In a world with an increasing flow of written information online and offline, the demand for automatic translation, simplification and summarization technology is growing. The tool StilLett uses several lexical and semantic rules to automatically simplify text, shortening the time from original text to simplified text compared to manual simplification. Four of the simplification types were evaluated in this study, using three different eye tracking measures; total dwell time, number of regressions, and average fixation duration. No statistically significant differences were found for any of the simplification types when compared to the corresponding original sentences, indicating that for this population the difficulty of the sentences was roughly the same.

[pt] Após pressões e táticas de convencimento do poder público, parte da população da Vila Autódromo aceitou a oferta de reassentamento no conjunto habitacional Parque Carioca ou de indenização. A Vila Autódromo consiste em um assentamento regularizado, considerado favela para o Estado, que se localiza ao lado da área destinada ao complexo esportivo do Parque Olímpico. Mesmo com algumas garantias legais, sua remoção vem ocorrendo, mais sobre um campo biopolítico do que jurídico - na investida na vida dos moradores. Torna-se importante refletir a reatualização das remoções e as normalizações do espaço urbano carioca. A favela muitas vezes significou uma heterotopia, um espaço outro, o diferente ou o anormal para o urbanismo. Ao percorrer produções teóricas no campo da sociologia e história urbana se verifica a criação de diferentes respostas ao problema favela , principalmente mediante políticas habitacionais. Não se trata, porém, de entendê-la apenas como habitat, produto da exclusão e segregação do poder. A favela consiste também em uma produção de espaço: um habitar como poeta que compreende a constituição de rede de relações e afetos, da história, da memória, do trabalho e da luta pela liberdade de produzir diferenças. Com o aporte teórico de Michel Foucault e de Henri Lefebvre, se investigará a resistência dos moradores da Vila Autódromo e os procedimentos que a Prefeitura adota para realizar a remoção através da interferência da própria produção urbana dessa comunidade. Pretende-se nesse trabalho elevar à reflexão não apenas os aspectos macroeconômicos ou macropolíticos, mas o campo subterrâneo dos próprios desejos e necessidades que envolvem a política sobre a vida e a resistência na cidade. / [en] After pressures and tactics of persuasion by the government, part of the Vila Autódromo population accepted the resettlement offer in an Housing Project called Parque Carioca , or compensations. Vila Autódromo consists in a regularized settlement, considered favela by the state, which is next to the area for sports complex of the Olympic Park. Even with some legal guarantees, it removal has been taking place, not only in a judicial arena, but, mainly, over a bio-political terrain - which invests in the lives of residents. It is important to develop a reflection about the updating of the favela s removals and the normalization of Rio s urban space. The favela often meant a heterotopia, the other space , different or abnormal for urban planning. Academic research in urban sociology and history have created different responses to slum problem . The favela won t be considered as an habitat, a product only of exclusion and segregation of power. The favela also consists in a production of space: a sort of living as a poet , that involves the formation of network relations and affections, history, memory, work and the struggle for freedom and the production of diference. With the theoretical contribution of Michel Foucault and Henri Lefebvre, it will be investigated the resistance of the residents of Vila Autódromo and the procedure that the City adopts to perform the eviction through the interference of the urban production of this community. This study guides the reflection not only to macroeconomic or macro-political aspects , but to the underground field of personal desires and needs that involve a politics of life and resistance in the city.

This thesis contributes towards understanding of mechanical response of 3D composites and ceramics. Composite materials have widespread applications ranging from aerospace, civil sectors to sports and drones. One important application is in composite armours where composites and ceramic layers are used together. Therefore, it is important to study the mechanical response of these components to develop better armour systems. The first part of this thesis concerns with dynamic penetration response of confined ceramic targets. In the second part, mechanics of a novel 3D composite consisting of orthogonal carbon fibre tows is studied. The dynamic penetration of ceramic target by a long-rod projectile is studied using a mechanism based ceramic constitutive model. This is to capture and explain the essential physics observed during penetration of a ceramic target such as dwell and structural size effect. Dwell is captured using the constitutive model and the related physics is studied along with identification of causes of dwell. Origins of structural size effect in ceramics are identified and their influences are studied. In the second part of the thesis a novel 3D composite consisting of three mutually perpendicular orthogonal tows is studied under compression, indentation and three-point bending. Under compression along low fibre volume fraction direction (Z), the 3D composite forms stable and multiple kinks in the Z tows resulting in 10% ductility. This contrasts with traditional UD or 2D composites which fail catastrophically at 2% strain. The stability in the case of the 3D composite is due to the constraint imposed by the surrounding material. Under indentation, the 3D composite has a near isotropic and ductile response. In contrast, traditional cross-ply composites show highly anisotropic response where indentation results in brittle failure along in-plane direction. Under three-point bending, the response was ductile in Z-direction and brittle in other two directions. Overall, the 3D composite studied in this thesis shows improvement over traditional CFRPs in ductility and energy absorption capability. The 3D composite has been demonstrated to have smooth load-displacement curves reminiscent to indentation of metal in all three directions achieved at densities significantly lower than structural metals that display equivalent ductility. Thus, these 3D composites are strong candidates for applications where loading direction is unknown a-priori, and where high energy absorption is required along with reusability of the material.

[pt] O trabalho busca observar e analisar as ecovilas como uma forma diferenciada de assentamento humano sustentável, de caráter comunitário, de respeito à natureza e a favor da renovação e maior significância das relações sociais, propondo a hipótese de que a mesma compõe um conjunto de ações de alternativas frente ao cenário atual, fragilizado social e ambientalmente. Para tal fim, a ecovila é estudada e também observada empiricamente, com o objetivo de compreender seus preceitos, sua forma de organização e seu funcionamento na prática. E apesar de representar uma realidade vigente, é importante observar esta proposta dentro de uma reunião de outras experiências significativas caracterizadas pela vida em comunidade na história recente – tais como falanstério, familistério, kibutz, comunidades hippies, Cidade Jardim, cohousing e a Cidade Aberta de Amereida. Algumas destas expressões tiveram certa relevância histórica, enquanto outras, como o kibutz, a cohousing e a Cidade Aberta, são expressões ainda vigentes, de menor impacto global, mas ainda assim de interesse para este estudo por conta de suas características. Este resgate é proposto para apresentar tais alternativas e suas contribuições práticas quanto ao estímulo de vida comunitária frente ao padrão dominante de vivência pautado pela sociedade de consumo. A partir do entendimento dos experimentos passados, preceitos teóricos de ecovila e do trabalho de campo, é possível compreender mais adequadamente as proposições da ecovila, assim como constatar que a mesma retrata somente mais uma das demais alternativas já propostas pelo ser humano, se constituindo então como uma das possibilidades de mudança no momento atual de crise ambiental. / [en] The work seeks to observe and analyze ecovillages as a differentiated form of sustainable human settlement, of a community character, of respect for nature and in favor of the renewal and greater significance of social relations, proposing the hypothesis that it composes a set of actions of alternatives to the current scenario, socially and environmentally fragile. To that end, the ecovillage is studied and also observed empirically, in order to understand its precepts, its form of organization and its operation in practice. And although it represents a current reality, it is important to look at this proposal in a meeting of other significant experiences characterized by community life in recent history - such as Phalanstery, Familistere, Kibbutz, hippie communities, Garden-City, cohousing and Ciudad Abierta de Amereida. Some of these expressions had some historical relevance, while others, such as kibbutz, cohousing and Ciudad Abierta, are still valid expressions of less global impact, but still of interest for this study due to its characteristics. This rescue is proposed to present such alternatives and their practical contributions regarding the stimulation of community life against the dominant pattern of living ruled by the consumer society. From the understanding of the past experiments, theoretical precepts of ecovillage and field work, it is possible to better understand the ecovillage s propositions, as well as to verify that it only portrays one of the other alternatives already proposed by the human being, as one of the possibilities of change in the current moment of environmental crisis.

Techniques for adapting metamaterials for the improvement of RF energy harvesting and infrared photodetection are demonstrated using experimental and computer simulation methods. Two methods for RF energy harvesting are experimentally demonstrated and supported by computer simulation. In the first method, a metamaterial perfect absorber (MPA) is made into a rectenna capable of harvesting RF energy and delivering power to a load by soldering Schottky diodes onto connected split ring resonator (SRR) structures composing the planar metasurface of the perfect absorber. The metamaterial rectenna is accompanied by a ground plane placed parallel to it, which forms a Fabry-Perot cavity between the metasurface and the ground plane. The Fabry-Perot cavity stores energy in the form of standing waves which is transferred to the SRR structures of the metasurface as AC currents that are rectified by the diodes to create DC power. This type of design enables highly efficient energy harvesting for low input power, creates a large antenna capture area, and uses elements with small electrical size, such that 100 uW of power (enough to operate simple devices) can be captured at ambient intensities ~ 1 - 2 uW/cm2. Two designs using this method are presented, one that operates for linear polarizations at 0.9 GHz and a smaller polarization-independent design that operates around 1.5 GHz. In the second method, the energy stored in the standing waves of an MPA Fabry-Perot cavity is instead harvested by placing a separate energy harvesting antenna within the cavity. The cavity shapes and enhances the incident electric field, and then the separate energy harvesting antenna is designed to be inserted into the cavity so that its shape and/or radiation pattern matches the electric field lines within the cavity and maximally extracts the stored energy. This method allows for great customization of antenna design parameters, such as operating frequency, polarization dependence, and directionality, by swapping out different metasurface and antenna designs. Using this method, the amount of power harvested by a simple dipole rectenna placed within a cavity is improved by a factor of 18 as compared to what it would harvest by itself at an ambient intensity of 35 nW/cm2. Lastly, the addition of plasmonic structures to DWELL (quantum dot-in-a-well) infrared photodetectors is investigated by computer simulation. DWELL photodetectors have the potential to one day replace standard mercury cadmium telluride detectors by being cheaper alternatives with a higher operating temperature. The inclusion of gold plasmonic structure arrays into DWELL detectors enables excitation of surface plasmon polariton modes that increase the responsivity of the detector to incident infrared radiation. The peak responsivity of a DWELL detector is demonstrated to improve by a factor of 8 for a 1 um thick layer of plasmonic structures and by a factor of 15 for a 2 um thick layer. These works are steps forward in making RF energy harvesting practically useful and for improving infrared photodetector performance.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22653号 / 工博第4737号 / 新制||工||1740(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 山田 忠史, 教授 藤井 聡, 准教授 SCHMOECKER Jan-Dirk / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

[pt] O que gera hospitalidade na arquitetura? Como a arquitetura acolhe o habitante nas fronteiras de transição do espaço? Esses são os principais questionamentos que motivam o trabalho. O objeto de estudo é a hospitalidade na arquitetura. Em meio a cidades contemporâneas frequentemente hostis, a reflexão acerca de uma arquitetura da hospitalidade se faz necessária. A ideia de fronteira, enquanto recorte físico-social, se mostra potencial para esta investigação pois, por meio do tratamento dela, é possível a costura entre diferentes espaços, possibilitando lugares de acolhimento. Assim, o trabalho tem como objetivo principal, portanto, investigar o acolhimento do habitante nas fronteiras do espaço. Alguns conceitos emergem de modo relevante na compreensão das relações estudadas, como os conceitos de lugar, de habitar, de afeto e de fronteira. Metodologicamente, para os estudos de caso, os conceitos antes mencionados são articulados com ferramentas de análise contextual (físico, histórico e social) como croquis de observação, elaboração de digramas, dimensionamento e colagem. Partiu-se de obras emblemáticas, em diferentes contextos e escalas, até espaços do cotidiano carioca, analisados nos estudos de caso (Praça São Salvador e Mureta da Urca). A escolha destes se deve principalmente ao caráter coletivo desses lugares, marcado pela presença de elementos que oferecem hospitalidade àquele que habita, associado a um contexto favorável à realização do acolhimento. Procura-se reconhecer nessas análises os gestos que conferem acolhimento ao lugar por meio da arquitetura. Propõe-se aqui que a hospitalidade em arquitetura se dá por meio de diversas estratégias que operam em diferentes escalas. Desde a escala do corpo, passando pela escala do edifício, até a escala urbana. / [en] What generates hospitality in architecture? How does architecture welcome dweller at the transition boundaries of space? These are the main questions that motivate the work. The object of study is hospitality in architecture, based on the relationship between dweller and place. Amidst contemporary cities that are often hostile, thinking about architecture of hospitality is necessary. The idea of a border, as a spatial cut-out, reveals potential for this investigation because, through its treatment, it is possible the sewing between different spaces, enabling places of welcoming. Thus, the work has as main objective, therefore, to investigate the welcoming of dweller at the borders of space. Some concepts emerge in a relevant way in the understanding of studied relationships, such as the concepts of place, of dwell, of affection and of border. Methodologically, for the case studies, the mentioned concepts are articulated with contextual analysis tools (physical, historical, and social) such as observation sketches, diagrams, dimensioning and collage. The investigation provides, in this way, new possibilities and the necessary subsidies for the analysis of architectural works in search of a hospitality of place. It started from emblematic works, in different contexts and scales, up to everyday spaces in Rio de Janeiro, analyzed in the study cases (Praça São Salvador e Mureta da Urca). The choice of these is mainly due to the collective character of these places, characterized by the presence of elements that offer hospitality to those who dwell it, associated with a favorable context for hosting. It seeks to recognize in these analyzes the gestures that provides welcoming to the place through architecture. It is proposed here that hospitality in architecture occurs through different strategies that operate in different scales. From the body scale, through the building scale, until the urban scale.

[pt] Esta pesquisa tem como finalidade contribuir com a investigação de padrões de apropriação do espaço. Voltado para a dinâmica entre os usuários e o ambiente construído, devido sua importância no processo de ativação urbana e ressignificação de espaços. Nesse trabalho, exponho a discussão sobre a relação entre memória, apropriação e construção de lugar, tendo como estudo de caso os baixios de viadutos, Prefeito Negrão de Lima e Silas de Oliveira, ambos no bairro de Madureira. Frutos da incompatibilidade entre o processo de elaboração dos projetos de mobilidade na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e as dinâmicas locais. Atuam como agente fragmentador do espaço, pois, enquanto apresenta a função de ligar diferentes pontos na cidade, gera ao longo do seu caminho inúmeros espaços residuais que resultam em uma desintegração do tecido urbano. O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar até que ponto esses espaços apropriados, seus elementos físicos e as atividades praticadas contribuem para a consolidação do espaço como representação de um grupo social, na articulação e coesão entre as diferentes áreas do entorno. Serão trabalhadas questões referentes às atividades informais presentes nesses espaços e o entendimento de como se dão tais dinâmicas, de modo a entender o processo de conversão de um espaço em Lugar. A relevância da pesquisa está na análise urbana que compreende o espaço urbano a partir de um componente e escala mais humana e a consequente apropriação dos espaços como estratégia durante o processo de ativação urbana. Além disso, a pesquisa visa elaborar categorias de análise a partir do estudo de caso e empregá-las no Parque Madureira, com intenção de auxiliar no entendimento geral da área, a fim de motivar a subversão de outros espaços na cidade. / [en] This research aims to contribute to the investigation of patterns of space appropriation. Aimed at the dynamics between users and the built environment, due to its importance in the process of urban activation and re-signification of spaces. In this work, I expose the discussion on the relationship between memory, appropriation and construction of place, having as a case study the lows of Prefeito Negrão de Lima and Silas de Oliveira viaducts, both in the neighborhood of Madureira. Fruits of the incompatibility between the process of elaboration of mobility projects in the city of Rio de Janeiro and the local dynamics, acting as a fragmenting agent of the space, because at the same time that it has the function of connecting different points in the city, it generates throughout its I walk through countless residual spaces that result in a disintegration of the urban fabric. The objective of this research is to investigate to what extent these appropriate spaces, their physical elements and the activities carried out contribute to the consolidation of space as a representation of a social group, in the articulation and cohesion between the different areas of the surroundings. Issues related to informal activities present in these spaces and the understanding of how such dynamics take place will also be worked on, in order to understand the process of converting a space into Place. The relevance of the research lies in the urban analysis that understands urban space from a more human component and scale and the consequent appropriation of spaces as a strategy during the process of urban activation. In addition, the research aims to elaborate analysis categories based on the case study and use them in Parque Madureira, with the intention of helping in the general understanding of the area, in order to motivate the subversion of other spaces in the city.

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