Le présuppositionalisme, méthode apologétique de Cornelius Van Til, propose une démarche théologique particulièrement consciente de sa présupposition: l'existence de Dieu tel qu'il s'est révélé dans la Bible. L'homme, de par sa création à l'image de Dieu, possède une certaine connaissance de Dieu, connaissance que, depuis la chute, il s'acharne à vouloir supprimer. Pour se conformer à sa vraie nature, l'homme se doit de retrouver son statut d'image ou d'analogue de Dieu. Par le fait même, il est appelé à redécouvrir que toute sa connaissance est analogique, c'est-à-dire une réinterprétation "de ce que Dieu a déjà interprété dans sa Parole, la Bible."

Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to illuminate experiences of relatives of persons with severe mental illness, and their need for support from formal care. Furthermore, to illuminate nursing support of relatives of persons with severe mental illness. Methods: A mixed methods design was used. In study I, data was collected with a questionnaire responded by 226 relatives and analysed with statistics. In study II, data was gathered with interviews with a strategic sample of 18 relatives, analysed with phenomenography. Study III gathered data from 216 relatives using open-ended questions in the questionnaire (I), analysed with qualitative content analysis. In study IV, data was collected by means of focus-group interviews with 4 groups of nurses, working in mental healthcare and analysed with phenomenography. Main findings: The relatives experienced that their lives were intertwined with the life of their severely mentally ill next of kin. The relatives experienced burden and a poor health, and there were associations between burden and health (I). The relatives had to balance between multiple concerns and make choices on behalf of others and themselves, constantly struggling between opposing feelings and between reflections (II). Relatives’ encounters with mental health personnel were mainly negative, although some had positive experiences. They strived for involvement in mental healthcare for the sake of their severely mentally ill next of kin, and wanted inclusion and support for their own sake, but mostly felt left alone with straining but inescapable responsibilities (III). The nurses conceived that their responsibility was first and foremost the patient and to develop an alliance with him or her. The nurses often felt they had to exclude relatives, but were sometimes able to support them (IV). Conclusions: Relatives’ lives are intertwined with the life of their severely mentally ill next of kin. Relatives’ overall demanding life situation means that the mental health services must involve relatives for the sake of the severely mentally ill person but also include them for their own sake. They need practical and emotional support. Guidelines must be designed to address relatives’ needs, and support must be adapted to the individual relative. / Hensikt: Avhandlingens overordnete hensikt var å belyse erfaringer med å være pårørende til personer med alvorlig psykisk lidelse, og deres behov for støtte fra helsevesenet. Videre å belyse støtte fra sykepleiere til pårørende til personer med alvorlig psykisk lidelse. Metode: Mixed methods design ble benyttet. I studie I ble data samlet med spørreskjema besvart av 226 pårørende, og analysert med statistikk. I studie II ble data samlet ved hjelp av intervju med et strategisk utvalg av 18 pårørende, analysert med fenomenografi. I studie III ble data samlet gjennom åpne spørsmål i et spørreskjema (I), besvart av 216 pårørende og analysert med kvalitativ innholdsanalyse. I studie IV ble data samlet ved hjelp av fokusgruppeintervju med 4 grupper sykepleiere fra psykisk helsevern, analysert med fenomenografi. Hovedfunn: Pårørende opplevde at deres liv var sammenvevd med livet til den som hadde en alvorlig psykisk lidelse. De pårørende opplevde byrde og dårlig helse, og det var sammenheng mellom byrde og helse (I). De pårørende måtte balansere en rekke hensyn, gjøre valg på vegne av andre og seg selv, og samtidig kjempe med motstridende følelser og motstridende tanker (II). Pårørendes erfaringer med møter med helsepersonell i psykisk helsevern var hovedsakelig negative, men noen hadde positive opplevelser. De strevde for å bli involvert i behandlingen for familiemedlemmet med den alvorlige psykiske lidelsen sin del, de ønsket å bli inkludert og motta støtte for egen del, men følte seg overlatt med strevsomt ansvar som de ikke kunne unnslippe (III). Sykepleierne anså at deres ansvar først og fremst var overfor pasienten, og å skape en allianse med vedkommende. Sykepleierne opplevde ofte at de måtte ekskludere pårørende, men var noen ganger i stand til å støtte dem (IV). Konklusjoner: Pårørendes liv er sammenvevd med livet til den som har en alvorlig psykisk lidelse. Pårørendes krevende livssituasjon innebærer at psykisk helsevern må involvere dem for den som har den alvorlige psykiske lidelsen, samt inkludere pårørende for deres egen del. De har behov for praktisk og emosjonell støtte. Retningslinjer må på plass for å ivareta pårørendes behov, og støtten må tilpasses den enkelte pårørende

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-27T13:04:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Alda Let?cia da Silva Santos Resende.pdf: 1570108 bytes, checksum: 847c87000cc34b478e835aa1e6f258ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-27T13:04:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Alda Let?cia da Silva Santos Resende.pdf: 1570108 bytes, checksum: 847c87000cc34b478e835aa1e6f258ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-08 / Once fish product offering by means of extractivism became stable, aquaculture emerges as a viable alternative to the increasing demand for quality protein. Brazilian low consumption of fish meat can be explained not only by cultural factors, but also by low offer of processed products as well as lack of practicity in meal preparation. In industry, after tilapia filleting, mechanically separated meat (MSM) is obtained which can be used for manufacturing of products with higher aggregated value. This work aimed at studying the technical feasibility, nutritional and sensorial qualities of tilapia fillet both in preserves and p?t? based on MSM, where protein and fatty acid profile alterations are observed. Simultaneously, a study on p?t? life span was carried out for a 180-days' period. Time x temperature binomial used (115?C x 20 minutes, and 115?C x 15 minutes, for the tilapia fillet and p?t?, respectively), were sufficent for assuring the commercial sterility of products. In relation to the preserved fillet, the most acceptable formula was of brine at 3%, and addition of fish seasoning to the covering oil, resulting in acceptance of 49%; 82%; 88%, and 65% for the attibutes: ?appearance?, ?taste?, ?texture? and for the purchasing intention, respectively. Both fatty acids EPA (Eicosapentaenoic) and DHA (docosaenoic) values were of 0.04% and 0.86%, respectively, while the sum of fatty acids series ?3 was equal to 0.34 g/100 g. Content of cholesterol was of 40.63 mg/100 g, considered low when compared to other products, such as eggs and meat. Physicalchemical composition of the product was: moisture: 76.21%; protein: 16.18%; ashes: 1.45%; ethereal extract: 3.71%. In relation to the p?t?, the storing period studied did not alter either the protein or the fatty acids profile, nor was the physical-chemical composition significantly alterated (moisture: 61.05%; protein: 9.44%; ashes: 2.41%; ethereal extract: 19.45%). By means of Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) a significant variation (P<0.05) was observed only on the averages attributed to ?spreadability? and ?creamy quality? throughout the study. Although ethereal extract in p?t? was high, cholesterol content was low (38.68 mg/100 g) taking into account that canoil oil was used in its formula, which not compromised quality of fatty acids profiled. DHA and linoleic acid values of p?t? were 0.35 and 5.60, respectively, and the sum of series ?3 fatty acids was of 1.58 g/100 g. After 180-day storing, acceptance frequency by consummers was of 95% for the ?global impression?; 91% for ?taste?; 89% for ?spreadability?, and 80% for ?appearance?. This study proves the technical, nutritional and market potential for products based on Tilapia meat. / Com a estabiliza??o da oferta de produtos de pesca pelo extrativismo, a aquicultura se mostra como alternativa vi?vel ao atendimento da demanda crescente por prote?na de qualidade. O baixo consumo brasileiro da carne de pescado pode ser explicado por fatores culturais, mas tamb?m pela baixa oferta de produtos processados e pela falta de praticidade no preparo da refei??o. Na ind?stria, ap?s o processo de filetagem da Til?pia, obt?m-se com aux?lio de m?quina despolpadeira, a carne mecanicamente separada (CMS) que pode ser utilizada na fabrica??o de produtos com maior valor agregado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a viabilidade t?cnica, qualidade nutricional e sensorial do fil? de Til?pia em conserva e do pat? ? base da CMS, observando as altera??es no perfil prot?ico e de ?cidos graxos. Foi realizado tamb?m estudo de vida ?til do pat? por per?odo de 180 dias. Os bin?mios tempo x temperatura utilizados (115?C x 20 minutos e 115?C x 15 minutos, para fil? e pat? de Til?pia, respectivamente), foram suficientes para garantir a esterilidade comercial dos produtos. Em rela??o ao fil? em conserva, a formula??o que obteve maior aceita??o foi a de salmoura a 3% e com tempero para peixe no ?leo de cobertura na qual a frequ?ncia de aceita??o do mesmo foi de 49%; 82%; 88% e 65% para os atributos ?apar?ncia?, ?sabor?, ?textura? e para a inten??o de compra, respectivamente. Os valores de ?cidos graxos EPA (eicosapentan?ico) e DHA (docosaexan?ico) foram de 0,04% e 0,86%, respectivamente e o somat?rio de ?cidos graxos da s?rie ?3 igual a 0,34 g/100 g. O teor de colesterol do produto foi de 40,63 mg/100 g sendo considerado baixo quando comparado ? outros alimentos como ovos e carnes. A composi??o f?sico-qu?mica do produto foi: umidade: 76,21%; prote?na: 16,18%; cinzas: 1,45%; extrato et?reo: 3,71%. Em rela??o ao pat?, o per?odo de armazenamento estudado n?o alterou o perfil prot?ico nem o de ?cidos graxos do produto, al?m de n?o ter alterado de forma significativa a sua composi??o f?sico-qu?mica (umidade: 61,05%; prote?na: 9,44%; cinzas: 2,41%; extrato et?reo: 19,45%). Atrav?s da An?lise Descritiva Quantitativa (ADQ) foi observada varia??o significativa (p<0,05) somente das m?dias dos atributos ?espalhabilidade? e ?cremosidade? ao longo do estudo. Apesar do teor de extrato et?reo do pat? ser elevado, o teor de colesterol foi reduzido (38,68 mg/100 g) visto que foi usado ?leo de canola na sua formula??o, o que tamb?m n?o comprometeu a qualidade do perfil de ?cidos graxos do mesmo. Os valores de DHA e ?cido linol?nico do pat? foram 0,35 e 5,60%, respectivamente e o somat?rio dos ?cidos graxos da s?rie ?3 foi de 1,58 g/100 g. Ap?s 180 dias de armazenamento, a frequ?ncia de aceita??o do pat? entre os consumidores foi de 95% para a ?impress?o global?; de 91% para o atributo ?sabor?; de 89% para a ?espalhabilidade? e de 80% para a ?apar?ncia?. Este estudo comprova o potencial t?cnico, nutricional e de mercado para os produtos ? base de carne de Til?pia.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-18T10:52:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Bruna Rodrigues Pereira.pdf: 2671756 bytes, checksum: b38e36947fda465d9d78272a81b2e947 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-18T10:52:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Bruna Rodrigues Pereira.pdf: 2671756 bytes, checksum: b38e36947fda465d9d78272a81b2e947 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This study aimed to evaluate the quality of 'Sweet Celebration' and 'Sweet Globe' grapes, subjected to minimally processing, as well as the effectiveness of three rinsing solutions (water, sodium metabisulfite and chlorine) and pedicel cut intensity (with and without pedicel), in the conservation of these fruits during 12 days refrigerated storage to temperature at 8 ? C . The experiments were performed at Embrapa Agroind?stria de alimentos. For both experiments were applied rinse solutions, with water, sodium metabisulfite (20 mg. L-1) and chlorine (8 mg. L-1), that characterized the treatments, during the rinse step of minimally processing grapes, it being used two pedicel cut intensities:full cut and maintenance of a little fragment about 0,5 cm. Quality analyzes were performed at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days of storage, and it was determined fresh weight loss cumulative , fruit firmness, color analysis, acidity, pH, total soluble solids, SST/ATT rate , sugars (sucrose , fructose and glucose) and enzymatic activity of pectinametilesterase for both cultivars. For Sweet Celebration grapes were also carried out the percentage fruit loss (9th and 12th day of storage) and anthocyanins. In 'Sweet Globe' grapes were realized total carotenoids, chlorophylls (a, b and total) and microbiological analyses. To the cultivate Sweet Celebration was possible identify berries out of commercial standard in the 9? day of storage. In the fresh weight loss cumulative, berries without pedicel had higher loss in the rinse with water from the 6th day of storage. For berries with pedicel the rinse with chlorine had the lowest fresh weight loss cumulative up 9th day of storage. For the firmness , berries without pedicel (4.44 N) had lower firmness compared to berries with pedicel (5.04 N), there wasn't significant difference between the rinsing solutions (p> 0.05). To cultivate Sweet Globe, berries with pedicel and rinsed with water had higher fresh weight loss cumulative from the 9th day of storage. In the berries without pedicel the rinse with water led to lower fresh weight loss cumulative from the 6th day of storage. There was no difference between the isolated factors rinse solutions and pedicel cut intensit to the firmness analysis. All rinse solutions were efficient in the microbiological analysis, so the minimally processed Sweet Globe grapes were in the standard established by law for human consumption / O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade de uvas ?Sweet Celebration? e ?Sweet Globe?, submetidas ao processamento m?nimo, assim como a efetividade de tr?s solu??es enxaguantes (?gua, metabissulfito de s?dio e cloro) e da intensidade de corte do pedicelo (com e sem pedicelo), na conserva??o desses frutos, durante 12 dias de armazenamento refrigerado a 8?C. Os experimentos foram realizados na Embrapa agroind?stria de alimentos. Para ambos experimentos, foram aplicadas solu??es de enx?gue, com ?gua, metabissulfito de s?dio (20 mg. L-1) e cloro (8 mg. L-1), que caracterizaram os tratamentos, durante a etapa de enx?gue do processamento m?nimo das uvas, sendo adotadas duas intensidades de corte do pedicelo: retirada total do mesmo e manuten??o de um pequeno fragmento com aproximadamente 0,5 cm. Foram realizadas an?lises de qualidade nos 0, 3, 6, 9, e 12 dias de armazenamento, sendo determinadas a perda acumulada de massa fresca, firmeza dos frutos, an?lise de cor, acidez, pH, s?lidos sol?veis totais, rela??o SST/ATT, a??cares (sacarose, frutose e glicose) e atividade enzim?tica da pectinametilesterase para as duas cultivares. Para as uvas Sweet Celebration, foram tamb?m realizadas a porcentagem de perda de frutos (9? e 12? dia de armazenamento) e antocianinas totais. Para as uvas ?Sweet Globe?, foram realizadas as an?lises de caroten?ides totais, clorofilas (a, b e total) e an?lise microbiol?gica. Para a cultivar Sweet Celebration, foi poss?vel detectar bagas fora de padr?o comercial no 9?dia de armazenamento. Na perda acumulada de massa fresca, bagas sem pedicelo apresentaram maior perda no enx?gue com ?gua a partir do 6? dia de armazenamento. Para bagas com pedicelo o enx?gue com cloro apresentou a menor perda acumulada de massa fresca at? o 9? dia de armazenamento. Para a firmeza das bagas, bagas sem pedicelo (4,44 N) apresentaram menor firmeza, quando comparadas ?s bagas com pedicelo (5,04 N), n?o havendo diferen?a significativa entre as solu??es de enx?gue (p> 0,05). Para a cultivar Sweet Globe, bagas com pedicelo e enxaguadas com ?gua, apresentaram maior perda acumulada de massa fresca , a partir do 9? dia de armazenamento. Para bagas sem pedicelo o enx?gue com ?gua levou a menor perda acumulada de massa fresca a partir do 6? dia de armazenamento. N?o houve diferen?a entre os fatores isolados solu??es de enx?gue e intensidade de corte do pedicelo para a an?lise de firmeza. Todas as solu??es de enx?gue foram eficientes do ponto de vista microbiol?gico, estando as uvas Sweet Globe minimamente processadas dentro do padr?o estabelecido pela legisla??o para consumo humano

<p>Vårt examensarbete handlar om konsekvenserna som kan uppstå om elever ”snubblar” i läsinlärningsstarten. Hur elever som inte lyckas kan hjälpas. Vi har arbetat med att se vad styrdokumenten säger. Vad forskningen tar upp om konsekvenser och hjälpinsatser för den initiala läsinlärningen. Vi har låtit oss inspireras av konsensusprojektet genom att undersöka vad som är gemensamt. Vi belyser vad forskningen lyfter fram och vad forskarna är överens om gällande åtgärder som fungerar. I arbetet har vi även valt att ta upp hur läsprocessen fungerar. Vi belyser en förortskommun till Stockholms val av att försöka realisera effektiva och hållbara åtgärder.</p>

Vårt examensarbete handlar om konsekvenserna som kan uppstå om elever ”snubblar” i läsinlärningsstarten. Hur elever som inte lyckas kan hjälpas. Vi har arbetat med att se vad styrdokumenten säger. Vad forskningen tar upp om konsekvenser och hjälpinsatser för den initiala läsinlärningen. Vi har låtit oss inspireras av konsensusprojektet genom att undersöka vad som är gemensamt. Vi belyser vad forskningen lyfter fram och vad forskarna är överens om gällande åtgärder som fungerar. I arbetet har vi även valt att ta upp hur läsprocessen fungerar. Vi belyser en förortskommun till Stockholms val av att försöka realisera effektiva och hållbara åtgärder.

Med fremveksten av oljeutvinning til havs ble det behov for nye metoder for å lete etter olje, i tillegg til å hente den opp. Mobile plattformer ble til i tiden rundt 1950 som et resultat av oljeindustriens vekst, og klasseselskapene gikk aktivt inn for å involvere seg i klassifisering av disse plattformene. Etter kort tid kom problemstillingen om hva en mobil plattform var – et skip eller noe annet? Det norske Veritas involverte seg i den begynnende olje- og gassutvinningen i Nordsjøen ganske tidlig. For selskapet var offshoreindustri et skritt vekk fra det tradisjonelle klassearbeidet. Likevel åpnet industrien flere dører for klasseselskapet, samtidig som det bød på nye utfordringer. Mobile plattformer var noe nytt, men hadde samtidig en forankring i det maritime miljøet. Det norske Veritas prøvde slik å utnytte sin egen lange erfaring fra skip, ved å overføre den til et eget regelverk og en egen klasse for mobile plattformer. Selskapet kjempet slik for å få en kontrollordning på mobile plattformer basert på samme ordning som for skip. Sjøfartsdirektoratet hadde et langt og nært samarbeid med Det norske Veritas. Med opprettelsen av Oljedirektoratet ble klasseselskapet en årsak til uenighet innad i direktoratene, og da spesielt omkring arbeidet med mobile plattformer - en uenighet som ville følge alle aktørene gjennom hele perioden. Spørsmålet om hva en mobil plattform skulle defineres som var også medvirkende. Oppgaven avslutter med rammeavtalen mellom Det norske Veritas og Oljedirektoratet i 1977.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-02-05T23:00:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LiviaDeLourdesDeSousaPinto_DISSERT.pdf: 1563914 bytes, checksum: afff2cde0e6703ffa7b4fae03c2036ac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-02-16T22:03:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LiviaDeLourdesDeSousaPinto_DISSERT.pdf: 1563914 bytes, checksum: afff2cde0e6703ffa7b4fae03c2036ac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-16T22:03:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LiviaDeLourdesDeSousaPinto_DISSERT.pdf: 1563914 bytes, checksum: afff2cde0e6703ffa7b4fae03c2036ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Condroitim sulfato (CS) ? um glicosaminoglicano natural presente na matriz extracelular de tecidos conectivos, podendo ser extra?do e purificado desses tecidos. O CS est? envolvido em diversas fun??es biol?gicas, o que pode estar relacionado ? variabilidade estrutural que possui, apesar da simplicidade da cadeia linear dessa mol?cula. Pesquisas na ?rea biotecnol?gica e farmacol?gica com rejeitos provenientes da aquicultura vem sendo desenvolvidas no Brasil. Nas ?ltimas d?cadas, a til?pia (Oreochromis niloticus), peixe nativo da ?frica, tem sido uma das esp?cies mais cultivadas em v?rias regi?es do mundo, inclusive no Brasil. A tilapicultura ? uma atividade economica cujo principal inconveniente ? a grande quantidade de res?duos que s?o descartados pelos produtores. Entende-se que o material descartado pode ser aproveitado em pesquisas como fonte de mol?culas com importante aplica??o biotecnol?gica, o que tamb?m contribui na redu??o de impactos ambientais e favorece o desenvolvimento dessa atividade de maneira ecologicamente correta. Dessa forma, v?sceras de til?pias nil?tica foram submetidas ? prote?lise, em seguida os glicosaminoglicanos foram complexados com resina de troca i?nica (Lewatit), fracionados com volumes crescentes de acetona e purificados atrav?s da cromatografia de troca i?nica DEAE-Sephacel. Na sequ?ncia, a fra??o foi analisada atrav?s de eletroforese em gel de agarose e resson?ncia magn?tica nuclear (RMN). O perfil eletrofor?tico do composto, a an?lise dos espectros 1H de RMN e a correla??o do HSQC permitem afirmar que o composto corresponde a uma mol?cula de condroitim sulfato. O ensaio de MTT foi utilizado para avalia??o da viabilidade celular na presen?a do CS isolado de til?pia e mostrou que o composto n?o ? citot?xico a c?lulas normais provenientes do fibroblasto de embri?o de camundongos (3T3). Ent?o, o composto foi testado quanto a capacidade de reduzir o influxo de leuc?citos em modelo de peritonite aguda (in vivo) induzida por tioglicolato de s?dio. Nesse contexto, foi realizada a contagem total e diferencial de leuc?citos do sangue e l?quido peritoneal coletadas, respectivamente, da veia cava e do lavado peritoneal de cada animal submetido ao experimento. O condroitim sulfato, pela primeira vez isolado de til?pia (CST ), foi capaz de reduzir a migra??o de leuc?citos ? cavidade peritoneal de camundongos inflamados em at? 80,4% na dose de 10?g/kg. Os resultados mostram ainda que houve redu??o significativa (p<0,001) da popula??o de polimorfonucleares do lavado peritoneal nas tr?s doses testadas (0,1?g/kg; 1?g/kg e 10?g/kg) quando comparado ao controle positivo (apenas tioglicolato). Portanto, uma vez que a estrutura e o mecanismo de a??o do CST tenham sido totalmente elucidados, esse composto pode apresentar potencial para uso terap?utico em doen?as inflamat?rias. / Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a naturally glycosaminoglycan found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues and it may be extracted and purified those tissues. CS is involved in various biological functions, which may be related to the having structural variability, despite the simplicity of the linear chain structure from this molecule. Researches in biotechnology and pharmaceutical field with wastes from aquaculture has been developed in Brazil. In recent decades, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), native fish from Africa, has been one of the most cultivated species in various regions of the world, including Brazil. The tilapia farming is a cost-effective activity, however, it generates large amount of wastes that are discarded by producers. It is understood that waste from tilapia can be used in research as a source of molecules with important biotechnological applications, which also helps in reducing environmental impacts and promote the development of an ecofriendly activity. Thus, nile tilapia viscera were subjected to proteolysis, then the glycosaminoglycans were complexed with ion exchange resin (Lewatit), it was fractionated with increasing volumes of acetone and purified by ion exchange chromatography DEAE-Sephacel. Further, the fraction was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The electrophoretic profile of the compound together the analysis of 1H NMR spectra and the HSQC correlation allow to affirm that the compound corresponds to a molecule like chondroitin sulfate. MTT assay was used to assess cell viability in the presence of CS tilapia isolated and showed that the compound is not cytotoxic to normal cells such as cells from the mouse embryo fibroblast (3T3). Then, this compound was tested for the ability to reduce the influx of leukocytes in model of acute peritonitis (in vivo) induced by sodium thioglycolate. In this context, it was done total and differential leukocytes counting in the blood and peritoneal fluid collected respectively from vena cava and the peritoneal cavity of the animals subjected to the experiment. The chondroitin sulfate for the first time isolated from tilapia (CST ) was able to reduce the migration of leukocytes to the peritoneal cavity of inflamed mice until 80.4 per cent at a dose 10?g/kg. The results also show that there was a significant reduction (p<0.001) of the population of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from peritoneal cavity in the three tested doses (0.1?g/kg; 1?g/kg and 10?g/kg) when it was compared to the positive control (just thioglycolate). Therefore, since the CST structure and mechanism of action has been completely elucidated, this compound may have potential for therapeutic use in inflammatory diseases

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-07-17T14:02:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Gabriela Nunes Mattos.pdf: 1178206 bytes, checksum: 6807a11fca850794a1c7f5b18bbed4c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-17T14:02:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Gabriela Nunes Mattos.pdf: 1178206 bytes, checksum: 6807a11fca850794a1c7f5b18bbed4c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-13 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / During vinification process a large volume of waste is generated, being the grape pomace, the main by-product. Due to its composition, rich in phenolic compounds and other nutrients, grape pomace can be considered as a low cost source of inputs, for example, in obtaining additives for the reduction of microbial contamination and lipid oxidation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of using an extract of grape pomace from the vinification of Alicante bouschet grapes on the microbiological quality and the oxidative stability of tilapia sausages stored under refrigeration for 60 days. The powder of the extract of the grape pomace was obtained by hydroethanolic extraction and subsequent spray drying. The liquid and powder extracts were analyzed for the content of phenolic compounds, total anthocyanins and monomeric and antioxidant capacity by ABTS and ORAC methods. The sausage was produced using as raw material fillet and mechanically separated meat (CMS) of tilapia. Five sausage formulations were tested: Control (without antioxidant), Positive control (addition of synthetic antioxidant), T1% (addition of 1% of powdered extract), T0.5% (addition of 0.5% powdered extract) And T0.5% SC (addition of 0.5% powdered extract and curing salt). Tilapia sausages were analyzed for their centesimal composition, amino acid and fatty acids concentrations and lipid oxidation. The microbiological quality of the sausages was evaluated for 60 days. The bagasse extracts showed a high concentration of anthocyanins, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity, and after microencapsulation, the powders also showed adequate anthocyanin retention. Sausages formulated with powdered grape pomace extract presented the moisture content as recommended by Brazilian legislation, high ash and protein content, low lipid concentration, presence of essential amino acids, and it was rich in monounsaturated fatty acids. Sausages can be considered a nutritional food, as their ratio of saturated / polyunsaturated fatty acids was high. It was not verified the occurrence of lipid oxidation in all the samples along the storage, which was justified by the low concentration of the polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid content. The grape pomace extract, the BHT and the curing salt promoted the maintenance of the microbiological quality of the sausages throughout the useful life. The acceptance test was carried out with 77 tasters and showed that the control, positive control, T1% and T0.5% SC sausages were accepted, unlike the T0.5% formulation. Considering the results obtained, the grape pomace extract showed to be a natural antioxidant potential to be used by the food industry as an additive. / No processo de vinifica??o ? gerado um grande volume de res?duo, sendo o baga?o de uva, o principal coproduto. Devido ? sua composi??o rica em compostos fen?licos e outros nutrientes, o baga?o de uva pode ser transformado em uma fonte de insumos de baixo custo, por exemplo, na obten??o de aditivos para a redu??o da contamina??o microbiana e oxida??o lip?dica. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplica??o do extrato de baga?o de uva Alicante bouschet em p?, oriundo de vinifica??o de uvas tintas, na qualidade microbiol?gica e na estabilidade oxidativa de salsichas de til?pia armazenadas sob refrigera??o durante 60 dias. O extrato do baga?o de uva em p? foi obtido por extra??o hidroetan?lica e subsequente secagem por spray drying. Os extratos do baga?o de uva l?quido e em p? foram analisados quanto ao teor de compostos fen?licos, antocianinas totais e monom?ricas e capacidade antioxidante por ABTS e ORAC. A salsicha foi produzida usando como mat?ria-prima o fil? e a carne mecanicamente separada (CMS) de til?pia. Foram testadas cinco formula??es de salsicha: Controle (sem antioxidante), Controle positivo (adi??o de antioxidante sint?tico), T1% (adi??o de 1% de extrato em p?), T0,5% (adi??o de 0,5% de extrato em p?) e T0,5%SC (adi??o de 0,5% de extrato em p? e sal de cura). As salsichas de til?pia foram analisadas quanto ? sua composi??o centesimal, conte?do de amino?cidos, ?cidos graxos e oxida??o lip?dica. A qualidade microbiol?gica das salsichas foi avaliada por 60 dias. Os extratos do baga?o apresentaram elevada concentra??o de antocianinas, compostos fen?licos e capacidade antioxidante, e ap?s a microencapsula??o, os p?s tamb?m mostraram reten??o de antocianinas adequada. As salsichas formuladas com extrato de baga?o de uva em p? apresentaram teor de umidade conforme preconizado pela legisla??o brasileira, alta concentra??o de cinzas, baixo conte?do lip?dico e alto teor proteico, presen?a de amino?cidos essenciais, al?m de serem ricas em ?cidos graxos monoinsaturados. As salsichas podem ser consideradas de boa qualidade nutricional, uma vez que sua rela??o ?cidos graxos polinsaturados: saturados foi elevada, al?m do baixo teor de lip?dios encontrado. N?o foi verificada a ocorr?ncia de oxida??o lip?dica em todas as amostras ao longo do armazenamento, o que foi justificado pela baixa concentra??o dos ?cidos graxos polinsaturados e teor lip?dico. O extrato de baga?o de uva, o BHT e o sal de cura promoveram a manuten??o da qualidade microbiol?gica das salsichas ao longo da vida ?til. O teste de aceita??o, realizado com 77 provadores, mostrou que as salsichas controle, controle positivo, T1% e T0,5%SC foram aceitas, ao contr?rio da formula??o T0,5%. Considerando os resultados obtidos, o extrato de baga?o de uva mostrou-se um potencial antioxidante natural a ser utilizado pela ind?stria aliment?cia como aditivo.

Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is changing the prevalence, survival and treatment paradigms in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Improved survival of patients with HPV positive compared to HPV negative OPSCC has led to trials of treatment de-escalation. Current HPV detection methods are imprecise, therefore standardised assessment of transcriptionally active HPV in OPSCC is required. Furthermore, the differences in immune characteristics and/or the hypoxia response/effects could explain observed differences in prognosis between HPV positive and negative OPSCC. Rigorous HPV detection and subsequent biomarker evaluation should provide additional information required before introduction of treatment de-escalation in broad patient groupings. Methods: The study cohort was 218 patients with OPSCC who received radiotherapy with curative intent. HPV status was determined on pre-treatment, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks using: 1) polymerase chain reaction (PCR); 2) in-situ hybridisation (ISH) and 3) immuno-histochemistry (IHC). QuantiGene multiplex assay was designed to detect mRNA of reference sequences of the common high-risk HPV types (16, 18, 33, 35, 45, 52 and 58). HPV detection methods were compared with mRNA quantification. Multimarker IHC of immune cell markers using chromogenic and fluorescent staining was performed, analysed and compared with single marker IHC using automated multispectral image analysis. A validated multiplex IHC method was used for a) chromogenic (CD3, CD4, CD8, and FoxP3) and b) fluorescent (CD8, CD68 and PD1/PD-L1) evaluation in tumour and stroma compartments. Single marker IHC was used to investigate tumour hypoxia markers (HIF-1α and CA-IX) in HPV positive and negative OPSCC. Results: p16 IHC and ISH were the most sensitive and specific, respectively, for classifying HPV status. The combination of the three tests had the highest positive/negative predictive values compared with QuantiGene mRNA detection. Multiplex validation showed that, for serial sections up to 6 μm apart, there were highly significant correlations (P<0.0001) between single and multiplex counts for both chromogenic and fluorescent IHC. Overall there was less variation in cell counts with fluorescent staining when compared to chromogenic staining. Multiplex IHC of TILs in HPV positive and negative OPSCC showed higher infiltration in both tumour and stromal areas of CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T cells but not CD4+FoxP3 Tregs in HPV positive compared with HPV negative OPSCC. Only CD3+CD8+ stromal and not tumour area infiltration was associated with increased survival (P=0.02). PD-L1 expression was higher in HPV negative OPSCC and this was related to macrophage (CD68) expression of PD-L1. In HPV negative tumours infiltration with CD68+PD-L1 was associated with a good prognosis. HPV negative patients had higher expression of HIF-1α but not CA-IX. High expression of both markers was associated with a poor prognosis irrespective of HPV status. Conclusions: There are other prognostic factors operating in the larger subdivision of HPV positive and negative OPSCC. Precise HPV detection and inclusion of other prognostic factors is required before treatment de-escalation is used. Expression of immune inhibitory factors (PD1/PD-L1) alone without contextualisation with immune cell density is insufficient for patient prognostication and potential selection for therapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors. Hypoxia modification of radiotherapy should be explored in both HPV positive and negative OPSCC.