Os receptores nucleares constituem uma superfamília de fatores de transcrição regulados pela interação com hormônios. Esta superfamília inclui, por exemplo, os receptores de hormônio tireoidiano, estrogênio, androgênio, glicocorticóide e mineralocorticóide. Neste trabalho, empregamos técnicas de biologia estrutura e bioinformática para estudar as interações entre alguns dos membros da família de receptores nucleares e seus respectivos ligantes. Para o receptor de hormônio tireoidiano, foi demonstrado, através da análise das estruturas cristalográficas das duas isoformas do receptor ligados aos tiromimético Triac, que os componentes entálpicos visíveis nas estruturas não explicam a seletividade do ligante. Dados de dinâmica molecular confirmaram que a seletividade do hormônio tem um importante componente entrópico. Empregando a técnica de dinâmica molecular, estudamos a ligação do receptor de mineralocorticóide humano à aldosterona, ao cortisol, à espironolactona e à cortisona e simulamos ainda o efeito da mutação S810L, conhecida por converter a atividade antagonista da cortisona e da espironolactona em agonista. A análise das simulações revelou um perfil de ligações de hidrogênio similar na ligação do receptor selvagem ao cortisol e à aldosterona. A cortisona perde, por conta da inserção de uma hidroxila na posição 11, uma ligação de hidrogênio importante com a Asn770 e, por isso, tem menor energia potencial de ligação. A espironolactona perde a mesma ligação de hidrogênio ao mesmo tempo em que aumenta o número de contatos de van der Waals pela inserção do grupo tioacetil na posição 7. A mutação S810L simulada no complexo com cortisona, cortisol e espironolactona não interfere no padrão de ligações de hidrogênio estabelecidas entre o receptor e os ligantes, mas altera a mobilidade de uma das regiões propostas como rota de dissociação. Propomos, portanto, que a mutação interfere na cinética de dissociação dos ligantes e não no padrão de interações estabelecidas no equilíbrio. Simulações de dissociação induzida do ligante confirmam esta proposição. Na última etapa, utilizamos os modelos experimentalmente determinados para o receptor ativado por proliferadores peroxissomais gama para a busca de novos ligantes através da técnica de docking molecular. Neste trabalho, utilizamos uma base de dados com aproximadamente um milhão de compostos. Destes, quatro foram selecionados após o docking molecular e testados experimentalmente. Um dos compostos testados se mostrou ativo neste receptor, apresentando uma atividade de 60-70% da atividade da rosiglitazona, conhecido agonista total do PPARg. / Nuclear receptors are a superfamily of hormone-regulated transcriptional factors. This superfamily includes, for example, the receptor for thyroid hormone, estrogen, androgen, gluco and mineralocorticoid. In this work, we used structural biology and bioinformatic tools to study the interactions between some members of the nuclear receptor superfamily and its respective ligands. We showed by the analysis of the crystal structures of both thyroid hormone receptor isoforms bound to the thyromimetic Triac that the enthalpic components visible in the structures do not explain the ligand selectivity. Molecular dynamics simulation data confirmed later that the hormone selectivity has an important entropic component. Using the molecular dynamics simulation, we studied, in a second stage, the interaction between the human mineralocorticoid receptor bound to aldosterone, cortisol, spironolactone and cortisone and also simulated the effects of the mutations S810L, known to convert the antagonist properties of spironolactone and cortisone in an agonist activity. The analysis of the simulations showed a similar profile in hydrogen bonds established between the wild type receptor bound to cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisone looses an important hydrogen bond with Asn770 because of the insertion of a carbonyl group in the 11 position and shows a decreased binding potential energy. Spironolactone loses the same interaction but has an increased number of van der Waals contacts because of the insertion of a tioacetyl group in the 7 position. The mutant S810L simulated in complex with cortisol, cortisone and spironolactone showed that the mutation do not interfere with the hydrogen bond profile established between the receptor and the ligands but changes the mobility of a region in the receptor previously proposed as a ligand dissociation route. Ligand unbinding simulations through steered molecular dynamics (SMD) confirm that aldosterone and cortisol unbind differentially and the mutation S810L alters the unbinding profile. We then propose that the mutation changes the kinetics of ligand association/dissociation without changing the profile of the interactions established in the equilibrium. In the last stage, we used the experimentally determined structural model of the peroxissome proliferator-activated receptor gamma to search for novel ligands using the molecular docking technique. For this work, we used a database containing about 1 million compounds. Among those, four compounds were selected after the docking computation and experimentally tested. One of these compounds was found to be active in the receptor, showing about 60-70% of the agonistic activity of rosiglitzone, a known PPARg total agonist.

Com o objetivo de descobrir moléculas com atividade inibitória contra enzimas alvo de tripanosomatídeos, as estruturas cristalográficas da enzima gliceraldeído-3-fosfato desidrogenase em complexo com dois análogos de 1,3-bisfosfoglicerato (compostos 30 e 33) foram determinadas por difração de raios X, estudos de modelagem molecular foram realizados e o gene xprt (xantina fosforibosiltransferase) de Leishmania major foi clonado e super-expresso em Escherichia coli, e a enzima correspondente foi purificada e caracterizada cinéticamente. O complexo gGAPDH-33 foi determinado até 2,5A e revelou como esse análogo do intermediário tiocetal se liga na enzima. O modelo final da proteína com o inibidor foi refinado utilizando um conjunto de dados com 97,5% de completeza, com um R final de 0,20. Essa estrutura cristalográfica fornece a primeira evidência experimental do mecanismo flip-flop, que descreve como o substrato se desloca do sítio de ligação do fosfato inorgânico para o sítio do fosfato orgânico. O complexo gGAPDH-30 foi determinado até 2,75A de resolução, a partir de um conjunto de dados com 92,4% de completeza e revela o modo de interação dessa classe de inibidores com a gGAPDH. O modelo final apresenta R igual a 0,19. Essa estrutura foi utilizada para estudos de modelagem molecular que explicam a diferença de atividade dessa classe de inibidores entre a gGAPDH de Trypanosoma cruzi e de Trypanosoma brucei. Com relação a XPRT de L. major, essa enzima apresenta uma grande afinidade por hipoxantina, quando comparada a enzima homóloga de L. donovani. Com a finalidade de tentar entender esse comportamento, estudos de modelagem por homologia estão sendo realizados. / Aiming at discover molecules with good inhibitory activity against tripanosomatides enzymatic targets, the crystallographic structures of glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in complex with 1,3 bisfosfoglyceric acid analogues (30 and 33)were solved, molecular modeling studies were undertaken and xprt (xanthine phosphorybosil transferase) gene from Leishmania major was cloned and over-expressed in Escherichia coli. The enzyme thus obtained was purified and kinetically characterized. .gGAPDH-33 complex, up to 2,5A resolution revealed the tioketal intermediate binding mode. The final model was refined to R 0.20 from a 97,5% completeness dataset. The crystallographic structure gives, for the first time, experimental evidence for the flip-flop mechanism, which describes how the substrate goes from inorganic-phosphate binding site to substratephosphate binding site. gGAPDH-30 complex, solved to 2,75A resolution, revealed the inhibitor binding mode. The final model has R= 0,19 and was refined from a 92,4% completeness dataset. This structure was used as the framework upon which modeling studies were performed. Modeling results suggest why these inhibitors show a different inhibitory profile against Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi. L. major XPRT shows a high affinity for hypoxanthine, an alternative substrate, when compared to L. donovani XPRT, aiming at understand this behavior homology modeling studies are currently under progress.

Submitted by Caroline Falcao (caroline.rfalcao@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-04T19:45:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) 2012-Dissertação-MarceloRabello.pdf: 28475883 bytes, checksum: a9615b2d4a3b20d9263dba3af92c324c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-04T19:45:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) 2012-Dissertação-MarceloRabello.pdf: 28475883 bytes, checksum: a9615b2d4a3b20d9263dba3af92c324c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Este projeto pode ser resumido como uma comparação metodológica de abordagens in silico, mais precisamente de docking molecular. Foram utilizadas como alvos biológicos as fosfolipases A2 (PLA2), sendo estas um grupo de toxinas presentes abundantemente em venenos de serpentes. Foram utilizadas, como ligantes (potenciais inibidores), um total de 103 moléculas conhecidas na literatura. Um banco de dados com os ligantes e alvos foi construído, agregando-se informações sobre a atividade biológica e também suas respectivas estruturas tridimensionais. Os programas AUTODOCK, AUTODOCK VINA, GOLD, DOCK, SURFLEX e PLANTS foram utilizados para gerar os resultados de docking. O programa BINANA foi utilizado na análise das interações intermoleculares presentes nos complexos ligante-receptor, obtidos como resultados dos cálculos. Os dados gerados foram analisados com métodos multivariados, como por exemplo, a Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) e a Análise Hierárquica de Clusters (HCA). Resíduos de aminoácidos, importantes para a estabilidade do complexo ligantereceptor, também foram identificados através de uma análise detalhada dos melhores resultados. Adicionalmente, foi reportado um artigo publicado, envolvendo PLA2s, com foco especial na molécula Quercetina como inibidor dos efeitos de veneno de serpente. Foi possível identificar os programas que apresentaram menor demanda computacional na análise comparativa de seus tempos de processamento, o que pode vir a ser muito útil em futuros estudos de docking, até mesmo com um número ainda maior de ligantes e alvos que podem ser submetidos ao procedimento de docking molecular, no intuito de aumentar o banco de dados de inibidores potenciais de PLA2s. As abordagens analíticas multivariadas utilizadas foram capazes de revelar aspectos interessantes sobre as semelhanças e diferenças entre os resultados de docking obtidos. Com a aplicação destas análises, pôde-se estabelecer uma metodologia de análise para a interpretação dos resultados nas escalas visual, numérica e gráfica, através, respectivamente, da geração das imagens para visualização molecular, das análises estatísticas (multivariadas) e da elaboração dos gráficos provenientes destas análises. Este estudo foi importante para aumentar a base de conhecimento do nosso grupo de pesquisa, e da comunidade científica como um todo, a respeito dos cálculos de modelagem molecular que envolvem os métodos de docking, e certamente serão úteis em estudos futuros com PLA2s ou outros alvos farmacológicos. / This project can be summarized as a methodological comparison of in silico approaches, more precisely between docking methods. Several phospholipase A2 (PLA2), a group of toxins abundantly present in snake venoms, were used as targets. A total number of 103 molecules were used for the definition of the ligands. It was built a database with all these ligands, adding information about their activity and also their three-dimensional structures. The programs AUTODOCK, AUTODOCK VINA, GOLD, DOCK, SURFLEX and PLANTS were used in docking calculations. The program BINANA was used to analyze the intermolecular interactions present in the ligand-receptor complexes obtained as poses from docking results. The data generated by BINANA was statistically analyzed by applying multivariate analysis methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Important aminoacids residues for the stability of the complex ligandreceptor were indetified through a detailed analysis of the best results. Additionally, an article was reported, involving PLA2s, with special focus on the Quercetin molecule as an inhibitor of snake venom. In a comparative analysis of the docking calculation’s time, it was possible to identify the programs that present low computational demands. This performance analysis can be very useful in future studies of docking, even with a much larger number of ligands and targets, increasing the database of potential PLA2s inhibitors. By applying these tests, we could establish a methodological analysis for the results interpretation on visual, numerical and graphic scales, means, respectively by the generation of images for molecular visualization, statistical analysis (multivariates) and graphing from these tests. This study was important to increase the knowledge of our research group and also of the scientific community, about the molecular modeling calculations that involves docking methods, and will certainly be useful in future studies with PLA2 or other pharmacological targets.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-11-03T12:46:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Disssertação - Fausto Guimarães Costa - 2015.pdf: 7717372 bytes, checksum: 0c97192720a82947f88e00adcc4dc90b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-11-03T12:47:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Disssertação - Fausto Guimarães Costa - 2015.pdf: 7717372 bytes, checksum: 0c97192720a82947f88e00adcc4dc90b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-03T12:47:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Disssertação - Fausto Guimarães Costa - 2015.pdf: 7717372 bytes, checksum: 0c97192720a82947f88e00adcc4dc90b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-16 / Paracoccidioidomycose / A Paracoccidioidomicose...

Submitted by Luanna Matias (lua_matias@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-03-06T18:25:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mariana Côrtes de Sousa - 2012.pdf: 1542160 bytes, checksum: 797a42ca723c95277c56015ce09b4be1 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luanna Matias (lua_matias@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-03-06T18:30:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mariana Côrtes de Sousa - 2012.pdf: 1542160 bytes, checksum: 797a42ca723c95277c56015ce09b4be1 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-06T18:30:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mariana Côrtes de Sousa - 2012.pdf: 1542160 bytes, checksum: 797a42ca723c95277c56015ce09b4be1 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-28 / Flavonoids are an important class of natural products candidate drugs, and low molecular weight polyphenols, widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom. Investigations on its activities over the past 30 years, demonstrated a potential to prevent several diseases, among them cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory disorders, viral infections, diabetes and neurological disorders, in addition to its known antioxidant. The family of cytochrome P450 (CYP) is composed of monooxygenases, which play a crucial role in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous substances, and participates in the metabolism of flavonoids. In this paper we describe the application of a methodology for exploring combined in silico prediction of sites of metabolism of quercetin, rutin, naringin and naringenin, found in abundance in nature. A methodology used was ligand based drug design (LBDD) to predict the sites of metabolism (SOM) and the program MetaPrint2D most likely estimate of the metabolites, combined with the method structure based drug design (SBDD) by using molecular docking and energy minimization, to predict the interaction of quercetin, rutin, naringin and naringenin with the isoforms CYP2C9 and CYP1A2. Metabolites were found several Phase I with catalytically active distance (<5 Å) and interaction sites described in the literature, with hydroxylation reactions of aliphatic, aromatic hydroxylation, dealkylation and O-dealkylation. The proposed in silico metabolic hydroxylation at the position corresponding to the C3' were consistent with studies in vitro and in vivo experiments described in the literature for naringin and naringenin. Amino acids of the active site of CYP isoforms have been identified as important in the positioning of the flavonoids quercetin, rutin, naringin and naringenin toward the heme, confirming the involvement of these isoforms in the metabolism of flavonoids. / Os flavonóides representam uma importante classe de produtos naturais candidatos à fármacos, sendo polifenóis de baixo peso molecular, amplamente distribuídos no reino vegetal. Investigações sobre suas atividades, nos últimos 30 anos, demonstraram uma prevenção potencial de diversas patologias, dentre elas doenças cardiovasculares, desordens inflamatórias, infecções virais, diabetes e desordens neurológicas, além de sua conhecida ação antioxidante. A família do citocromo P450 (CYP) é composta de monooxigenases, que desempenham um papel crucial no metabolismo de substâncias endógenas e exógenas, e participa do metabolismo de flavonóides. Neste trabalho, descrevemos a aplicação de uma metodologia in silico combinada para explorar a previsão dos sítios de metabolismo dos flavonóides quercetina, rutina, naringenina e naringina, encontrados em abundância na natureza. Utilizou-se uma metodologia baseada nos ligantes (LBDD) para previsão dos sítios de metabolismo (SOM) pelo programa MetaPrint2D e previsão dos metabólitos mais prováveis, combinado à metodologia baseada na estrutura do receptor (SBDD) através da utilização de docking molecular e minimização de energia, para prever a interação de quercetina, rutina, naringenina e naringina com as isoformas CYP2C9 e CYP1A2. Foram encontrados diversos metabólitos de Fase I, com distâncias cataliticamente ativas (< 5 Å) e sítios de interação descritos na literatura, apresentando reações de hidroxilação alifática, hidroxilação aromática, desalquilação e O-desalquilação. Os metabólitos propostos in silico correspondentes à hidroxilação na posição C3’ foram com coerentes com estudos in vitro e in vivo descritos na literatura para naringenina e naringina. Aminoácidos do sítio ativo das isoformas de CYP foram identificados como importantes no posicionamento dos flavonóides quercetina, rutina, naringenina e naringina em direção ao heme, confirmando a participação dessas isoformas no metabolismo de flavonóides.

Os insetos são os mais numerosos animais encontrados no mundo, com mais de 675 mil espécies conhecidas. Pertencentes à ordem Hymenoptera, da superfamília Apoidea, as abelhas são encontradas distribuídas em aproximadamente 20 mil espécies. No Brasil estima-se que existam 1.700 espécies. Uma das principais espécies é a Apis mellifera, com ocorrência cosmopolita. A Apis mellifera, popularmente conhecida como abelha africanizada, é agressiva, enxameia várias vezes ao ano e utiliza uma grande variedade de locais para nidificar. Esse comportamento aumenta o contato direto entre o inseto e a população, aumentando o número de acidentes. Os acidentes com abelhas representam um problema de saúde pública em diversos países do mundo pela freqüência com que ocorrem e pela mortalidade que ocasionam. O presente estudo propõe a busca por inibidores naturais contra o veneno de abelhas. Um sistema e uma base de dados foram desenvolvidos para a integração entre dados de plantas medicinais antivenenos e os venenos de abelhas. As atividades anti-hemorrágica, anti-proteolítica, anti-miotóxica, antifosfolipase e anti-edema de plantas medicinais antiveneno foram analisadas por meio de ensaios farmacológicos. As possíveis interações entre as toxinas Melitina e Fosfolipase A2 com inibidores foram avaliadas, através do docking virtual. O banco de dados, denominado Bee Venom, foi implementado e os dados de bancos de dados públicos foram inseridos no sistema. O sistema foi liberado para acesso público no endereço eletrônico http://gbi.fmrp.usp.br/beevenom/. Durante a análise da proteína Melitina foram encontradas as regiões da proteína em que os possíveis inibidores devem interagir e identificadas as propriedades químicas que os inibidores devem possuir para interagir corretamente com a Melitina. Nas análises in silico foi possível identificar 10 possíveis inibidores que interagiram corretamente com o sítio ativo da Fosfolipase A2. Algumas espécies do Banco de Germoplasma da FMRP/USP foram obtidas e utilizadas nos experimentos de atividade fosfolipásica indireta e de Edema, sendo possível observar inibição do veneno total e da proteína Fosfolipase A2. Os compostos sintéticos e inibidores avaliados não causaram inibição em todos os experimentos avaliados. Já as plantas obtidas no laboratório de Toxinas Animais e Inibidores Naturais e Sintéticos causaram inibição do veneno total e da proteína Fosfolipase A2. / Insects are the most numerous animals worldwide, with more than 675 thousand known species. Belonging to Hymenoptera order, Apoidea, superfamily, bees are found distributed in approximately 20 thousand species. In Brazil there are about 1,700 species. One of the major species is Apis mellifera, with cosmopolitan occurrence. Apis mellifera, popularly known as Africanized bee, is aggressive, swarm several times per year and uses a great variety of locals to nidificate. This behavior raises the contact between the insect and the population, increasing the accidents numbers. Bee accidents represent a public health problem in many countries because of their frequency and mortality. The present study proposes to search for natural inhibitors of bee venom. A system and a data base have been developed to integrate anti-venom medicinal plants data and bee venoms. Plants activities against venom have been evaluated by farmacological assays, such as anti-hemorraghic, anti-proteolitic, anti-myotoxicity, anti-Phospholipase and anti-edema. The possible interactions between Melittin and Phospholipase A2 toxins with inhibitors have been evaluated by virtual docking. The data base, denominated Bee Venom, was implemented and the data from public data bases have been inserted in the system. The system was released to public access in the following address http://gbi.fmrp.usp.br/beevenom/. In Melittin analysis the protein regions which the inhibitors may act have been found and also the chemical properties that the inhibitors must have to interact with Melitina have been identified. During in silico analysis it was possible to identify 10 possible inhibitors that interacted well with Phospholipase A2 active site. Some plants species from FMRP/USP Germoplam Bank have been obtained and used in the indirect Phospholipase activity and edema, being possible to observe inhibitions of total venom and Phospholipase A2 protein. The synthetic compounds and inhibitors evaluated did not cause inhibition in any experiments. However, the plants obtained on Animals Toxins and Natural and synthetic Inhibitors laboratory have caused inhibition of total venom and Phospholipase A2 protein.

Les processus qui mènent à la découverte de nouveaux médicaments sont longs et fastidieux, et les taux de succès sont relativement faibles. L’identification de candidats par le biais de tests expérimentaux s’avère coûteuse, et nécessite de connaître en profondeur les mécanismes d'action de la protéine visée afin de mettre en place des essais efficaces. Le criblage virtuel peut considérablement accélérer ces processus en permettant une évaluation rapide de chimiothèques de plusieurs milliers de molécules afin de déterminer lesquelles sont les plus susceptibles de se lier à une cible. Ces dernières années ont ainsi été témoins de quelques success stories dans ce domaine.Le premier objectif de ce travail était de comparer différents outils et stratégies couramment utilisés dans le criblage virtuel “structure-based”, puis de les appliquer à des cibles protéiques à visée thérapeutique, en particulier dans le cadre du cancer.La protéine kinase GSK3 et un test set de ligands connus ont servi de modèle pour différentes études méthodologiques ayant pour but d’évaluer les programmes de docking et de scoring à notre disposition. En particulier, l’utilisation de plusieurs structures relaxées du récepteur ou l’insertion de torsions sur certains résidus du site actif pendant le docking ont permis d’évaluer l’influence de la flexibilité de la protéine. L’utilité et la pertinence d’outils permettant de générer automatiquement les structures 3D des ligands et de méthodes de consensus scoring ont également été étudiées.Un criblage virtuel de la Pontine, une ATPase impliquée dans la croissance tumorale pour laquelle aucun inhibiteur n’était connu, a permis la sélection de candidats issus de banques de données commerciales. Ces molécules ont été testées dans un essai enzymatique par le biais d’une collaboration, et quatre d’entre elles se sont révélées capable d’inhiber l’activité ATPase de la Pontine. Le criblage de bases de ligands synthétisés et imaginés dans l’équipe a également fourni un inhibiteur original. Au contraire, l’étude de la sPLA2-X humaine, une phospholipase dont l’activité catalytique est dépendante d’un atome de Ca2+ localisé au sein du site actif, a montré les limites de nos outils de docking qui n’ont pas été capables de gérer cet ion métallique et mis en évidence la nécessité de mettre en place d’autres outils. / The process of drug discovery is long and tedious. Besides, it is relatively inefficient in terms of hit rate. The identification of candidates through experimental testing is expensive and requires extensive data on the mechanisms of the target protein in order to develop efficient assays. Virtual screening can considerably accelerate the process by quickly evaluating large databases of compounds and determining the most likely to bind to a target. Some success stories have emerged in the field over the last few years.The objectives of this work were first, to compare common tools and strategies for structure-based virtual screening, and second, to apply those tools to actual target proteins implied notably in carcinogenesis.In order to evaluate the docking and scoring programs available, the protein kinase GSK3 and a test set of known ligands were used as a model to perform methodological studies. In particular the influence of the flexibility of the protein was explored via relaxed structures of the receptor or the insertion of torsions on the side chains of residues located in the binding site. Studies concerning the automatic generation of 3D structures for the ligands and the use of consensus scoring also provided insights on the usability of these tools while performing a virtual screening.Virtual screening of the human protein Pontin, an ATPase implied in tumor cell growth for which no inhibitors were known, allowed the prioritization of compounds from commercial databases. These compounds were tested in an enzymatic assay via a collaboration, and led to the identification of four molecules capable of inhibiting the ATPase activity of Pontin. Additional screens of in-house oriented databases also provided at least one innovative inhibitor for this protein. On the contrary, a study of the human PLA2-X, a phospholipase that requires a Ca2+ atom to bind to its active site in order to catalyze the hydrolysis of its substrate, revealed the limits of our docking tools that could not handle the metal ion and the need for new tools.

Coq6 est une enzyme impliquée dans la biosynthèse du coenzyme Q (aussi nommé ubiquinone, ou Q), un lipide benzoquinone polyprenylé essentiel à la fonction de la chaîne respiratoire mitochondriale. Dans la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cette monooxygénase flavine-dépendante putatif est proposé pour hydroxyler le noyau benzénique d' un précurseur du coenzyme Q à la position C5. Nous montrons ici à travers des études biochimiques que Coq6 est une flavoprotéine utilisant le FAD comme cofacteur. Des modèles d'homologie du complexe Coq6-FAD ont étés réalisés et étudiés par dynamique moléculaire et arrimage moléculaire du 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxyphényl (4-HP6), un substrat modèle hydrophobe et volumineux. Nous identifions un canal d'accès putatif pour Coq6 dans un modèle de la forme sauvage et proposons des mutations in silico positionnés à l'entrée capable de partiellement (les mutations simples G248R et L382E) ou complètement (une double-mutation G248R-L382E) bloquer l'accès du substrat au site actif via le canal d' accès. Des essais in vivo soutiennent les prédictions in silico, qui expliquent l'abrogation ou la diminution des enzymes mutées. Ce travail fournit la première information structurale détaillée d'une enzyme importante et hautement conservée de biosynthèse de l'ubiquinone. / Coq6 is an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q, a polyisoprenylated benzoquinone lipid essential to the function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this putative flavin-dependent monooxygenase is proposed to hydroxylate the benzene ring of coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) precursor at position C5. We show here through biochemical studies that Coq6 is a flavoprotein using FAD as a cofactor. Homology models of the Coq6-FAD complex are constructed and studied through molecular dynamics and substrate docking calculations of 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxyphenol (4-HP6), a bulky hydrophobic model substrate. We identify a putative access channel for Coq6 in a wild type model and propose in silico mutations positioned at its entrance capable of partially (G248R and L382E single mutations) or completely (a G248R-L382E double-mutation) blocking access of the substrate to thechannel . Further in vivo assays support the computational predictions, thus explaining the decreased activities or inactivation of the mutated enzymes. This work provides the first detailed structural information of an important and highly conserved enzyme of ubiquinone biosynthesis.

Les flavonoïdes sont des composés poly-hydroxylés d’origine végétale, connus pour leurs vertus pour la santé. Afin d’obtenir des dérivés plus stables et solubles dans des formulations hydrophobes tout en conservant les activités biologiques des molécules d’origine, une solution consiste à acyler ces composés de manière régiosélective. Ceci peut être accompli en utilisant des lipases comme catalyseurs, en milieu organique. Grand nombre d’études expérimentales sur ces bioprocédés sont disponibles, mais aucune d’entre elles n’apporte d’explication, au niveau moléculaire, de la sélectivité de ces réactions d’acylation. Le but de cette étude est d’appliquer différents outils de simulation moléculaire pour mieux comprendre, au niveau moléculaire, les propriétés de sélectivité de l’acétylation de trois flavonoïdes (quercétine et ses dérivés glycosylés isoquercitrine et rutine), en utilisant les lipases CALB et PCL. D’abord, des simulations de docking ont été appliquées, afin d’obtenir les positions et les orientations les plus probables des flavonoïdes dans la cavité des lipases préalablement acétylées. Ensuite, des simulations de dynamique moléculaire ont été exécutées sur les complexes obtenus par docking, afin d’étudier stabilité structurale des complexes sur une période de temps et notamment la stabilité des interactions enzyme-substrats. Enfin, des simulations basées sur une approche de chimie quantique (DFT) ont été appliquées pour évaluer la réactivité chimique des flavonoïdes dockées dans les complexes. Les premières tendances observées aux cours des simulations ont présenté une bonne corrélation avec les résultats expérimentaux d’acétylation. Globalement, les résultats obtenus ont montré que la sélectivité de ces réactions dépend de l’orientation des substrats (flavonoïde et acétate) dans la cavité catalytique de la lipase, des interactions intermoléculaires stabilisant ces substrats et de la réactivité chimique intrinsèque des groupements OH des flavonoïdes se situant à proximité des résidus catalytiques / Flavonoids are plant-produced polyhydroxylated compounds, well-known for their beneficial health effects. In order to obtain more stable and soluble derivatives for incorporation in hydrophobic formulations without damaging the biological activities of the native molecules, a solution consists to perform a regioselective acylation of these molecules. This can be accomplished by using lipase biocatalysts, in organic media. Several experimental studies dealing with such processes are available, but none of them give any explanation, at the molecular level, for the regioselectivity of such reactions. This study aimed to apply different molecular modelling tools in order to better understand, at the molecular level, the selectivity properties of the acetylation of three flavonoids (quercetin and its glycosylated derivatives isoquercitrin and rutin), by using the lipases CALB and PCL. Firstly, docking simulations were applied, in order to obtain the most probable positions and orientations of the flavonoids in the cavities of acetylated lipases. Then, molecular dynamics simulations were performed, aiming to study the structural stability of the complexes upon a period of time and specially the stability of the enzyme-substrates interactions. Finally, quantum chemical simulations (DFT) were applied to evaluate the chemical reactivity of the flavonoids as docked in the complexes. The trends observed during the simulations were well correlated with previous experimental results on the acetylation reaction of these flavonoids. Overall, the results showed that the selectivity in such reactions depends upon the substrates (flavonoid and acetate) orientations in the enzyme catalytic cavity, the intermolecular interactions that stabilize these substrates and the intrinsic chemical reactivity of the flavonoids OH groups reaching the catalytic residues

A monoaminoxidase (MAO) é uma enzima importante, que pode atuar como alvo terapêutico. Inibidores da MAO-A apresentam atividade no tratamento de distúrbios de humor, enquanto os inibidores seletivos da MAO-B tem uso, especialmente, no tratamento da Doença de Parkinson. O conhecimento das interações ENZIMA-INIBIDOR é importante no planejamento de fármacos. Nesse contexto, foram realizados estudos das enzimas MAO-A e MAO-B com diferentes ligantes, através da combinação das metodologias de docking, Dinâmica Molecular e Ensemble Docking. Foram escolhidos os ligantes derivados da 1,4-naftoquinona (1,4-NQ), lapachol, menadiona, norlapachol, A2, B2 e C2, os inibidores comerciais clorgilina (MAO-A) e selegilina (MAO-B) e os substratos naturais serotonina (MAO-A) e dopamina (MAO-B). Os resultados do docking mostraram interação de todos os ligantes com algum dos resíduos da "gaiola aromática" (FAD, Tyr407/Tyr444 para MAO-A, Tyr398/Tyr435 para MAO-B), uma importante região catalítica da MAO. Além disso, a seletividade observada experimentalmente da menadiona com a MAO-B também foi observada no docking. Através da DM, foi possível observar algumas diferenças conformacionais entre as estruturas da MAO-A e MAO-B, que podem explicar a seletividade entre as duas isoformas, como por exemplo, distâncias entre resíduos do sítio ativo e ligações de hidrogênio. A partir do Ensemble Docking, foi verificado que a conformação do receptor influencia significativamente o escore das interações ENZIMA+LIGANTE para ligantes volumosos. / Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an important enzyme that acts as therapeutic target. MAO-A inhibitors show pharmacological activity in the treatment of mood disorders, whereas MAO-B inhibitors are used especially in treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Knowledge of enzyme-inhibitor interactions is important in drug design. Therefore, studies of MAO-A and MAO-B enzymes with different ligands were performed by combining docking, Molecular Dynamics and Ensemble Docking methodologies. Ligands derived from 1,4-naphthoquinone, lapachol, menadione, nor-lapachol, A2, B2, C2, commercial inhibitors clorgyline (MAO-A) and selegiline (MAO-B) and the natural substrates serotonin (MAO-A) and dopamine (MAO-B) were chosen. The docking results shows interactions of all ligands with some residue of the "aromatic cage” (FAD cofactor, Tyr407/Tyr444 for MAO-A and Tyr398/Tyr435 for MAO-B), an important catalytic region of MAO. Furthermore, the experimentally observed selectivity of menadione with MAO-B was also observed by Docking. In Molecular Dynamics results, conformational differences were observed between MAO-A and MAO-B structures, which could explain the selectivity observed between isoforms, e.g. distances between residues of the active site and hydrogen bonds. Ensemble Docking results shows that the conformation of the receptor significantly influence the score of ENZYME+LIGAND interactions for bulky ligands.