Detta är en kvalitativ studie med syftet att undersöka lärares uppfattningar om lässvårigheter i grundskolans tidigare år. Vidare syftar studien även till att undersöka hur lärare stödjer eleverna utifrån deras behov samt vilka tillvägagångssätt de använder sig av för att upptäcka lässvårigheter i tid. För att utföra studien har en kvalitativ intervju genomförts med sju verksamma lärare, varav en av dem är verksam i förskoleklass. Resultatet tyder på att det finns många faktorer som påverkar elevers lässvårigheter. Det kan bero på att elever inte har en fonologisk medvetenhet, saknar god ordavkodning eller saknar inre eller yttre motivation. Fortsättningsvis kan det även bero på att någon form av diagnos, så som dyslexi, påverkar elevens läsförmåga. En viktig faktor som tas upp i studien är att elevers problem med läsning aldrig ser likadana ut.  Alla behov ser olika ut och det är lärarens uppgift att hitta en lösning och kunna stödja elevernas fortsatta väg mot inlärning. Slutligen har ytterligare en viktig faktor framkommit av studien, nämligen att en lärare aldrig skall kunna bli överraskad över att en elev visar sig ha lässvårigheter. Det är snarare något de redan skall ha jobbat med för att upptäcka svårigheterna så tidigt som möjligt i undervisningen. / This is a qualitative study with the purpose of examining teachers’ perceptions of reading difficulties in elementary school. Furthermore, the purpose is to examine how teachers support their students based on their needs, as well as what different approaches they use to detect reading difficulties. To examine this, qualitative interviews have been performed with seven active teachers, one of them being active in elementary school. The result that emerged from the study is that there are many factors that affect students with reading difficulties. It can depend on the students not having a phonological awareness, lack of decent word decoding and/or lack of intrinsic or extrinsic motivations. Additionally, it can depend on a diagnosis, such as dyslexia, being involved. An important factor that is brought up in the study is that problems with students’ reading never look the same. Everyone’s needs are different, and it is the teachers’ duty to find a solution and support the students in their continued process of learning. Finally, another factor that has emerged through this study is the fact that a student’s reading difficulties should never come as a surprise as it ought to be the teachers aim to discover reading difficulties as early as possible.

The purpose of this degree project is to study the preschool's work on dyslexia in two different municipalities. To study this area, a case study is used where I look at two different policy documents from the two municipalities I have chosen. By examining the policy documents, I can visualize what similarities and differences exist between the municipalities when it comes to dealing with dyslexia in preschool. The study also uses semistructured interviews where special educators and preschool teachers can respond to dyslexia interview questions to find out what knowledge and experience they have about dyslexia in preschool. The study included four informants, two special educators and two preschool teachers from two different municipalities. They are all active in municipal preschools in each local municipality. In view of the semistructured interviews and case study, I will look at how social interaction affects children's linguistic and cognitive development based on the socio-cognitive theory and how it can benefit children with tendencies of dyslexia in preschool. The study reveals that there is a poor knowledge of dyslexia, which means that there is no active work around it in the preschool world. Instead, special educators and preschool teachers in the two municipalities focus on language, which is an unconscious way of preventing difficulties for children with tendencies to dyslexia. That they offer children songs, rhyme and frames, books, but also that the children can train language sounds and grammar that can stimulate children's upcoming reading and writing development. It also appears in the study that trends in dyslexia may be detected by a failing work memory for a long time. An important conclusion is that conscious adults are one of the children's most important tools when it comes to their development. Preschool teachers and special educators must understand that regardless of whether there are children with dyslexia or not in preschool, they can always work in a preventive manner. Do more exercises where the children can train for example language sounds and grammatics, to benefit children's learning and development for future schooling. Have the children been given the opportunity to train and strengthen their language during their time at preschool, primary school does not have to be a big challenge for them when they start there.

This diploma thesis deals with the topic of specific learning disability. In the theoretical part I define the term specific learning disability and I mention the related terms. I deal with the history, types and causes of specific learning disability, further I describe the possibilities of diagnostics and re-education concerning specific learning disability. I also attend to the situation of a pupil in the family and school background. The main attention is especially paid to teaching foreign languages to pupils with specific learning disability. The practical part is based on a questionnaire which was filled in by teachers of basic and high schools. The goal is to find out what kind of experience the teachers have with pupils with specific learning disability and what their approach to them is. The questionnaire survey is worked up and analysed in the practical part.

Target od the thesis is to explore the area of social consequences of specific learning disabilities. Specific learning disabilities have undoubtedly impact on academic performance and overall results in the context of school education. Their influence is much wider and we can say that it provides individuals with a specific learning disabilities a negative personal and social consequences. I established the following two hypotheses: I suppose that a group of children with specific learning disabilities will be marked selfconcept lower compared to the control group. I suppose that a group of children with specific learning disabilities will be marked by impaired sociometric position in the classroom compared to the control group. In the theoretical part of the thesis is contained explanations of basic concepts related to learning disabilities. Individual chapters are devoted to specific disorders in general and specifically dyslexia, its causes, incidence, manifestations, and reeducation. The other specific learning disabilities are mentioned in addition to dyslexia. In the second half of the theoretical section, I focus on pupil with dyslexia and his subjective complaints, parents and teachers of pupil with dyslexia, and the consequences of school failure and dyslexia on the individual's life. Practical part of the thesis processes with the research conducted among 24 elementary school students. Research using a variety of test methods for evaluating the impacts and consequences of specific learning disabilities on student self-concept and sociometric position in the classroom. Above 24 pupils were divided into two groups - experimental and control groups, which are compared among themselves.

The issues of specific learning disabilities and their influence on children?s personality and his position in society has not been much explored yet. The aim of this diploma thesis is to identify the influence of learning disabilities on children?s self-concept, find out how the child is influenced by learning disabilities and how he is able to cope with this problem himself. The theoretical part of this work focuses on the issue and the basic concepts. The practical part presents the results of my own research in elementary schools. The results have been obtained by application of different testing methods, like tests and questionnaires. Information from school, family and personal surroundings of the children have also been used. My own experience with teaching children with learning disabilities during my teaching practice is mentioned too.

This thesis focuses on specific learning disorders of primary school pupils and reeducational care that takes place in the school under the guidance of trained teachers. It deals with the oraganization and content of reeducational group in Vodňanská Elementary School in Prachatice. It captures the extent to which improved underdeveloped cognitive and motor areas of the pupils who attend the group. It finds out the efficiency of the group reeducation.

This thesis explores the possibilities of dyslexia prediction at primary children. It is divided into two parts a theoretical one and a practical one. The introduction of the theoretical part is focused on the children reading skills development. However, the possibilities of reading failure prediction and diagnosis of dyslexia are the key content of this part. In this respect I focus on the preschoolers and children at the beginning of the school attendance. I mention a few predictive batteries. The theoretical part is concluded with the current information about dyslexia prevalence in the Czech Republic and abroad. The practical part is based on the theoretical part. It contains the results of the research investigation. I got these results during the testing of morphological and phonological abilities as well as reading tests. The research was performed in the second class of primary school. The main objective of the thesis was to find out what is the relationship between performance in reading and morphological and phonological abilities.The test method of the quantitative investigation was used in this research.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-10-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:11:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 andrade_ovca_me_mar.pdf: 1246872 bytes, checksum: 9e939f60a328df57b62f8791a8645295 (MD5) / A dislexia do desenvolvimento não é ambiental, mas sim uma desordem neurológica de origem genética que afeta em países desenvolvidos 8-10% das crianças que, à despeito de uma inteligência normal e oportunidades adequadas, apresentam uma inesperada dificuldade de aquisição da leitura-escrita. Prejuízos no processamento fonológico, incluindo a consciência fonológica (refletir sobre os sons das palavras tais como rimas, aliterações e fonemas), a memória verbal de curto-prazo e a nomeação rápida, dificultam as conversões letra-som e representam os principais fatores de risco para a dislexia. No Brasil grande parte dos alunos encaminhados a atendimento especializado não apresenta realmente qualquer distúrbio, fato que sobrecarrega o sistema público alcunhado de “síndrome do encaminhamento”. Este problema é causado principalmente porque o sistema educacional brasileiro e as concepções pedagógicas predominantes não enfatizam (até mesmo inibem) as relações grafo-fonológicas na alfabetização, nem a formação qualificada dos educadores sobre os diferentes transtornos de aprendizagem e suas manifestações. A conjunção desses dois fatores culmina numa quase ausência de critérios bem definidos e instrumentos pedagógicos de rastreamento dos fatores de risco para as dificuldades de leitura que orientem a adoção adequada dos encaminhamentos. Portanto, a presente pesquisa possui dois estudos. O Estudo 1 voltado para uma ampla revisão da literatura sobre a relação entre linguagem oral e escrita, os processos envolvidos na leitura-escrita e suas implicações para a alfabetização e para os transtornos de aprendizagem, objetivando proporcionar aos educadores uma visão científica e crítica da área e do debate em torno da escolha dos métodos de ensino da leitura-escrita. Concluímos que as evidências da psicolinguística experimental... / Dyslexia is not environmental, it is a neurodevelopmental condition with a genetic origin affecting 8-10% of children in developed countries who, despite normal intelligence and adequate opportunities have unexpected and severe difficulties in literacy acquisition. Dyslexia is causally associated with disruptions on phonological processing, namely, phonological awareness (the ability to consciously think upon structural features of spoken language such as onset-rime and phonemes), verbal working memory and rapid automatic naming, resulting in severe difficulties in establisghing letter-sound relations. In Brazil, many children are mistakenly labeled as having learning disabilities and improperly referred each year to specialized public services without actually presenting any problem, thus overloading the public system and making too many children left behind. This highly undesirable picture reflects the educator´s lack of a good theoretical and empirical knowledge on the different types and manifestations of learning disabilities (hence, their difficulties to differentiate between reading difficulties caused by environmental factors and dyslexia) as well as the almost absence of collective screening instruments that improve recognition of risk factors for reading difficulties early on literacy acquisition. All these problems rest in part on the fact that Brazilian educational system does not prioritize literacy methods that emphasize letter-to-sound correspondences neither the high-quality training for teachers and educators with respect to learning disabilities. Therefore, the present research addresses these two basic problems by being divided into two different but related studies. The first study constitutes a detailed review of the literature on the cognitive processes involved in reading and their implications for literacy acquisition, aiming to provide educators with a scientific... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: A dislexia do desenvolvimento não é ambiental, mas sim uma desordem neurológica de origem genética que afeta em países desenvolvidos 8-10% das crianças que, à despeito de uma inteligência normal e oportunidades adequadas, apresentam uma inesperada dificuldade de aquisição da leitura-escrita. Prejuízos no processamento fonológico, incluindo a consciência fonológica (refletir sobre os sons das palavras tais como rimas, aliterações e fonemas), a memória verbal de curto-prazo e a nomeação rápida, dificultam as conversões letra-som e representam os principais fatores de risco para a dislexia. No Brasil grande parte dos alunos encaminhados a atendimento especializado não apresenta realmente qualquer distúrbio, fato que sobrecarrega o sistema público alcunhado de "síndrome do encaminhamento". Este problema é causado principalmente porque o sistema educacional brasileiro e as concepções pedagógicas predominantes não enfatizam (até mesmo inibem) as relações grafo-fonológicas na alfabetização, nem a formação qualificada dos educadores sobre os diferentes transtornos de aprendizagem e suas manifestações. A conjunção desses dois fatores culmina numa quase ausência de critérios bem definidos e instrumentos pedagógicos de rastreamento dos fatores de risco para as dificuldades de leitura que orientem a adoção adequada dos encaminhamentos. Portanto, a presente pesquisa possui dois estudos. O Estudo 1 voltado para uma ampla revisão da literatura sobre a relação entre linguagem oral e escrita, os processos envolvidos na leitura-escrita e suas implicações para a alfabetização e para os transtornos de aprendizagem, objetivando proporcionar aos educadores uma visão científica e crítica da área e do debate em torno da escolha dos métodos de ensino da leitura-escrita. Concluímos que as evidências da psicolinguística experimental... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Dyslexia is not environmental, it is a neurodevelopmental condition with a genetic origin affecting 8-10% of children in developed countries who, despite normal intelligence and adequate opportunities have unexpected and severe difficulties in literacy acquisition. Dyslexia is causally associated with disruptions on phonological processing, namely, phonological awareness (the ability to consciously think upon structural features of spoken language such as onset-rime and phonemes), verbal working memory and rapid automatic naming, resulting in severe difficulties in establisghing letter-sound relations. In Brazil, many children are mistakenly labeled as having learning disabilities and improperly referred each year to specialized public services without actually presenting any problem, thus overloading the public system and making too many children left behind. This highly undesirable picture reflects the educator's lack of a good theoretical and empirical knowledge on the different types and manifestations of learning disabilities (hence, their difficulties to differentiate between reading difficulties caused by environmental factors and dyslexia) as well as the almost absence of collective screening instruments that improve recognition of risk factors for reading difficulties early on literacy acquisition. All these problems rest in part on the fact that Brazilian educational system does not prioritize literacy methods that emphasize letter-to-sound correspondences neither the high-quality training for teachers and educators with respect to learning disabilities. Therefore, the present research addresses these two basic problems by being divided into two different but related studies. The first study constitutes a detailed review of the literature on the cognitive processes involved in reading and their implications for literacy acquisition, aiming to provide educators with a scientific... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Simone Aparecida Capellini / Coorientador: Paulo Sérgio Teixeira do Prado / Banca: Clara Regina Brandão de Àvila / Banca: Tânia Moron Saes Braga / Mestre

Submitted by Alison Vanceto (alison-vanceto@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-07T12:21:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TesePO.pdf: 3681053 bytes, checksum: 87782bcf074f6f4f2f7419ae94e017b9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-03-21T11:39:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TesePO.pdf: 3681053 bytes, checksum: 87782bcf074f6f4f2f7419ae94e017b9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-03-21T11:40:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TesePO.pdf: 3681053 bytes, checksum: 87782bcf074f6f4f2f7419ae94e017b9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-21T11:50:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TesePO.pdf: 3681053 bytes, checksum: 87782bcf074f6f4f2f7419ae94e017b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-08 / Não recebi financiamento / The Dyslexia field of study is marked by tensions and controversies about the possible causes of the difficulties of learning the written language made by children during literacy. The dominant thinking has understood dyslexia as a product of neurobiological disorders that affect the processing responsible for reading and writing. In contrast, critical researchers to this hegemony have stated that the acquisition of writing should be understood as a cultural process in which children exercise their subjectivity. Thus, errors made in writing should be understood as an exercise of this subjectivity and experience with this object of culture. Considering these aspects, this study aimed to analyze academic theses and dissertations developed during the period 2002-2014, in order to understand how the concept of dyslexia has been developed and what their implications for education . The assumed methodology was a literature review. Theses and dissertations analyzed were raised in the pages of CAPES and BDTD. The survey pointed to 72 research. To better meet the proposed goal, this research was divided into two studies. In Study 1, which were analyzed all the research raised under the chronological distribution categories, region of the country, administrative category, Community College, Graduate Programs, Search Types, Research Subjects, theoretical approaches and dyslexia conceptions and findings and conclusions of the studies analyzed. The considerations of this study show that the hegemony of scientific thought which defines dyslexia as a neurobiological disorder may be hindering the development of new insights into the phenomenon and also crystallizing the concept of disabling condition, which follows the opposite of proposals for inclusive education. In Study 2, only we analyzed the research developed in the field of study of education in the following categories: type of study and research methodology, dyslexia conceptions of learning, on the acquisition and development of reading, teaching, education, and what are their contributions to school practices. The considerations of this study show the same dominance of present scientific thinking on the analysis by the Study 1, added to an excessive concern with the diagnosis and considerable uncertainty about the way they are the written language learning processes. The Final remarks raised concern over the proposed school model and the way may be implying about individuals. / O campo de estudos da dislexia é marcado por tensões e controvérsias sobre as possíveis causas das dificuldades de aprendizagem da linguagem escrita apresentadas pelas crianças durante a alfabetização. O pensamento hegemônico tem compreendido a dislexia como um produto de distúrbios neurobiológicos que afetam os processamentos responsáveis pela leitura e pela escrita. Em contrapartida, pesquisadores críticos à esta hegemonia têm afirmado que a aquisição da escrita deve ser compreendida como um processo cultural no qual as crianças exercem sua subjetividade. Desta forma, os erros cometidos na escrita devem ser compreendidos como exercício desta subjetividade e de experiências com o este objeto de cultura. Diante destes aspectos, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar a produção acadêmica de teses e dissertações desenvolvidas durante o período de 2002 a 2014, com a finalidade de compreender a maneira como a concepção de dislexia vem sendo desenvolvida e quais as suas implicações para a educação escolar. A metodologia assumida foi a análise bibliográfica. As teses e dissertações analisadas foram levantadas nas páginas da CAPES e da BDTD. O levantamento apontou para 72 pesquisas. Para melhor atender ao objetivo proposto, esta pesquisa foi dividida em 2 estudos. No Estudo 1, no qual foram analisadas todas as pesquisas levantadas sob as categorias distribuição cronológica, região do país, categoria administrativa, Instituto de Ensino Superior, Programas de Pós-Graduação, Tipos de Pesquisa, Sujeitos de Pesquisa, abordagens teóricas e concepções de dislexia, e resultados e conclusões das pesquisas analisadas. As considerações deste estudo apontaram que a hegemonia do pensamento científico que define a dislexia como um distúrbio neurobiológico pode estar impedindo o desenvolvimento de novas percepções sobre o fenômeno e também cristalizando a concepção de condição incapacitante, o que segue à contramão das propostas de educação inclusiva. No Estudo 2, foram analisadas apenas as pesquisas desenvolvidas no campo de estudos da educação sob as seguintes categorias: tipo de estudo e metodologia de pesquisa, concepções de dislexia, de aprendizagem, sobre aquisição e desenvolvimento da leitura, de ensino, de educação escolar, e quais as suas contribuições para as práticas escolares. As considerações deste estudo apontaram a mesma hegemonia de pensamento científico presente na análise desenvolvida pelo Estudo 1, somada à uma excessiva preocupação com o diagnóstico e uma considerável incerteza sobre a maneira como se constituem os processos de aprendizagem da linguagem escrita. As Considerações Finais apresentam a preocupação com o modelo escolar proposto e a maneira como pode estar implicando sobre os indivíduos.