr1.7c (MrIC) is a 17 amino acid peptide that targets α7 nAChR. Although MrIC has no activating effect on α7 nAChR when applied by itself, it evokes a large response when co-applied with the type II positive allosteric modulator PNU-120596, which potentiates the α7 nAChR response by recovering it from a desensitized state. A lack of standalone activity, despite activation upon co-application with a positive allosteric modulator, was previously observed for molecules that bind to an extracellular domain allosteric activation (AA) site at the vestibule of the receptor. We hypothesized that MrIC may activate α7 nAChR allosterically through this site. We ran voltage-clamp electrophysiology experiments and in silico peptide docking calculations in order to gather evidence in support of α7 nAChR activation by MrIC through the AA site. The experiments with the wild-type α7 nAChR supported an allosteric mode of action, which was confirmed by the significantly increased MrIC + PNU-120596 responses of three α7 nAChR AA site mutants that were designed in silico to improve MrIC binding. Overall, our results shed light on the allosteric activation of α7 nAChR by MrIC and suggest the involvement of the AA site.

For Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) to be able to conduct longterm surveys, the ability to return to a docking station for maintenance and recharging is crucial. A dynamic docking system where a slowly moving submarine acts as the docking station provides increased hydrodynamic control and reduces the impact of environmental disturbances. A vision-based relative positioning system using a camera, mounted on the AUV, and light sources, mounted on the docking station, is investigated as a suitable high-resolution and high-frequency solution for a short-range relative positioning system. Detection and identification of the true light sources in the presence of reflections, ambient light, and other luminaries, requires a robust tracking pipeline that can reject false positives. In this thesis, we present a complete tracking pipeline, from image processing to pose estimation, specifically for a soft docking scenario. We highlight the issues of light source detectors based on finding a unique global threshold and detectors based on gradient information and propose a novel method, based on using a suitable threshold for each light source. Rejection of false positives is handled systematically by rejecting pose estimates resulting in large re-projection errors, and a configuration of the light sources is proposed that enhances the pose estimation performance. The performance of the proposed light source detector is evaluated on the D-recovery dataset. Results show that the proposed method outperforms other methods in identifying the light sources. The tracking pipeline is evaluated with experiments as well as a simulation based on the Stonefish simulator. / För att autonoma undervattensfordon ska kunna utföra långsiktiga undersökningar är möjligheten att återvända till en dockningsstation för underhåll och laddning avgörande. Ett dynamiskt dockningssystem där en långsamtgående ubåt agerar som dockningsstation ger en ökad hydrodynamisk kontroll och minskar påverkan av omgivande miljöstörningar. Ett synbaserat, relativt positioneringssystem som använder en kamera, monterad på farkosten, och ljuskällor, monterad på dockningsstationen, undersöks som en lämplig högupplöst och högfrekvent lösning för ett relativt positioneringssystem med kort räckvidd. Detektering och identifiering av de verkliga ljuskällorna i närvaro av reflektioner, omgivande ljus och andra störande ljuskällor kräver ett robust spårningssystem som kan särskilja de sanna ljuskällorna från de omgivande störningarna. I denna uppsats presenteras ett komplett spårningssystem, från bildbehandling till positionsestimering, specifikt för ett soft docking scenario. Vi lyfter fram problem med detektorer baserat på att hitta ett unikt globalt tröskelvärde och detektorer baserade på gradientinformation. Vi föreslår en ny metod baserad på att använda ett lämpligt tröskelvärde för varje ljuskälla. Omgivande störningar hanteras systematiskt genom att avvisa positionestimeringar som resulterar i stora projektionsfel, och en konfiguration av ljuskällorna föreslås som förbättrar positionsestimeringens prestanda. Prestandan hos den föreslagna ljuskällsdetektorn utvärderas på datasetet D-recovery. Resultaten visar att den föreslagna metoden överträffar andra metoder i att identifiera ljuskällorna. Spårningsystemet utvärderas med experiment samt en simulering baserad på Stonefish-simulatorn.

Els inhibidors d'entrada del VIH han sorgit recentment com una nova generació de fàrmacs antiretrovirals, els quals bloquegen la unió del virus als co-receptors de membrana CXCR4 i CCR5. S'han desenvolupat diverses molècules petites antagonistes d'aquests co-receptors, algunes de les quals estan actualment en fase d'assaig clínic. No obstant això, donat que no existeixen estructures cristal·logràfiques per aquests co-receptors proteics, és necessari analitzar els modes d'unió d'inhibidors coneguts a la cavitat d'unió extracel·lular dels co-receptors mitjançant experiments de mutagènesi dirigida i estudis computacionals. En general, l'objectiu d'aquestes aproximacions computacionals és cribar un gran nombre de compostos candidats a fàrmacs ràpidament. El cribatge virtual s'ha convertit recentment en un complement útil dels mètodes de cribatge experimentals high-throughput screening per a grans llibreries de compostos. Per tant, en aquesta tesi s'ha portat a terme un protocol de cribatge virtual, mitjançant aproximacions basades en el receptor i en lligands actius coneguts, amb la finalitat de trobar antagonistes de CXCR4 i CCR5 que puguin servir com a potencials inhibidors d'entrada del VIH.Per al cribatge virtual basat en el receptor, s'han millorat els models dels co-receptors CXCR4 i CCR5 construïts a la secció de disseny molecular de l'IQS, i s'han portat a terme assajos preliminars de mode d'unió utilitzant aquests models i lligands coneguts d'elevada afinitat. Així mateix, s'ha analitzat el comportament en el cribatge virtual i en el post-processat de resultats de docking de diferents fingerprints d'interacció en comparació amb els resultats obtinguts per un nou fingerprint d'interacció (APIF) desenvolupat a la secció de disseny molecular de l'IQS.Per al cribatge virtual basat en lligands, s'han comparat models farmacofòrics i diverses aproximacions basades en la forma i propietats moleculars utilitzant lligands d'elevada afinitat com a molècules de referència. A més, s'ha desenvolupat una nova aproximació basada en la forma molecular, la qual s'ha utilitzat per a estudiar en profunditat la hipòtesi de la multi-regió d'unió de la cavitat d'unió extracel·lular del co-receptor CCR5.Tots els mètodes, ja siguin basats en el receptor o en lligands coneguts, s'han aplicat en primer lloc de manera retrospectiva utilitzant una extensa base de dades d'inhibidors de CXCR4/CCR5 i suposats inactius, similars en propietats als actius, recopilada en aquesta tesi. Per a cada receptor, la quimioteca ha estat cribada utilitzat inhibidors coneguts, S'han analitzat els factors d'enriquiment i la diversitat a les llistes finals de hits. A més, s'han portat a terme anàlisis ROC per a ambdós inhibidors de CXCR4 i CCR5 amb la finalitat de comparar l'habilitat del nou algoritme basat en la igualtat de formes de lligands amb la resta d'aproximacions de cribatge utilitzades.Una vegada validades les diferents aproximacions de cribatge i seleccionats els millors paràmetres per a cadascuna d'elles, s'han aplicat les eines de cribatge virtual de manera prospectiva sobre una quimioteca combinatòria dissenyada a la secció de disseny molecular de l'IQS, així com tècniques de disseny de novo de lligands per tal d'identificar nous bloquejadors de l'entrada del VIH a les cèl·lules. / Los inhibidores de entrada del VIH han surgido recientemente como una nueva generación de fármacos antiretrovirales, los cuales bloquean la unión del virus con los co-receptores de membrana CXCR4 y CCR5. Se han desarrollado diversas moléculas pequeñas antagonistas de estos co-receptores, algunas de las cuales están actualmente en fase de ensayo clínico. Sin embargo, dado que no existen estructuras cristalográficas para estos co-receptores proteicos, es necesario analizar los modos de unión de inhibidores conocidos a la cavidad de unión extracelular de los co-receptores mediante experimentos de mutagénesis dirigida y estudios computacionales. En general, el objetivo de estas aproximaciones computacionales es cribar un gran número de compuestos candidatos a fármacos rápidamente. El cribado virtual se ha convertido recientemente en un complemento útil de los métodos de cribado experimentales high-throughput screening para grandes librerías de compuestos. Por lo tanto, en esta tesis se ha llevado a cabo un protocolo de cribado virtual, mediante aproximaciones basadas en el receptor y en ligandos activos conocidos, con el fin de encontrar antagonistas de CXCR4 y CCR5 que puedan servir como potenciales inhibidores de entrada del VIH.Para el cribado virtual basado en el receptor, se han mejorado los modelos de los co-receptores CXCR4 y CCR5 construidos en la sección de diseño molecular del IQS, y se han llevado a cabo ensayos preliminares de modo de unión utilizando estos modelos y ligandos conocidos de elevada afinidad. Asimismo, se ha analizado el comportamiento en el cribado virtual y en el post-procesado de resultados de docking de diferentes fingerprints de interacción en comparación con los resultados obtenidos por un nuevo fingerprint de interacción (APIF) desarrollado en la sección de diseño molecular del IQS.Para el cribado virtual basado en ligandos, se han comparado modelos farmacofóricos y diversas aproximaciones basadas en la forma y propiedades moleculares utilizando ligandos de elevada afinidad como moléculas de referencia. Además, se ha desarrollado una nueva aproximación basada en la forma molecular, la cual se ha utilizado para estudiar en profundidad la hipótesis de la multi-región de unión de la cavidad de unión extracelular del co-receptor CCR5.Todos los métodos, ya sean basados en el receptor o en ligandos conocidos, se han aplicado en primer lugar de manera retrospectiva utilizando una extensa base de datos de inhibidores de CXCR4/CCR5 y supuestos inactivos, similares en propiedades a los activos, recopilada en esta tesis. Para cada receptor, la quimioteca ha sido cribada utilizando inhibidores conocidos, Se han analizado los factores de enriquecimiento y la diversidad en las listas finales de hits. Además, se han llevado a cabo análisis ROC para ambos inhibidores de CXCR4 y CCR5 con el fin de comparar la habilidad del nuevo algoritmo basado en la igualdad de formas de ligandos con el resto de aproximaciones de cribado utilizadas.Una vez validadas las diferentes aproximaciones de cribado y seleccionados los mejores parámetros para cada una de ellas, se han aplicado las herramientas de cribado virtual de manera prospectiva sobre una quimioteca combinatoria diseñada en la sección de diseño molecular del IQS, así como técnicas de diseño de novo de ligandos para identificar nuevos bloqueadores de la entrada del VIH a las células. / HIV entry inhibitors have emerged as a new generation of antiretroviral drugs that block viral fusion with the CXCR4 and CCR5 membrane co-receptors. Several small molecule antagonists for these co-receptors have been developed, some of which are currently in clinical trials. However, because no crystal structures for the co-receptor proteins are available, the binding modes of the known inhibitors within the co-receptor extracellular pockets need to be analyzed by means of site-directed mutagenesis and computational experiments. Generally, the objective of these computational approaches is to screen large numbers of candidate drug compounds rapidly. Virtual screening has recently become a useful complement to laboratory-based high-throughput screening methods for large libraries of compounds. Hence, in this thesis, a virtual screening protocol, using several receptor-based and ligand-based approaches, has been performed to find CXCR4 and CCR5 antagonists that could potentially serve as HIV entry inhibitors.For receptor-based virtual screening, homology models of CXCR4 and CCR5 co-receptors built in our research group have been improved, and preliminary binding mode analyses using these models and high affinity known ligands have been carried out. Also, the performance in virtual screening and docking post-processing of different interaction fingerprints, compared to the results obtained with a new interaction fingerprint (APIF) developed in our research group, has been analysed.For ligand-based virtual screening, pharmacophore modelling and several shape-based and property-based molecular comparison approaches have been compared, using high-affinity ligands as query molecules. Also, a novel consensus shape-based virtual screening approach has been developed and used to investigate and add further evidence for multiple binding sites within the CCR5 extracellular pocket hypothesis.All the receptor-based and ligand-based methods have been firstly applied in a retrospective virtual screening, using a large database of known CXCR4/CCR5 inhibitors and similar presumed inactive molecules assembled in this thesis. For each receptor, the library has been queried using known binders, and the enrichment factors and diversity of the resulting virtual hit lists have been analyzed. Moreover, receiver-operator-characteristic analyses for both CXCR4 and CCR5 inhibitors have been carried out in order to compare the performance of the new consensus shape matching algorithm with the other screening approaches used. Once the different virtual screening approaches have been validated and the best parameters for each one have been selected, prospective virtual screening of a combinatorial library designed by our research group and de novo design methods have been applied to identify new HIV entry blockers.

Les hypersensibilités allergiques médicamenteuses sont des pathologies mettant en jeu le système immunitaire et induites par la prise de médicaments. Notre travail s'est décomposé en quatre étapes successives : 1- Nous avons classé les β-lactamines en fonction de leurs champs moléculaires, et obtenons un dendrogramme de 4 familles, validé par les données cliniques. Nous avons également réalisé une étude de 3D-QSAR visant à connaître les parties du médicament impliquées dans la pathologie, et à prédire l'allergénicité des β-lactamines. 2- Partant de l'hypothèse que les β-lactamines sont des haptènes, nous avons étudié leur réactivité vis-à-vis d'acides aminés de type lysine et sérine. Nous avons ensuite réalisé des expériences de " docking " afin de définir les interactions entre le médicament et l'albumine sérique humaine. Nous concluons que les sites des lysines 190 et 212 sont les plus adaptés pour la fixation covalente de la drogue et avons validé cette analyse par des méthodes mixtes QM/MM. Enfin, grâce à notre logiciel SuMo, nous avons déterminé d'autres protéines candidates pour l'hapténisation. 3- S'agissant des HyperSensibilités Allergiques Immédiates, nous avons modélisé les différents partenaires que sont les IgE, la β-lactamine portée ou non par une protéine. Nous avons envisagé plusieurs modes de reconnaissance. D'autre part, nous avons analysé les modifications de la protéine, induites par la fixation de la drogue. 4- Concernant les HSA retardées, nous avons émis plusieurs scénarios de reconnaissance de la β-lactamine par le TCR. Nous avons modélisé différents complexes impliquant le TCR, le peptide hapténisé par le médicament, un ion éventuel, ainsi que le CMH, et les soumettons à des dynamiques moléculaires afin d'en étudier la pertinence. D'autre part, nous avons déterminé plusieurs peptides, issus des protéines d'hapténisation et susceptibles de présenter le médicament au TCR, via le CMH. L'ensemble des résultats obtenus est ou sera validé par des expériences in vitro et in vivo.

La transglutaminase microbienne (Microbial transglutaminase : MTG) est fortement exploitée dans l’industrie textile et alimentaire afin de modifier l’apparence et la texture de divers produits. Elle catalyse la formation de liaisons iso-peptidiques entre des protéines par l’entremise d’une réaction de transfert d’acyle entre le groupement γ-carboxamide d’une glutamine provenant d’un substrat donneur d’acyle, et le groupement ε-amino d’une lysine provenant d’un substrat accepteur d’acyle. La MTG est tolérante à un large éventail de conditions réactionnelles, ce qui rend propice le développement de cette enzyme en tant que biocatalyseur. Ayant pour but le développement de la MTG en tant qu’alternative plus soutenable à la synthèse d’amides, nous avons étudié la réactivité d’une gamme de substrats donneurs et accepteurs non-naturels. Des composés chimiquement diversifiés, de faible masse moléculaire, ont été testés en tant que substrats accepteurs alternatifs. Il fut démontré que la MTG accepte une large gamme de composés à cet effet. Nous avons démontré, pour la première fois, que des acides aminés non-ramifiés et courts, tels la glycine, peuvent servir de substrat accepteur. Les α-acides aminés estérifiés Thr, Ser, Cys et Trp, mais pas Ile, sont également réactifs. En étendant la recherche à des composés non-naturels, il fut observé qu’un cycle aromatique est bénéfique pour la réactivité, bien que les substituants réduisent l’activité. Fait notable, des amines de faible masse moléculaire, portant les groupements de forte densité électronique azidure ou alcyne, sont très réactives. La MTG catalyse donc efficacement la modification de peptides qui pourront ensuite être modifiés ou marqués par la chimie ‘click’. Ainsi, la MTG accepte une variété de substrats accepteurs naturels et non-naturels, élargissant la portée de modification des peptides contenant la glutamine. Afin de sonder le potentiel biocatalytique de la MTG par rapport aux substrats donneurs, des analogues plus petits du peptide modèle Z-Gln-Gly furent testés; aucun n’a réagi. Nous avons toutefois démontré, pour la première fois, la faible réactivité d’esters en tant que substrats donneurs de la MTG. L’éventuelle amélioration de cette réactivité permettrait de faire de la MTG un biocatalyseur plus général pour la synthèse d’amides. Mots clés: Lien amide, biocatalyse, biotransformation, transglutaminase, arrimage moléculaire, criblage de substrats, ingénierie de substrats. / Microbial transglutaminase (MTG) is used extensively in the food and textile industry to alter the appearance and texture of products. MTG catalyses the formation of isopeptide linkages between proteins by an acyl transfer reaction between the γ-carboxamide group of a glutamine ‘acyl-donor’ substrate, and the ε-amino group of a lysine ‘acyl-acceptor’ substrate. MTG is tolerant to a broad range of reaction conditions and is therefore suitable for further development as a biocatalyst. Toward developing MTG as a “green” alternative for amide synthesis, we have investigated a range of non-native donor and acceptor substrates to probe the scope of MTG reactivity. Small, chemically varied compounds were tested as alternative acyl-acceptor substrates. We observed a broad acceptor specificity. We show, for the first time, that very short-chain alkyl-based amino acids such as glycine can serve as acceptor substrates. The esterified α-amino acids Thr, Ser, Cys and Trp – but not Ile – also show reactivity. Extending the search to non-natural compounds, an aromatic ring was observed to be beneficial for reactivity, although ring substituents reduced reactivity. Overall, bonding of the amine to a less hindered carbon increases reactivity. Importantly, very small amines carrying either the electron-rich azide or the alkyne groups required for click chemistry were highly reactive as acceptor substrates, providing a ready route to minimally modified, ‘clickable’ peptides. These results demonstrate that MTG is tolerant to a variety of chemically varied natural and non-natural acceptor substrates, which broadens the scope for modification of glutamine-containing peptides. To further probe the biocatalytic potential of MTG in terms of the donor substrate, smaller analogues of the model substrate Z-Gln-Gly were tested. We did not find product formation with substrates smaller than the model substrate. We observed, for the first time, trace esterase activity with MTG. Future improvement of this activity would render MTG a more attractive, general biocatalyst for amide bond formation.

Protein structure predication is a field of computational molecular modeling with an enormous potential for improvement. Side-chain geometry prediction is a critical component of this process that is crucial for computational protein structure predication as well as crystallographers in refining experimentally determined protein crystal structures. The cornerstone of side-chain geometry prediction are side-chain rotamer libraries, usually obtained through exhaustive statistical analysis of existing protein structures. Little is known, however, about the driving forces leading to the preference or suitability of one rotamer over another. Construction of 3D hydropathic interaction maps for nearly 30,000 tyrosines extracted from the PDB reveals their environments, in terms of hydrophobic and polar (collectively “hydropathic”) interactions. Using a unique 3D similarity metric, these environments were clustered with k-means. In the ϕ, ψ region (–200° < ϕ < –155°; –205° < ψ < –160°) representing 631 tyrosines, clustering reduced the set to 14 unique hydropathic environments, with most diversity arising from favorable hydrophobic interactions. Polar interactions for tyrosine include ubiquitous hydrogen bonding with the phenolic OH and a handful of unique environments surrounding the backbone. The memberships of all but one of the 14 environments are dominated by a single χ1/χ2 rotamer. Each tyrosine residue attempts to fulfill its hydropathic valence. Structural water molecules are thus used in a variety of roles throughout protein structure. A second project involves elucidating the 3D structure of CRIP1a, a cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) binding protein that could provide information for designing small molecules targeting the CRIP1a-CB1R interaction. The CRIP1a protein was produced in high purity. Crystallization experiments failed, both with and without the last 9 or 12 amino acid peptide of the CB1R C-terminus. Attempts were made to use NMR for structure determination; however, the protein precipitated out during data acquisition. A model was thus built computationally to which the CB1R C-terminus peptide was docked. HINT was used in selecting optimum models and analyzing interactions involved in the CRIP1a-CB1R complex. The final model demonstrated key putative interactions between CRIP1a and CB1R while also predicting highly flexible areas of the CRIP1a possibly contributing to the difficulties faced during crystallization.

Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins) consist of an alpha subunit (Gα) and the dimeric beta-gamma subunit (Gβγ). The first example of direct cell signaling by Gβγ was the discovery of its role in activating G-protein regulated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels which underlie the acetylcholine-induced K+ current responsible for vagal inhibition of heart rate. Published crystal structures have provided important insights into the structures of the G-protein subunits and GIRK channels separately, but co-crystals of the channel and Gβγ together remain elusive and no specific reciprocal residue interactions between the two proteins are currently known. Given the absence of direct structural evidence, we attempted to identify these functionally important channel-Gβγ interactions using a computational approach. We developed a multistage computational docking algorithm that combines several known methods in protein-protein docking. Application of the docking protocol to previously published structures of Gβγ and GIRK1 homomeric channels produced a clear signal of a favored binding mode. Analysis of this binding mode suggested a mechanism by which Gβγ promotes the open state of the channel. The channel-Gβγ interactions predicted by the model in silico could be disrupted in vitro by mutation of one protein and rescued by additional mutation of reciprocal residues in the other protein. These interactions were found to extend to agonist induced activation of the channels as well as to activation of the native heteromeric channels. Currently, the structural mechanism by which Gβγ regulates the functional conformations of GIRK channels or of any of its membrane-associated effector proteins is not known. This work shows the first evidence for specific reciprocal interactions between Gβγ and a GIRK channel and places these interactions in the context of a general model of intracellular regulation of GIRK gating.

Même si le docking protéine-protéine devient un outil incontournable pour répondre aux problématiques biologiques actuelles, il reste cependant deux difficultés inhérentes aux methodes actuelles: 1) la majorité de ces méthodes ne considère pas les possibles déformations internes des protéines durant leur association. 2) Il n'est pas toujours simple de traduire les informations issues de la littérature ou d'expérimentations en contraintes intégrables aux programmes de docking. Nous avons donc tenté de développer une approche permettant d'améliorer les programmes de docking existants. Pour cela nous nous sommes inspirés des méthodologies mises en place sur des cas concrets traités durant cette thèse. D'abord, à travers la création du complexe ERBIN PDZ/Smad3 MH2, nous avons pu tester l'utilité de la Dynamique Moléculaire en Solvant Explicite (DMSE) pour mettre en évidence des résidus importants pour l'interaction. Puis, nous avons étendu cette recherche en utilisant divers serveurs de docking puis la DMSE pour cibler un résultat consensus. Enfin, nous avons essayé le raffinage par DMSE sur une cible du challenge CAPRI et comparé les résultats avec des simulations courtes de Monte-Carlo. La dernière partie de cette thèse portait sur le développement d'un nouvel outil de visualisation de la surface moléculaire. Ce programme, nommé MetaMol, permet de visualiser un nouveau type de surface moléculaire: la Skin Surface Moléculaire. La distribution des calculs à la fois sur le processeur de l'ordinateur (CPU) et sur ceux de la carte graphique (GPU) entraine une diminution des temps de calcul autorisant la visualisation, en temps réel, des déformations de la surface moléculaire. / Protein-protein docking has become an extremely important challenge in biology, however, there remain two inherent difficulties: 1) most docking methods do not consider possible internal deformations of the proteins during their association; 2) it is not always easy to translate information from the literature or from experiments into constraints suitable for use in protein docking algorithms. Following these conclusions, we have developed an approach to improve existing docking programs. Firstly, through modelling the ERBIN PDZ / Smad3 MH2 complex, we have tested the utility of Molecular Dynamics with Explicit Solvent (MDSE) for elucidating the key residues in an interaction. We then extended this research by using several docking servers and the DMSE simulations to obtain a consensus result. Finally, we have explored the use of DMSE refinement on one of the targets from the CAPRI experiment and we have compared those results with those from short Monte-Carlo simulations. Another aspect of this thesis concerns the development of a novel molecular surface visualisation tool. This program, named MetaMol, allows the visualisation of a new type of molecular surface: the Molecular Skin Surface. Distributing the surface calculation between a computer's central processing unit (CPU) and its graphics card (GPU) allows deformations of the molecular surface to be calculated and visualised in real time.