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Trente cinq ans ont passé depuis la fin de la Guerre du Viêt Nam, mais pour les femmes ex-volontaires le combat continue. Combat pour une vie décente. À leur retour, pour s’intégrer à une vie normale, il leur a fallu dépasser toutes sortes de difficultés: d’abord celles liées à leur état de santé, puis les difficultés économiques, sociales et familiales. Bien que l’État vietnamien ait enfin adopté des mesures en leur faveur, celles-ci se sont révélées impuissantes à améliorer leur niveau de vie et à compenser leurs souffrances. Elles ont donc le sentiment de ne pas avoir été reconnues. Les résultats scientifiques de cette thèse ont montré que le choix altruiste de leur engagement pendant la guerre s’était fait sur une base « rationnelle ». Malgré certains cas d’engagements « forcés », la majorité d’entre elles se sont déterminées à partir d’un intérêt privé: venger la mort d’un proche, obéir à l’esprit révolutionnaire familial, ou goût de l’uniforme, peur du « qu’en-dira-t-on », désir d’indépendance, fuir la pauvreté familiale, laisser un garçon à la maison pour s’occuper des ancêtres et s’engager à sa place. Intérêt d’ordre personnel, familial, économique ou révolutionnaire. Rarement purement patriotique. Sur les champs de bataille, elles ont non seulement aidé les combattants en assumant les transports de munitions, de vivres, de blessés ou les travaux reconstruction des routes, mais elles ont aussi combattu aux côtés des hommes, armes à la main. Nous avons vu l’importance des éléments extérieurs, « exogènes », ayant contribué à leur souffrance, comme l’environnement géographique (montagnes, jungle et présence d’animaux dangereux ou porteurs de maladies); le climat (alternance de pluies ou de sécheresses intenses); les circonstances de guerre (bombardements, produits chimiques, blessures, exposition à la mort) et les circonstances dues aux déplacements (faim, soif, fatigue, épuisement du corps). À leur retour, ces femmes n’ont pas été reconnues. Les traces laissées sur leur corps par la guerre ont gravement perturbé leur intégration: solitude, mariage difficile, santé maladive. Leur faible niveau d’éducation ne leur permettant pas de trouver un emploi correct, c’est donc sur tous les fronts qu’elles ont dû se battre: personnel, familial et professionnel. La société, à ce jour, les distingue en six catégories: mariées, divorcées, séparées, célibataires, sans enfant et sans-abri. C’est ainsi, avec l’ensemble des ex-jeunes volontaires qui réclamaient une identité et des droits particuliers, qu’ils ont d’abord « lutté pour la reconnaissance ». Puis ont participé à la création du Comité de liaison des ex-jeunes volontaires, auquel a succédé l’Association des ex-jeunes volontaires. Cette association a constitué LA nouvelle force motrice. Elle a joué pleinement son rôle d'un témoignage historique, exigeant du Parti et des autorités locales la mise en œuvre de politiques sociales appropriées. Mais ces politiques n’ont répondu que partiellement aux attentes. « Le don et le contre-don » ne sont donc pas équitables, car cette aide demeure très insuffisante et ne touche qu’un nombre restreint de femmes, celles ayant pu conserver durant toutes ces années les fameux papiers justifiant leur engagement, et justifiant leurs blessures. / Thirty five years have passed since the end of the Vietnam War, however, for the women who volunteered, the combat continues. A combat for a decent life. Upon their return, in order to integrate into a normal life, they had to go through many trials: firstly those related to their health conditions, then financial, social and family difficulties. Even though the Vietnamese State adopted measures in their favour, they turned out to be insufficient in improving their lives and compensating their suffering. They thus feel as though they have gone unrecognized. Scientific results of this Thesis have shown their altruist choice of committal to the war was made upon a "rational" basis. Despite certain cases of "forced" involvement, the majority of them were determined to leave out of personal interest: such as the vengeance of loved ones, to obey to the revolutionary family, the taste for a uniform role, fear of being outcast for not participating, a desire for independence, an escape from poverty, wanting to leave one man at home to take care of the ancestors and enrolling in his place, an interest for personnel, family, economic or revolutionary order. Rarely was their enrollment in the army pure patriotism. On the battle field, they not only helped the troops by transporting ammunition, people both well and wounded, they reconstructed the roads and fought beside the men weapons in hand. We have seen the importance of outside elements "exogenous", having contributed to their suffering, such as geographical placement, (mountainous and jungle regions and their contact with animals carrying decease; the climate change and intensified rain and dry seasons; the circumstances of war (chilling, chemical sprays, wounds, regular exposure to death) and the circumstances due to unstable living conditions such as constant movement (hunger, thirst, fatigue, physical exhaustion). Upon their return, these women went unrecognized. The traces left on their bodies by the war had seriously interfered with their reintegration into the society that they left. They returned disease-ridden to solitude, marriage problems and poor health. Their low level of education held them back from employment opportunities, leaving them to continue a new fight, one of a more personal level. The society, to this day, distinguishes them by six categories: those married, divorced, separated, and single, without children and those that are homeless. Thus it is the entire group of ex-volunteers that are seeking an identity along with certain rights as they have justly "fought for recognition" then participated in the creation of the Liaison Committee of ex-volunteers, which led to the succession of the Association ex-volunteers. This association constituted THE new motor force. It has played the role of a historic witness, forcing the Party and local authority's to value more appropriate social politics. However these politics haven't responded to any particular expectations. « The gift and return gift” are not equal, because this help has been largely insufficient and only reaches out to a restricted number of women, those who had kept their paperwork during the risky years of their engagement and those able to justify their wounds.

Esta dissertação investiga os modos de representação da realidade no romance Homem em queda, do norte-americano Don DeLillo. O método utilizado é a análise interpretativa de trechos chaves do romance que possam representar a arquitetura de toda a narrativa, ao modo de Erich Auerbach. Escritos do teórico Fredric Jameson acerca do inconsciente político e da questão temporal na pós-modernidade se somam a teorias de Karl Marx (alienação) e Guy Debord (sociedade do espetáculo) para auxiliar a leitura sócio-histórica do romance. / This master\'s thesis investigates the representation of reality in the novel Falling Man, by Don DeLillo. The method is the interpretative analysis of key excerpts of the novel which may represent the whole architecture of the narrative, following the steps of Erich Auerbach. Writings by Fredric Jameson about the political unconscious and temporality in postmodernity as the theories of Karl Marx (alienation) and Guy Debord (society of the spectacle) helped us leading a socio-historical reading of the novel.

O presente trabalho visa delimitar quais os fatores os fatores constitutivos da peça El burlador de Sevilla, tanto do ponto de vista histórico -- isto é, os fatores sociais, políticos e religiosos --, quanto do ponto de vista da estrutura literária -- relacionados à forma artística em que os primeiros ganham forma --, e o modo como esses fatores se relacionam na composição do mito que sustenta o enredo da obra. / The present work intents to delimitate what are the containing factors from the play El burldor de Sevilla, by the historic view -- social, politics and religious facts -- as well as the literary structure view -- related to the artistc form in which the previuous ones gain shape --, and the way those factors associate to each other compounding the plot sustaining myth.

Esta dissertação destina-se ao estudo do diálogo travado pelos poetas românticos Álvares de Azevedo (1831 - 1852) e Castro Alves (1847 - 1871) com o mito de Don Juan. Tal abordagem tem por escopo captar de que maneira as transformações sofridas na concepção do mito na passagem da lírica amorosa de Azevedo para a de Castro Alves são reflexo das distintas abordagens do sentimento amoroso por ambos os poetas, que vacilava entre o amor extremamente idealizado e o desejo carnal, relacionado à descrença e ao sarcasmo na obra do primeiro, enquanto que na obra do segundo a presença do referido mito teria uma contribuição decisiva para uma vivência amorosa mais plena. O exame aprofundado da apropriação do mito, fundamentado na visão de mundo instaurada pelo Romantismo, permite rever em novas bases a dita renovação (conceito sempre discutível quando posto à luz dos mitos e preceitos postos em circulação pelos românticos em contexto europeu) atribuída ao tratamento dispensado ao amor e à mulher na lírica de Castro Alves, sem ter de recorrer a filiações anacrônicas, como a de realismo avant la lettre. Tal exame permite também fundamentar a inserção do poeta baiano no sistema literário de então, a partir de uma análise interna dos poemas que abordam o mito em questão, evidenciando diálogos e tensões no confronto com o tratamento dado a esse tema comum à lírica do poeta baiano e à geração anterior, cuja figura de proa é Álvares de Azevedo / This dissertation aims to study the dialogue undertaken by the romantic poets Álvares de Azevedo (1831 - 1852) and Castro Alves (1847 - 1871) with the myth of Don Juan. This approach has the purpose to verify how the transformations undergone in the design of the myth in the passage of Azevedos lyric for that of Castro Alves are result of the different approaches of love for both poets, which vacillated between highly idealized love and carnal desire, related to disbelief and sarcasm in the work of the first, while the presence of the myth in the second would have a decisive contribution to a fuller experience of love. Detailed examination of the appropriation of such a myth, based on the worldview introduced by Romanticism, allows review on a new basis the said renewal (concept always debatable when put in the light of the myths and precepts put into circulation by the romantics in the European context) assigned to treatment dispensed to a woman in the lyric of Castro Alves, without resorting to anachronistic affiliations, such as realism avant la lettre. This detailed examination allows also support the insertion of Castro Alves in the literary system of then, from an internal analysis of the poems that address the myth in question, revealing dialogues and tensions in comparison with the treatment of this common theme in the lyric of Castro Alves and the previous generation, whose figurehead is Álvares de Azevedo

Les maladies du blé causées par Fusarium, comme la brulure de l’épi (FHB) et la pourriture de la tige (FCR), entrainent une réduction de production, de la qualité du blé et des problèmes de sécurité alimentaire liés à la présence de mycotoxines affectant la santé de l’Homme et des animaux: la plus représentée étant le déoxynivalénol (DON). Le DON est un inhibiteur de la synthèse protéique qui agit durant l’infection comme un facteur de virulence. La glycosylation du DON en D3G (DON-3-O-glicoside) catalysée par des UDP-glycosyltransférases (UGTs) est le principal mécanisme de protection des plantes contre sa toxicité. Dans ce travail, nous avons démontré que la détoxification du DON par l’UGT confère une résistance à large spectre contre les champignons produisant DON F.graminearum et F.culmorum. Nous avons produit des plants de blé dur exprimant de manière constitutive le gène HvUGT13248 (Ubi-UGT) et des plants de blé panifiables exprimant ce gène au niveau du tissu floral (Lem-UGT). Les plants Ubi-UGT ont montré une réduction significative des symptômes de FHB durant les stades précoces et médians de l’infection, et de FCR à tous les stades de l’infection. De plus, les plants Lem-UGT ont montré une corrélation entre les niveaux d’expression de l’UGT et de protection observée. Finalement, nous avons démontré que la pyramidation des gènes associés à des mécanismes de résistance différents peut renforcer la résistance de l’hôte à l’infection. Des plants de blé ont été générés exprimant à la fois l’enzyme HvUGT13248, et des inhibiteurs de glycosidases: AcPMEI ou PvPGIP2, impliqués dans la dégradation de la paroi cellulosique, et qui ont montré une résistance accrue à la FHB. / Fusarium diseases, including Fusarium head blight (FHB) and Fusarium crown rot (FCR) represent major agricultural problems worldwide, causing reduction of grain yield and quality and food safety. In particular, grain contamination by Fusarium mycotoxins, mainly deoxynivalenol (DON), is responsible for health problems in humans and animals. DON is a protein synthesis inhibitor, acting as a virulence factor during pathogenesis. The principal mechanism involved in enhancing plant tolerance to DON is glycosylation, forming DON-3-β-D-glucoside (D3G), performed by specific UDP-glucosyltransferases (UGTs). In this work, we demonstrated that DON-detoxification by UGT confers a broad-spectrum resistance against the DON-producing fungi F. graminearum and F. culmorum, characterized by different time of infection and target organs. We produced transgenic durum wheat plants (Ubi-UGT) constitutively expressing the barley HvUGT13248 and bread wheat plants (Lem-UGT) expressing HvUGT13248 in flower tissues. Ubi-UGT plants revealed significant reduction of FHB symptom, during early-mid stages of infection, and of FCR symptom, throughout the infection timing. The floral-specific expression highlighted a dose-dependent efficacy of the UGT detoxification mechanism. In addition, we demonstrated that pyramiding of genes controlling different resistance mechanisms can further reinforce the host response by stacking transgenes controlling the DON-to-D3G conversion and the inhibition of cell wall degrading enzymes by glycosidase inhibitors in the same wheat genotype. We obtained plants expressing HvUGT13248 and AcPMEI or HvUGT13248 and PvPGIP2, which exhibited increased FHB resistance.

La thèse a pour objectif l’étude comparative des avatars de trois figures mythiques – Don Juan, Ulysse et Jason – dans le roman contemporain francophone. La première partie « Art donjuanesque et art romanesque. Le libertinage kundérien » aborde la genèse du paradigme donjuanesque kundérien réactualisant les gestes du burlador baroque ainsi que les métamorphoses et expériences romantiques, modernes et postmodernes du patron mythique évoluant vers une posture distanciée et critique. Dans la deuxième partie « Variations romanesques sur héritage mythique. Avatars et aventures de Don Juan et d’Ulysse » nous nous focalisons sur les stratégies intertextuelles participant de l’élaboration de la typologie libertine contemporaine dans l’œuvre kundérienne et dans trois cas de donjuanisme morbide dépeints par Pierre-Jean Remy, par Denis Tillinac et par Béatrix Beck pour les confronter aux techniques de réinvention de l’aventure odysséenne revisitée par Maurice Audebert et par Eric-Emmanuel Schmitt. La troisième partie « Figures mythiques de voyageurs – Ulysse et Jason. Expériences du retour et de la quête » étudie les procédés de démythologisation utilisés par Milan Kundera, l’enchevêtrement des intertextes homérique et joycien dans le cycle de Cyrtha de Salim Bachi et les transformations du syntagme de base du mythe de Jason dans trois œuvres de Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio. Les résultats de nos analyses sont systématisés en vue de circonscrire les traits dominants des écritures mythologiques et de les situer par rapport aux tendances du roman contemporain francophone. / The purpose of this thesis is the comparative study of the resurgences of three mythical figures – Don Juan, Ulysses and Jason – in the contemporary francophone novel. “Part One : The Art of Don Juanism and the Art of the Novel: Milan Kundera’s libertinage” discusses the genesis of the Kunderian donjuanesque paradigm reviving the gestures of the baroque burlador and the romantic, modern and postmodern metamorphoses and experiences of the mythical pattern moving towards a distanced and critical posture. “Part Two: Novelistic variations on the Mythical heritage: Avatars and Adventures of Don Juan and Ulysses” focuses on the intertextual strategies involved in the development of the contemporary libertine typology in Kundera's oeuvre and in three cases of morbid Don Juanism portrayed by Pierre-Jean Remy, Denis Tillinac and Béatrix Beck in order to compare them to the techniques of reinvention of the Odyssean adventure revisited by Maurice Audebert and Eric-Emmanuel Schmitt. “Part Three: Mythical travellers – Ulysses and Jason. Experiences of the return and the quest” studies the devices of demythologisation used by Milan Kundera, the entanglement of Homeric and Joycean intertexts in the Cycle of Cyrtha by Salim Bachi and the transformations of the basic syntagm of the myth of Jason in three works by Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio. The results of the analyses are systematized in order to identify the main features of the mythological writings and to relate them to the trends in the contemporary francophone novel.