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The purpose of this study was to understand the attitudes, perceptions and experiences of college women in modern India with regard to intimate partner violence, specifically dating violence. Surveys were collected from 489 undergraduate female participants. Only 99 participants (20%) were or had been in a dating relationship. The participants in this study self reported both perpetrating and receiving violence in these relationships. A significant positive relationship was found between dating violence perpetration and victimization and four risk factors: witnessing and experiencing abuse in one's family of origin, attitudes justifying wife beating, and problem behaviors associated with alcohol use. A significant negative relationship was found between anger management skills and the perpetration and victimization of violence in dating relationships. Finally, even though the rate of dating and alcohol use is low in India, the problem behaviors associated with these phenomena are very similar to those identified in the United States. Although much is known about domestic violence and wife assault in the Indian context, there is almost no information or effort in the direction of prevention and education in the realm of dating violence. While India is advancing technologically, creating new opportunities for its youth, there is no simultaneous effort being made to protect its youth from risks of urbanization and cultural shifts. The young adults of India today are joining the global economy. However, there is no system put in place to educate and nurture their social and cultural evolution. Findings from this study suggest that as the youth open themselves up to the culture of dating and premarital courtship, there needs to be a parallel effort made to educate and train them about healthy relationships. / Master of Science

Sebbene lo sviluppo di relazioni sentimentali sia un esperienza normativa dell’adolescenza, diversi fattori di rischio connessi ad essa possono sfociare in problemi per l’adattamento e la salute dell’adolescente. L’esperienza sentimentale in adolescenza non può essere considerata come un percorso lineare, ma dovrebbe essere studiata come un percorso dove diversi di fattori interagiscono l’un l’altro, comportando esiti diversi in base a variabili individuali e contestuali. Inoltre, lo sviluppo di relazioni sentimentali è un processo “in divenire”, pertanto possono emergere e coesistere aspetti di incoerenza. La tesi parte da queste riflessioni, considerando aspetti normativi e atipici dell’esperienza sentimentale in adolescenza. Il lavoro è diviso in due studi principali. Il primo tratta di due esperienze non normative: l’Adolescent Dating Violence (capitolo I) e il Sexting (capitolo II), con l’obiettivo di identificarne i fattori associati. Il secondo studio si focalizza sul costrutto di Competenza Romantica. Il modello skill-based di Competenza Romantica può fornire una cornice teorica utile per la concettualizzazione e la valutazione dell’esperienza romantica considerandone la complessità. Inoltre, una misura specifica di tale costrutto viene descritta e valutata (capitoli III e IV). Infine l’associazione tra Competenza Romantica, Adolescent Dating Violence e Sexting viene indagata preliminarmente (capitolo V). / Despite the development of romantic relationships is a normative experience of adolescence, several risk factors connected to the this experience may lead to problems for adolescents’ adjustment and health. The adolescent romantic experience cannot be considered as a linear way, rather it should be studied as a path where an interplay of factors leads to several different outcomes basing on personal and contextual characteristics. Also, the development of the romantic experience is an “in-progress path”, thus inconsistencies may emerge and coexist. The dissertation starts from this reflection, considering both normative and non-normative aspects of the adolescent romantic experience. The work is divided in two main studies. The first one, is focused on two non-normative experiences: Adolescent Dating Violence (chapter I) and Sexting (chapter II). The main aim is to identify factors that can be associated to those phenomena. The second study deals with the construct of Romantic competence and a specific measure to assess it is evaluated. The skill-based model of Romantic competence is a theoretical framework useful to both conceptualize and evaluate the romantic experience considering its complexity (chapter III and IV). Finally the association between Romantic competence, Adolescent Dating Violence and Sexting is preliminarily explored (chapter V).

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The purpose of the study was to examine the perception of female and male high school students regarding perpetrators and victims of teen dating violence. The purpose was furthermore to examine how the interviewees biological sex effects their description of the perpetrator and victim. The empirical material has been gathered through three groupintervies with a total of twelve interviewees. The main result shows that both girls and boys had easier to see boys as perpetrators and that high school students condemn teen dating violence. The high school students discussed the victims responsibility to handle the situation and that they diminishes the actions of the female perpetrator. The high school students also expressed that the victim may suffer negative consequences if he or she decides to leave the abusive relationship. / Studiens syfte var att undersöka kvinnliga och manliga högstadieungdomars föreställningar om gärningsperson och offer gällande ungas våld i nära relation. Syftet var dessutom att undersöka hur respondentens kön påverkar beskrivningen av gärningsperson och offer. Insamling av empiri har skett genom tre fokusgruppsintervjuer med totalt tolv respondenter. Huvudresultatet visar att både tjejer och killar hade lättare att se killar som förövare och att högstadieungdomarna fördömde våld i nära relation. Högstadieungdomarna beskrev också att offer har ett ansvar för att hantera situationen och att dom förminskar den kvinnliga gärningspersonens agerande. Högstadieungdomarna uttryckte också att den våldsutsatta kan drabbas av negativa konsekvenser vid separation.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is recognized as a serious, growing problem on college campuses. IPV rates among college students exceed estimates reported for the general population. Few studies have examined the impact of IPV among the Hispanic college student (HCS) population or explored how HCSs perceive and experience IPV. Focusing on young adults (ages 18 to 25 years), this mixed methods study was designed to explore the perceptions and experiences of IPV focusing on levels of victimization and perpetration in relation to gender role attitudes and beliefs, exposure to parental IPV, acculturation, and religiosity. A sample of 120 HCSs was recruited from two south Florida universities. A subsample of 20 participants was randomly selected to provide qualitative responses. All participants completed a series of questionnaires including a demographic survey, the FPB, CTS2-CA, SASH, ERS and CTS2. Bivariate correlational techniques and multiple regressions were used to analyze data. Marked discrepancy between participants’ perceived experience of IPV (N = 120) and their CTS2 responses (n = 116, 96.7%). Only 5% of the participants saw themselves as victims or perpetrators of IPV, yet 66% were victims or 67% were perpetrators of verbal aggression; and 31% were victims or 32.5% were perpetrators of sexual coercion based on their CTS2 scores. Qualitative responses elicited from the subsample of 20 students provided some insight regarding this disparity. There was rejection of traditional stratified gender roles. Few participants indicated that they were religious (20.8%, n = 25). Evidence for the theory of intergenerational transmission of violence was noted. Recall of parental IPV was a significant predictor of level of IPV victimization (β = 0.177, SE = 0.85, p = 0.041). Nursing and social service providers must be cognizant that contributing factors to either victimization and/or perpetration of IPV among college students must be addressed first (i.e., perceptions of IPV), both in acute (i.e., emergency department) and community (i.e., college and university) settings for optimum intervention outcome.

The fiction book series After for young adult has had a big impact and spread among young people, this was also made possible based on the book series being filmed. The book's descriptions have been debated based on the book's content, the discussion has been based on whether the book portrays a young relationship as a destructive or a fantastic love story. The purpose of this study is to examine the fiction book series After with a focus on domestic violence. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, a qualitative thematic analysis has been applied, to examine the content of the book series and investigate the existence of domestic violence. To interpret and understand the study material, the normalization process has been used. The results show that various forms of violence are described in the books, psychological violence is most common but also other forms such as material, economic, physical and sexual violence occur. Response from the social network and the victim is made visible in the results. The results also indicated that violence and control can be made possible by digital platforms, and it is a prominent form in young relationships. The study highlights the importance of having a discussion with young people about the depictions of violence presented in the media and fiction books. / Den skönlitterära bokserien After har haft stort genomslag och spridning hos unga, detta möjliggjordes även utifrån att bokserien filmatiserades. Bokens skildringar har varit omdiskuterade utifrån bokens innehåll, diskussionen har grundats i om boken porträtterar en ung relation som destruktiv eller en fantastisk kärlekshistoria. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka den skönlitterära bokserien After med fokus på våld i nära relationer. För att uppnå studiens syfte har en kvalitativ tematisk analys tillämpats, för att granska bokseriens innehåll och undersöka förekomsten av våld. För att tolka och förstå studiens material har normaliseringsprocessen använts. Resultatet visar att olika former av våld skildras i böckerna, psykiskt våld är mest förekommande men även andra former som materiellt, ekonomiskt, fysiskt och sexuellt våld förekommer. Respons från det sociala nätverket och från den utsatte synliggörs i resultatet. Resultatet indikerade även att våld och kontroll kan möjliggöras och effektiviseras av digitala plattformar, då det är en framträdande form av våld i unga nära relationer. Studienlyfter vikten av att föra en diskussion med ungdomar kring de våldsskildringar som presenteras i media och skönlitterära böcker.

La violence dans les relations intimes à l’adolescence est un problème social important. La présente étude vise à bonifier les connaissances quant aux facteurs associés aux comportements de violence dans les relations intimes (VRI) à l’adolescence afin d’alimenter les pistes en matière de prévention. Plus précisément, il s’agit de vérifier si les problèmes de comportement à l’enfance peuvent être considérés comme un facteur de risque précoce à la perpétration de VRI à l’adolescence, puis de vérifier si l’engagement scolaire et la légitimité perçue de l’autorité à la mi-adolescence peuvent être considérés comme des facteurs compensatoires ou de protection en lien avec la perpétration de ces violences. Pour ce faire, les données utilisées proviennent de l’Étude longitudinale et expérimentale de Montréal (ÉLEM) ayant débuté dans les années 80. Initialement, l’échantillon était composé de 1037 garçons francophones blancs ayant été à la maternelle dans une école située dans un quartier défavorisé de Montréal. Parmi ces participants, 774 ont révélé déjà avoir été dans une relation amoureuse à 16 ou 17 ans. Les comportements des enfants entre 10 et 12 ans ont été évalués par les enseignants, dont les problèmes de comportement. Puis, la légitimité perçue de l’autorité ainsi que l’engagement scolaire ont été évalués de façon autorapportée à la mi-adolescence. La perpétration de violence psychologique, physique et sexuelle dans le cadre de relations intimes par les participants a aussi été évaluée de façon autorapportée, mais à la fin de l’adolescence. Les résultats découlant d’analyses de régression mettent en lumière le fait que les garçons présentant des problèmes de comportement pendant l’enfance sont à risque de s’engager dans des comportements de VRI physique à l’adolescence. Par ailleurs, les résultats indiquent que les garçons présentant un engagement scolaire élevé à la mi-adolescence sont moins à risque de s’engager dans des comportements de violence psychologique et sexuelle alors que ceux présentant un haut niveau de légitimité perçue de l’autorité à la mi-adolescence sont moins à risque de s’engager dans des comportements de toutes formes de VRI à l’adolescence. Ainsi, il semble que les problèmes de comportement à l’enfance soient un facteur de risque précoce à la VRI physique à l’adolescence, alors que l’engagement scolaire et la légitimité perçue de l’autorité sont des facteurs compensatoires en lien avec la perpétration de VRI à l’adolescence. Ces résultats pourront notamment servir au développement d’interventions préventives. / Teen dating violence (TDV) is a significant social issue. This study aims to enhance our understanding of factors associated with violent behavior in adolescent romantic relationships to inform prevention strategies. Specifically, the study seeks to determine whether childhood behavior problems can be considered an early risk factor for perpetrating TDV, and further investigates if school engagement and perceived authority legitimacy in mid-adolescence can act as compensatory or protective factors related to the perpetration of such violence. The data used in this study are from the Montreal Longitudinal and Experimental Study (MLES) initiated in the 1980s. The sample was initially consisted of 1,037 Caucasian French-speaking boys who attended kindergarten in a disadvantaged neighborhood in Montreal. Among these participants, 774 reported being in a romantic relationship at the age of 16 or 17. Children's behaviors between the ages of 10 and 12 were assessed by teachers, including behavior problems. Perceived authority legitimacy and school engagement were self-reported in mid-adolescence. Perpetration of psychological, physical, and sexual violence within romantic relationships by the participants was also self-reported, but at the end of adolescence. Results from regression analyses reveal that boys exhibiting behaviors related to conduct and oppositional disorders during childhood are at risk of engaging in physical TDV. Furthermore, results highlight that boys with high school engagement during mid-adolescence are less likely to engage in psychological and sexual violence, while those with a high level of perceived authority legitimacy during mid-adolescence are less likely to engage in any form of TDV. Thus, childhood behavior problems appear to be an early risk factor for physical TDV, while school engagement and perceived authority legitimacy act as compensatory factors related to the perpetration of TDV. These findings can be valuable for the development of preventive interventions.

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In recent years dating violence has become more and more prevalent on college campuses. Reports of the range of dating violence vary widely, with studies reporting from 20% to 85% of college women experiencing dating violence. However, almost all research has been conducted among urban and/or large colleges and universities, with virtually no attention to what is happening on small and/or rural college and university campuses. When a possible 20% of college women have experienced dating violence on college campuses, there becomes a crucial need for administration at a college to have an accurate assessment of the college’s liability, and of the adequacy of the college’s programs and policies relative to dating violence. This study sought to determine whether administrators and female students on small rural college campuses have the same perceptions of the type and incidence of dating violence on their campus, and of the programs and policies the college has put into place to prevent and respond to dating violence. Two domains of perceptions were addressed, dating violence beliefs and experience, and dating violence policy knowledge. The same question was examined to determine if perceptions of resident and commuter students were the same, and if perceptions of under and upper class students were the same. The investigator surveyed 52 college administrators and 306 female students at a total of four small rural college campuses to determine whether administrator and female student perceptions of dating violence incidence/type and dating violence program/policy knowledge at the college were similar. Results were that administrators tended to have similar perceptions to students as regards dating violence beliefs and experience, although not specific types of dating violence. Students did not exhibit a strong knowledge of dating violence policy. Resident and commuter students displayed similar perceptions to each other, as did under class and upper class students.