Tensors occur in many areas of science and engineering. Especially, they are used to describe charge, mass and energy transport (i.e. electrical conductivity tensor, diffusion tensor, thermal conduction tensor resp.) If the locale transport pattern is complicated, usual second order tensor representation is not sufficient. So far, there are no appropriate visualization methods for this case. We point out similarities of symmetric higher order tensors and spherical harmonics. A spherical harmonic representation is used to improve tensor glyphs. This paper unites the definition of streamlines and tensor lines and generalizes tensor lines to those applications where second order tensors representations fail. The algorithm is tested on the tractography problem in diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) and improved for this special application.

Through continuing technological advancement, increased media exposure occurs as consumers are able to obtain access more easily. Various media formats, including video, are a means whereby consumers gather information about the world around them, and continually make comparisons between that information and themselves. Among the information obtained from media channels is how bodies are portrayed in the media. Comparisons between media images of body and self-perceptions of body are particularly prevalent in women. The current study employs the use of eye-tracking to examine how women view other women's body types and areas of the body in video-based advertising. The study also employs self-report measures to further understand how individual body region satisfaction, drive for thinness, and media influence relate. Findings indicate that women, regardless of personal satisfaction, tend to look longer at thin women than plus-sized or average women. Furthermore, media pressures and internalization were found to play a strong role in women's drive for thinness and personal satisfaction, while media as a source of information played no such role.

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Stroke är den vanligaste orsaken till förvärvat neurologiskt funktionshinder hos vuxna och den tredje vanligaste dödsorsaken i Sverige. Antal symtom samt svårighetsgrad varierar beroende på skadans områdesbegränsning. Riskutsatt hjärnvävnad kan återhämta sig vid tidig behandling och kan minimera permanenta skador på hjärnan. Initialt genomförs en datortomografi (DT) av hjärnan, för att möjliggöra trombektomi behandling rekommenderas det att förutom DT-angiografi även diagnostik av räddningsbar hjärnvävnad göras med DT-perfusion (DTP).   Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att ur ett radiografiskt perspektiv beskriva DTPs roll vid utredning och behandling av akut ischemisk stroke vid ocklusion av större cerebrala artärer. Metoden är en litteraturstudie med systematisk metod där 108 studier genomgått en urvalsprocess samt en kvalitetsgranskning. Totalt inkluderades 20 studier.   Resultatet visar på att urval för trombektomi baserad på avancerad bildbehandling fördubblar sannolikheten för goda funktionella resultat jämfört med standard DT metod. Urval baserad på standard DT-protokoll kan inkludera patienter som skulle ha uteslutits av DTP på grund av stor variation i DTP-corevolym.  Slutsats: Vår studie visar att DTP tillför ökad diagnostisk säkerhet vid akut ischemisk stroke och kan påverka efterföljande behandling. / Stroke is the most common cause of acquired neurological disability in adults and the third most common cause of death in Sweden. Symptoms and severity vary depends on the area limitation of the injury. Risk-prone brain tissue can recover with early treatment and can minimize permanent damage to the brain. Initially, a CT (Computed Tomography) scan of the brain is performed, but to enable thrombectomy treatment, it is recommended that in addition to CT angiography, diagnostics of salvageable brain tissue be done with CT-perfusion (CTP).   The aim of this literature review based on 20 quality reviewed studies is to elucidate, from a radiographic perspective, the role of CTP of the brain in the diagnosis and treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in occlusion of major cerebral arteries.   The results show that selection for thrombectomy based on advanced image processing doubles the probability of good functional results compared to the standard CT. Selection based on the CT method may include patients who would have been excluded by CTP due to large variation in CTP core volume.  Conclusion: Our study shows that CTP provides increased diagnostic safety in AIS and may affect subsequent treatment.

Historically ceramic crystal laser material has had disadvantages compared to single crystal laser material. However, progress has been made in the last decade and a half to overcome the disadvantages associated with ceramic crystal. Today, because of the promise of ceramic crystal as a high power laser material, investigation into its properties, both physical and optical, is warranted and important. Thermal expansion was measured in this thesis for Nd:YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) ceramic crystal using an interferometric method. The interferometer employed a spatially filtered HeNe at 633 nm wavelength. Thermal expansion coefficients measured for the ceramic crystal samples were near the reported values for single crystal Nd:YAG. With a similar experimental setup as that for the thermal expansion measurements, dn/dT for ceramic crystal Nd:YAG was measured and found to be slightly higher than the reported value for single crystal. Depolarization loss due to thermal gradient induced stresses can limit laser performance. As a result this phenomenon was modeled for ceramic crystal materials and compared to single crystals for slab and rod shaped gain media. This was accomplished using COMSOL Multiphysics, and MATLAB. Results indicate a dependence of the depolarization loss on the grain size where the loss decreases with decreased grain size even to the point where lower loss may be expected in ceramic crystals than in single crystal samples when the grain sizes in the ceramic crystal are sufficiently small. Deformation-induced thermal lensing was modeled for a single crystal slab and its relevance to ceramic crystal is discussed. Data indicates the most notable cause of deformation-induced thermal lensing is a consequence of the deformation of the top and bottom surfaces. Also, the strength of the lensing along the thickness is greater than the width and greater than that due to other causes of lensing along the thickness of the slab. Emission spectra, absorption spectra, and fluorescence lifetime were measured for Nd:YAG ceramic crystal and Yb:Lu2O3 ceramic crystal. No apparent inhomogeneous broadening appears to exist in the Nd:YAG ceramic at low concentrations. Concentration and temperature dependence effects on emission spectra were measured and are presented. Laser action in a thin disk of Yb:Y2O3 ceramic crystal was achieved. Pumping was accomplished with a fiber coupled diode laser stack at 938 nm. A slope efficiency of 34% was achieved with maximum output energy of 28.8 mJ/pulse.

Purpose: This thesis aims to describe how to design and implement an IoT-Based digital twin framework for environmental monitoring in the indoor environment.  To fulfill the purpose of the study, the following research question is answered. How to create a digital twin solution utilizing AWS to establish interaction and convergence between the physical environment in a classroom and the virtual environment?  Method: As a research method, the research has conducted design science research (DSR). DSR is a new method, and it is an effective tool for enhancing engineering education research methods.  Results: The study describes in detail the steps required to create the framework. The framework enabled interaction and convergence between the physical and virtual environments in a particular location.  Implications: The research contributes to broadening the knowledge on using the Internet of things (IoT), digital twin (DT), and Amazon web services (AWS). The study provides future research with reference data and a framework to build upon.  Research Limitation: Due to time constraints, the study's scope and limitations are limited to the technologies that the participating company, Knowit, provides. Knowit AB is a Swedish IT consulting company that supports companies and organizations with services in digital transformation and system development. The study aims to create an AWS-based IoT framework, not improve the digital twin concept. The framework was implemented at Jönköping University. This work is also limited to temperature and light intensity as environmental parameters.

This work investigates the voltage scaling feasibility of several low voltage SiC MOSFET modules operated as a single series-connected switch using active gate control. Both multilevel and two-level topologies are capable of achieving higher blocking voltages in high-power converter applications. Compared to multilevel topologies, two-level switching topologies are of interest due to less complex circuitry, higher density, and simpler control techniques. In this work, to balance the voltage between series-connected MOSFETs, device turn-off speeds are dynamically controlled on active gate-drivers using active gate control. The implementation of the active gate control technique (specifically, turn-off dv/dt control) is described in this thesis. Experimental results of the voltage balancing behavior across eight 1.7 kV rated SiC MOSFET devices in series (6 kV total dc bus voltage) with the selected active dv/dt control scheme are demonstrated. Finally, the voltage balancing performance and switching behavior of series-connected SiC MOSFET devices are discussed. / Master of Science / According to ABB, 40% of the world's power demand is supplied by electrical energy. Specifically, in 2018, the world's electrical demand has grown by 4% since 2010. The growing need for electric energy makes it increasingly essential for systems that can efficiently and reliably convert and control energy levels for various end applications, such as electric motors, electric vehicles, data centers, and renewable energy systems. Power electronics are systems by which electrical energy is converted to different levels of power (voltage and current) depending on the end application. The use of power electronics systems is critical for controlling the flow of electrical energy in all applications of electric energy generation, transmission, and distribution. Advances in power electronics technologies, such as new control techniques and manufacturability of power semiconductor devices, are enabling improvements to the overall performance of electrical energy conversion systems. Power semiconductor devices, which are used as switches or rectifiers in various power electronic converters, are a critical building block of power electronic systems. In order to enable higher output power capability for converter systems, power semiconductor switches are required to sustain higher levels of voltage and current. Wide bandgap semiconductor devices are a particular new category of power semiconductors that have superior material properties compared to traditional devices such as Silicon (Si) Insulated-Gate Bipolar Junction Transistors (IGBTs). In particular, wide bandgap devices such as Silicon Carbide (SiC) Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) have better ruggedness and thermal capabilities. These properties provide wide bandgap semiconductor devices to operate at higher temperatures and switching frequencies, which is beneficial for maximizing the overall efficiency and volume of power electronic converters. This work investigates a method of scaling up voltage in particular for medium-voltage power conversion, which can be applied for a variety of application areas. SiC MOSFET devices are becoming more attractive for utilization in medium-voltage high-power converter systems due to the need to further improve the efficiency and density of these systems. Rather than using individual high voltage rated semiconductor devices, this thesis demonstrates the effectiveness of using several low voltage rated semiconductor devices connected in series in order to operate them as a single switch. Using low voltage devices as a single series-connected switch rather than a using single high voltage switch can lead to achieving a lower total on-state resistance, expectedly maximizing the overall efficiency of converter systems for which the series-connected semiconductor switches would be applied. In particular, this thesis focuses on the implementation of a newer approach of compensating for the natural unbalance in voltage between series-connected devices. An active gate control method is used for monitoring and regulating the switching speed of several devices operated in series in this work. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the feasibility of this method in order to achieve up to 6 kV total dc bus voltage using eight series-connected SiC MOSFET devices.

Ziel der vorliegenden Erkundungsstudie war es, auf Persönlichkeits- und prozessanalytischer Ebene abbruchbegünstigende Faktoren anhand einer aggressiv-auffälligen Schülerstichprobe (N=63) zu identifizieren, die am sozialpädagogischen Training ‚Denkzeit für Schüler‘ teilgenommen und dieses abgebrochen haben (N=23). Ausgangspunkt war die Frage, ob die subjektive Wahrnehmung und Bewertung der Sitzungen durch die Trainer und die Schüler mit einem Abbruch in Zusammenhang gebracht werden können. Weiterhin wurde geprüft, ob bestimmte Persönlichkeitsmerkmale und soziodemografische Variablen der Schüler einen Trainingsabbruch beeinflussen. Um diese Fragestellung zu beantworten, wurden die Sitzungsbewertungen mit einem eigens entwickelten Kurzfragebogen erfasst. Zusätzlich fand bei den Schülern eine umfangreiche Fragebogenbatterie Anwendung. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Abbrecher im Vergleich zu den Beendern signifikant jünger sind. Darüber hinaus zeigten sich keine weiteren systematischen Unterschiede im Bereich der soziodemografischen Variablen und Persönlichkeitseigenschaften. Differenzielle Effekte lassen sich anhand der Sitzungsbewertungen schlussfolgern. Die Bewertungen der Schüler zeigten sowohl zu Trainingsbeginn als auch während des Verlaufes systematische Unterschiede. Die (potenziellen) Abbrecher kommen schon mit einer größeren Skepsis in das Training und bewerten die Sitzungen von Beginn an negativer. Die Abbrecher scheinen über sich und die Sitzungsinhalte weniger intensiv nachzudenken. Dieser Umstand kann von den Trainern nicht wahrgenommen werden. Die Ergebnisse bieten einen ersten Überblick über einen noch unzureichend erforschten Bereich, wobei aufgrund der geringen Stichprobengröße die eingeschränkte Generalisierbarkeit der Ergebnisse berücksichtigt werden muss. / In pedagogical settings aiming to prevent aggressive behavior problems quantitative analysis of dropout has been a widely neglected topic. The goal of this dissertation was to identify factors which lead to the drop out of conductive disordered pupils who were taking part in a social prevention program. In this exploration study, a total of 63 pupils took part in the denkzeit-training of which 23 dropped out. Written reports about each training session - both from the trainer and the pupils - were analyzed with regard to critical factors allowing for the prediction of the success (or failure) of the training. Additionally personality traits and sociodemographic factors were taken into account. In the present sample the dropout rate of younger pupils was significantly higher than the rate of completers. Besides this, there were no significant other predictors in sociodemographic variables and personality traits. The session evaluation of participants showed systematic differences both at the start of the training, and during the course. From the outset of the training the drop-out’s assessment of each training session was less positive (or more negative) than the reports of the completers. At the beginning of the training the educators seemed to respond to all participants with a similar favorable approach. During the course of the denkzeit-training, the educators were able to recognize a less favorable trainingprocess. The dropout-group reflected less intensively on the session’s contents than the completers, a fact that was apparently not recognized by the trainers. The results serve as a first clarification and differentiation of problem areas and provide an overview of an insufficiently researched area. Limitation of the study is the small sample size. Due to the small number of drop outs taken into consideration in the present sample, the limited generalizability of the results has to be taken into account.

Die Anzahl der ADHS-Diagnosen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen sowie die Behandlung dieser heranwachsenden Patienten mit Amphetaminen haben in den letzten Jahren bedeutend zugenommen. Wissenschaftlich belegt ist inzwischen, dass ADHS nicht nur auf die Entwicklung des betroffenen Kindes oder Jugendlichen einen bedeutenden Einfluss hat, sondern die Störung sich auch auf die psychosoziale Situation, insbesondere des familiären Umfeldes, auswirkt. Die Dissertation widmet sich speziell der Geschwisterproblematik bei ADHS-Kindern und stellt die Familiendynamik aus der Geschwisterperspektive in den Mittelpunkt. Ausgehend von theoretischen Überlegungen werden forschungsleitende Fragestellungen entwickelt, die als thematische Bezugspunkte die Ausgangslage für eine empirische Untersuchung mit qualitativen Erhebungs- und Auswertungsmethoden darstellen. Mittels zwanzig teilstandardisierter Leitfadeninterviews werden Charakteristika der familiendynamischen Situation von Geschwistern ADHS-betroffener Kinder und Jugendlicher aus deren Perspektive ermittelt und in verschiedenen relevanten Dimensionen qualitativ analysiert. Dabei erfolgt auch ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit den in der Theorie angeführten Erkenntnissen normaler geschwisterlicher Beziehungen sowie Geschwisterbeziehung bei einem Kind mit Behinderung. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Verarbeitungsmodi und Beziehungserfahrungen der ADHS-Geschwister im familiären sowie außerfamiliären Kontext auf. Zusammengeführt werden die Ergebnisse im Rahmen einer Typenbildung und dabei der Darstellung unterschiedlicher Charakteristika, die sowohl hilfreich für die psychische Entwicklung erscheinen als auch einen eher ungünstigen Einfluss besitzen. Es ergeben sich abschließend verschiedene Anregungen auf die Frage, für welchen Bereich (Beratung, Therapie, Schule) die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse aus dieser Studie Relevanz besitzen und welche Konsequenzen sich daraus für diese Gebiete ableiten lassen. / The number of ADHD diagnoses among children and young people, and the treatment of these adolescent patients with amphetamines, has increased significantly in recent years. There is now scientific evidence proving that ADHD not only significantly affects the development of the affected child or young person, but that the disorder also affects the psycho-social situation, particularly that of the family environment. The dissertation is specifically devoted to the sibling-related problems with children suffering from ADHD and focuses on the family dynamics from the perspective of the siblings. On the basis of theoretical considerations, questions are developed to guide the research and to serve as thematic reference points representing the starting position for an empirical investigation using qualitative survey and analysis methods. Using twenty partially standardised guideline interviews, characteristics of the family dynamics situation of siblings of young ADHD sufferers are investigated from their perspective, and qualitatively analysed in detail in various relevant dimensions. The results are also compared with the theoretical findings relating to normal sibling relationships as well as the sibling relationship in the case of a child with a disability. The results of the investigation demonstrate a large number different processing modes and relationship experiences of the ADHD siblings, in contexts both within and outside the family. The results are compiled in the context of a classification system, illustrating various characteristics which appear helpful for psychological development, as well as those which have a rather unfavourable influence. Finally there are various suggestions relating to the areas for which the findings of this study are of relevance (advice, therapy, education) and what consequences can be deduced for these areas.

Mit dieser Arbeit soll ein Beitrag zur Aus- arbeitung einer Behindertenpädagogik geleistet werden, die sich als Teil einer Allgemeinen Pädagogik versteht. Durch die gesellschaftstheoretische Analyse soll deutlich werden, was Teilhabe an der Gesellschaft bedeutet und im Gegensatz dazu, wie sich Schließungs- prozesse darstellen. Dies ist der Ausgangspunkt das Verhältnis von Gesellschaft und Behinderung näher zu beleuchten. Damit soll ein Verständnis gewonnen werden, warum die heterogene Gruppe der Menschen mit Behinderung unter eine zentrale Definition gefasst wird, auf deren Grundlage Hilfen im Rahmen des Sozialstaats geleistet werden. Dies ist eine der Ursachen, warum diese Personengruppe vielfältigen Aus- und Einschließ- ungsprozessen unterworfen ist. Daran anschließend geht es um das gesellschaft- liche Rationalitätsmodell des Qualitäts- managements, das als aktuelles Modell der Sozial- politik aufgegriffen wurde. Trotz der sozial- politischen Verankerung herrscht noch immer Unsicherheit, was damit im Einzelnen gemeint ist. Hier treten vor allem Interessens- unterschiede hervor. Die Professionellen finden sich hier in einem Spannungsverhältnis wieder, da auf der einen Seite eine effektive Sozialarbeit (Gesetzgeber) und auf der anderen Seite umfassende Teilhabe (Adressaten) eingefordert wird. Mit einer De-Institutionalisierung existiert jedoch eine Perspektive, die beides ermöglichen könnte: Fachlich fundierte Hilfe in einem gesellschaftlich gewünschten Sinne, der jedoch nicht ausschließlich die Kosten fokussiert, sondern vor allem die Rechte der Adressaten in den Vordergrund stellt. Letzeres sichert ethische Werthaltungen der Gesellschaft, die für die Unterstützung von Menschen mit Behinderung notwendig ist. / The purpose of this dissertation is to make a contribution to the elaboration of a General Inclusive Education. In my opinion, the institutions for the disabled can learn from Social Work, which in its theoretical canon constantly deals with the role it fulfills in society. For this reason, the analysis starts with a chapter on relevant social theories which give an overview on the society we live in. Furthermore, the meaning of participation in society on the one hand and closure processes on the other hand is made clear. On the basis of this demonstration, the relation of society and disability is examined. This examination aims to gain an understanding why the heterogeneous group of persons with disabilities is classified under one central definition which serves as a basis for the provision of aids within the welfare state. This situation is one of the reasons why this group of people is subject to manifold exclusion and inclusion processes. Following that, the focus is directed towards the social rationality model of quality management. It has been taken up by social policy, because the costs of social politics have repeatedly been questioned. But despite the socio-political integration, there is still uncertainty about how “quality” is defined. There is a conflict of interests between legislators, who mainly aim at an effective social work, and the addressees, who primarily want an extensive participation. For professionals, this means a state of tension. Concepts from experts ensuring participation processes do exist; however, their realization demands a prospect of change of the structural general conditions. The process of deinstitutionalisation could make both things possible: professional help according to the wishes of society, which gives priority to the rights of the addressees and not to the cost factor. This ensures ethical values in society which are necessary for the support of people with disabilities.