Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / In this thesis we study a range of related commercial banking problems in discrete and continuous time settings. The first problem is about a capital allocation strategy that optimizes the expected future value of a commercial bank’s total non-risk-weighted assets (TNRWAs) in terms of terminal time utility maximization. This entails finding optimal amounts of Total capital for investment in different bank assets. Based on the optimal capital allocation strategy derived for the first problem, we derive stochastic models for respectively the bank’s capital adequacy and liquidity ratios in the second and third problems. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) introduced these ratios in an attempt to improve the regulation of the international banking industry in terms of capital adequacy and liquidity management. As a fourth problem we derive a multi-period deposit insurance pricing model which incorporates the optimal capital allocation strategy, the BCBS’ latest capital standard, capital forbearance and moral hazard. In the fifth and final problem we show how the values of LIBOR-in-arrears and vanilla interest rate swaps, typically used by commercial banks and other financial institutions to reduce risk, can be derived under a specialized version of the affine interest rate model originally considered by the bank in question. More specifically, in the first problem we assume that the bank invests its Total capital in a stochastic interest rate financial market consisting of three assets, viz., a treasury security, a marketable security and a loan. We assume that the interest rate in the market is described by an affine model, and that the value of the loan follows a jump-diffusion process. We wish to find the optimal capital allocation strategy that maximizes an expected logarithmic utility of the bank’s TNRWAs at a future date. Generally, analytical solutions to stochastic optimal control problems in the jump setting are very difficult to obtain. We propose an approximation method that exploits a similarity between the forms of the control problems of the jump-diffusion model and the diffusion model obtained by removing the jump. With the jump assumed sufficiently small, the analytical solution of the diffusion model then serves as a proxy to the solution of the control problem with the jump. In the second problem we construct models for the bank’s capital adequacy ratios in terms of the proxy. We present numerical simulations to characterize the behaviour of the capital adequacy ratios. Furthermore, in this chapter, we consider the approximate optimal capital allocation strategy subject to a constant Leverage Ratio, which is a specific non-risk-based capital adequacy ratio, at the minimum prescribed level. We derive a formula for the bank’s TNRWAs at constant (minimum) Leverage Ratio value and present numerical simulations based on the modified TNRWAs formula. In the third problem we model the bank’s liquidity ratios and we monitor the levels of the liquidity ratios under the proxy numerically. In the fourth problem we derive a multi-period deposit insurance pricing model, the latest capital standard a la Basel III, capital forbearance and moral hazard behaviour. The deposit insurance pricing method utilizes an asset value reset rule comparable to the typical practice of insolvency resolution by insuring agencies. We perform numerical computations with our model to study its implications. In the final problem, we specialize the affine interest rate model considered previously to the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) interest rate dynamic. We consider fixed-for-floating interest rate swaps under the CIR model. We show how analytical expressions for the values of both a LIBOR-in-arrears swap and a vanilla swap can be derived using a Green’s function approach. We employ Monte Carlo simulation methods to compute the values of the swaps for different scenarios. We wish to make explicit the contributions of this project to the literature. A research article titled “An Optimal Portfolio and Capital Management Strategy for Basel III Compliant Commercial Banks” by Grant E. Muller and Peter J. Witbooi [1] has been published in an accredited scientific journal. In the aforementioned paper we solve an optimal capital allocation problem for diffusion banking models. We propose using the solution of the Brownian motions control problem of [1] as the proxy in problems two to four of this thesis. Furthermore, we wish to note that the methodology employed on the final problem of this study is actually from the paper [2] of Mallier and Alobaidi. In the paper [2] the authors did not present simulation studies to characterize their pricing models. We contribute a simulation study in which the values of the swaps are computed via Monte Carlo simulation methods.

This master´s thesis asses the financial situation of the ralated company in the years 2002 to 2005 at the basis of sesecte methods of the financial anlaysis. It comprieses proposals of possible solutions of identified probléme which should result in the improvement of financial situation of the rirm in future years.

No description available.

Bostadspriserna har stigit markant under de senaste åren och till följd av detta har hushållen varit tvungna att ta på sig stora skulder. Svenska hushåll tar därför ständigt större lån och fler bostadslåntagare uppvisar högre skuldkvot och belåningsgrad än tidigare. Stigande inflation och ökade räntor resulterar i minskade ekonomiska marginaler för låntagare samt sociala konsekvenser. Hushållen har även blivit mer känsliga för risker, såsom förändringar i räntenivåer. Denna studie har till syfte att undersöka hur hög belåningen i samhället är idag och vilka konsekvenser som kan ses på kort och lång sikt. Privata bostadslån i Sverige studeras med fokus kring problematiken med hög skuldsättning. Detta görs genom banktjänstemäns syn på hushållens skuldkvot med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Studien innefattar nio intervjuer med åtta svenska banker och en bankförening. Studiens resultat är relevant för svenska beslutsfattare, banker och hushåll, eftersom det ger insikt i vad som ökar riskexponeringen för de som tar bostadslån. Resultaten visar att Sverige ligger på rekordhöga nivåer vad gäller skuldsättning och att detta resulterar i flera konsekvenser. Hög skuldkvot leder till hög räntekänslighet och sårbarhet vilket kan strama åt hushållens ekonomi vid förändringar i penningpolitiken. Detta leder i sin tur till minskat konsumtionsutrymme, försämrad återbetalningsförmåga, minskad ekonomisk tillväxt, finansiell instabilitet, fler konkurser och högre arbetslöshet. / Housing prices have risen significantly in recent years and as a result, households have had to take on large debts. Swedish households are therefore constantly taking out larger loans, and more mortgage borrowers show a higher debt-to-income ratio and loan-to-value ratio than before. Rising inflation and increased interest rates result in reduced financial margins for borrowers and social consequences. Households have also become more sensitive to risks, such as changes in interest rates. The purpose of this study is to investigate how high the level of debt in society is today and what consequences can be foreseen in the short and long term. Private housing loans in Sweden are studied with focus on problems related to high indebtedness. This is done through the perspective of bank employees on households' debt-to-income ratio, using semi-structured interviews. The study includes nine interviews with eight Swedish banks and one banking association. The results of this study are relevant for Swedish decision-makers, banks, and households, as they provide insight into what increases risk exposure for those taking out home loans. The results show that Sweden is at record high levels in terms of indebtedness, and this implies several consequences. A high debt-to-income ratio leads to high interest rate sensitivity and vulnerability, which can tighten the finances of households in case of changes in monetary policy. This, in turn, leads to a reduced space for consumption, worsened repayment ability, reduced economic growth, financial instability, more bankruptcies, and higher unemployment.

Amorteringskravet infördes den första juni 2016 som en åtgärd för att dämpa den oavbrutet ökande skuldsättningen i Sveriges hushåll. Hushållens höga skuldsättning har varit mycket omtalad de senaste åren och lett till diskussioner om huruvida den innebär risk för den makroekonomiska och finansiella stabiliteten. Banker, myndigheter och högskolor verksamma inom bostadsmarknaden har varit både positiva och skeptiska till amorteringskravet som åtgärd för att minska hushållens skuldsättning och menar att konsekvenserna på bostadsmarknaden kan vara både positiva och negativa. Med denna bakgrund är syftet med uppsatsen att studera om och hur amorteringskravet hittills har påverkat bostadspriserna och skuldsättningen för bolån, samt om regleringen har varit den ultimata åtgärden för att uppnå en sundare ekonomi. För att uppnå uppsatsens syfte, har en kvalitativ metod, som innefattat intervjuer och litteraturstudie, samt en kvantitativ studie, som baserats på statistik, valts. Genom intervjuer med aktörer verksamma inom bostadsmarknaden samt statistiska tester, har en slutsats dragits om att amorteringskravet har haft effekt på bostadsmarknaden. Bostadspriserna har fortsatt att öka men i en lägre takt i jämförelse med tidigare år, även skuldsättningens ökningstakt har sjunkit. Amorteringskravet anses endast vara en pedagogisk åtgärd för att införa amorteringsbeteendet hos hushållen snarare än en skuldnedsättande åtgärd. / The first of June 2016, an amortization requirement was introduced as a measure to halt the constantly growing household debt in Sweden. The high household debt has been widely discussed over the past few years which has led to the further discussion regarding whether the growing debt means a risk for the macroeconomic and financial stability. Banks and other actors active in the housing market have been both positive and skeptical of the amortization requirement as a measure to reduce the household dept. The actors argue that the consequences can be both positive and negative. The purpose of this essay is to study if and how the amortization requirement so far has affected the house prices and the debt for mortgage loans, and if it has been the ultimate measure to achieve a more stable economy. To achieve the purpose of the essay two research methods were used: qualitative method, interviews and literature studies, and quantitative method, based on statistics. Results suggest that the amortization requirement has had an impact on the housing market. Housing prices have continued to increase but at a slower pace in comparison with previous years, whilst the debt rate has fallen. The amortization requirement is considered more as an educational measure than a measure that reduces household depts. The conclusion drawn from the results is that the amortization requirement has fulfilled its purpose but whether this measure is the most optimal is hard to say.

Background: The firm’s choice of the optimal financial structure remains an unsolved problem within finance. The reasoning behind family firms’ specific financial structure differs within various research. The GGVV-region is composed of four small municipalities: Gnosjö, Gislaved, Värnamo, and Vaggeryd. This region is seen as the best dynamic counties in all of Sweden, it is also considered the most successful area of the countryside in terms of its economic contribution. Because of these aspects, it is therefore of great importance to investigate the difference of the financial structure within generations of family firms. Purpose: This paper studies whether there is a correlation between the generation in charge of family businesses within the GGVV-region and the financial structure of the businesses. Aim: The aspiration is that this research will be a good addition to the understanding of family businesses in the GGVV-region along their financial policies within different generations running the firm. Method: This study will contain 42 family firms within the GGVV-region defined as family firms through a questionnaire. The financial structure of the first-generation and non-first-generation family firm will be investigated using their debt ratios throughout the years 2015-2019. The testing is performed through Panel Data Model using Random Effects Model, along with descriptive statistics of the data and a Difference-in-Difference test. Conclusion: No significant difference can be found at any level between the 1GFF and the Non-1GFF when it comes to their financial structure.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att studera hur små- och medelstora företags kapitalstruktur påverkas av företagets lönsamhet, ålder, tillväxt, materiella anläggningstillgångar, storlek och bransch. Metod: Studien genomför en kvantitativ undersökning med en deduktiv ansats. Med utgångspunkt i tidigare forskning utformas sex oberoende variabler för att sedan testa dess påverkan på kapitalstrukturen. Data samlas in från företagens årsredovisningar med hjälp av databasen Retriever och behandlas i Microsoft Excel. Data analyseras sedan med hjälp av korrelationsanalyserna Pearson´s r och Spearmans rho samt en multipel regressionsanalys i statistikprogrammet SPSS för att utröna eventuella samband. Resultat & slutsats: Studien erhåller en förklaringsgrad på 7,1 procent samt konstaterar att variablerna lönsamhet och ålder har ett positivt samband med soliditet, och därmed en negativ koppling till belåning. Den oberoende variabeln materiella anläggningstillgångar uppvisar en positiv korrelation med skuldsättningsgraden. Resultaten som studien kommer fram till finner stöd i tidigare forskning med undantag för den oberoende variabeln tillväxt och till viss del bransch. Slutligen fastställer studien att ålder är den oberoende variabel med störst inverkan på kapitalstrukturen. Förslag till vidare forskning: Det skulle vara intressant att undersöka fler faktorer än vad denna studie behandlar, för att se dess påverkan på kapitalstrukturen. Ett ytterligare förslag till fortsatt forskning är att genomföra en mer djupgående analys av branscherna, då dessa genererade varierande samband. Uppsatsens bidrag: Studiens resultat bidrar till ökad förståelse för kapitalstruktur i svenska SME samt verkar som indikator för vilka faktorer som har betydelse för soliditeten. Därmed bidrar arbetet till teoribildningen gällande svensk kapitalstruktur. Uppsatsen kan fungera som en vägledning för befattningshavare vad det gäller företagets finansiella struktur och utgör därför också ett praktiskt bidrag. / Aim: The purpose of this study is to examine how Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise’s capital structure is influenced by the company's profitability, age, growth, tangible assets, size and sector. Method: The study carries out a quantitative survey with a deductive approach. Based on previous research six independent variables is designed with the purpose to test their  impact on capital structure. The data is collected from annual reports using the database Retriever and processed in Microsoft Excel. The data is analyzed by using the two correlation analysis Pearson’s r and Spearman’s rho and a multiple regression analysis in the statistic program SPSS to determine any correlation. Result & Conclusions: The study receive an explanation rate of 7.1 percent and concludes that the variables profitability and age show a negative correlation with debt ratio, and thus a negative connection to borrowing. The independent variable tangible assets show a positive correlation with debt. The results of the study obtain support in previous research, with reservation for the independent variable growth and, to some extent, a few sector categories. Finally, the study shows that age is the independent variable with the greatest impact on capital structure. Suggestions for future research: It would be interesting to examine more factors than this study addresses, to see its impact on capital structure. A further proposal for future research is to conduct a more in-depth analysis of the variable sector, as it generates varying connection. Contribution of the thesis: The study results contribute to greater understanding of the capital structure in the Swedish SME and acts as an indicator of the factors that are important for the equity ratio. Thereby contributing to the theory regarding Swedish capital structure. The paper can serve as a guide for management in terms of its financial structure and is therefore also a practical contribution.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Josely Lopes Fialho.pdf: 1405213 bytes, checksum: 86717b919e3115ab06695db70a882239 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-18 / The main objective of this dissertation is to verify if there is any relationship between profitability and the composition of short-term debt used by non-financial Brazilian companies traded in its structure. We used the relationship between net income and total assets to measure the return for the company. More specifically, this study examines the hypothesis that the return for the company, on average, not be equal, when considering its size and level of short-term debt. This reason tests were performed in two stages with the same sample: i) a sample divided into three groups by size - the average total active attribute of the analyzed period and ii) another sample of two groups separated by CCL positive and negative. Both analyses were performed considering the companies traded on the BOVESPA and belonging to the segment New Market of Corporate Governance - NMGC, for the period between 2003 and 2008. The choice of NMCG companies was based on their commitment of improving the quality of information to be provided to their stakeholders. We used the Spearman correlation test of hypothesis and nonparametric Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis were used for the average population, by the observation of the significance of calculating averages for samples and groups. The results show that the comparison between groups of samples, both at the first stage as in the second, the profitability of companies presents little variation, confirming the null hypothesis. However, tests show that there is no indication that the quality of debt is correlated with the profitability of enterprises, even modest. Further studies are proposed in order to better highlight the problem presented in this dissertation / O objetivo principal desta dissertação é verificar se há relação entre a rentabilidade e a composição do endividamento de curto prazo, utilizado pelas empresas brasileiras não financeiras de capital aberto em sua estrutura. Foi utilizada a relação entre o lucro líquido do período e o ativo total para medir o retorno para a empresa. Mais especificamente, este trabalho analisa a hipótese de que o retorno para a empresa, em média, não seja igual, quando considerados o seu porte e o nível de endividamento de curto prazo. Para tanto os testes foram realizados em dois estágios com a mesma amostra: i) uma amostra dividida em três grupos pelo porte atributo ativo total médio do período analisado e ii) uma outra amostra com dois grupos separados pelo CCL positivo e negativo. As análises foram feitas considerando as empresas com ações negociadas na BOVESPA e que pertencem ao segmento Novo Mercado de Governança Corporativa NMGC, para o período compreendido entre 2003 e 2008. A escolha das empresas do NMGC foi baseada no compromisso, que elas têm de melhorar a qualidade das informações prestadas aos stakeholders. Utilizou-se o teste de correlação de Spearman e de hipótese não paramétrico de Mann- Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis da média da população, observando o cálculo de significância de médias para as amostras e os grupos. Os resultados apresentam que na comparação entre os grupos de amostras, tanto no primeiro como no segundo estágio, a rentabilidade das empresas apresenta pequena variação, confirmando a hipótese nula. Contudo, os testes revelam que há indicação de que a qualidade do endividamento tem correlação com a rentabilidade das empresas, mesmo que moderada. Novos estudos são propostos no intuito de melhor evidenciar o problema apresentado neste trabalho

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka om granskningsnivån av hållbarhetsrapporter har förändrats på grund av tvingande reglering, nämligen reformeringen av den svenska årsredovisningslagen 2016. Studien söker även svar på huruvida skuldsättningsgrad, storlek och branschtillhörighet kan förklara granskningsnivån av hållbarhetsrapporter. Metod: Vi tillämpar enpositivistisk forskningsfilosofi med en deduktiv ansats. För att besvara syftet i studien har en kvantitativ metod med en longitudinell design tillämpats. Vi har genomfört en innehållsanalys på 1 730 svenska företags årsredovisningar samt hållbarhetsrapporter för åren 2016 och 2017. Utifrån tidigare forskning och teorier har hypoteser bildats och testats med hjälp av en logistisk regressionsanalys.  Resultat & slutsats: Resultatet av studien visar att vid tvingande reglering om hållbarhetsrapportering tenderar företagen att följa regleringen. Vi kan även visa att granskningsnivån på hållbarhetsrapporterna har förändrats efter införandet av den tvingande regleringen. Andelen hållbarhetsrapporter som genomgått en utökad granskning har minskat efter införandet av den tvingande regleringen. Vårt resultat visar även att det saknas signifikanta samband när det gäller granskningsnivå.  Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien kan bidra till både teoretisk och praktiskt. Det teoretiska bidraget kan hänföras till regelefterlevnaden, att de svenska företagen som omfattas av regleringen tenderar att följa regleringen, och således visar på en hög regelefterlevnad av regleringen om hållbarhetsrapportering. Det praktiska bidraget är att företagsledningen som ansvarar för hållbarhetsrapportens granskning kan använda sig av vår studie vid beslutsfattandet om vilken granskningsnivå som skall användas. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Eftersom att vår studie enbart mätt utfallet av regleringen före och direkt efter införandet av regleringen finns det ett behov att se om tiden kommer att påverka till en ökning bland företagen att följa regleringen. Vidare forskning skulle även kunna använda andra oberoende faktorer för att försöka förklara företagets val av granskningsnivån på hållbarhetsrapporterna. / Aim: The purpose of the study is to investigate whether the level of review of sustainability reports has changed due to mandatory regulation, namely the reform of the Swedish årsredovisningslagen 2016. The study also seeks answers to whether industry affiliation, size and leverage can explain the level of review of sustainability reports. Method: We apply a positivistic research philosophy with a deductive approach. To answer the purpose of the study, a quantitative method with a longitudinal design has been applied. We have conducted a content analysis of 1730 Swedish companies' annual reports and sustainability reports for the years 2016 and 2017. Based on previous research and theories, hypotheses have been formed and tested using a logistic regression analysis. Results & conclusion: The result of the study shows that in the case of mandatory regulation of sustainability reporting, the companies tend to comply with the law. We can also show that the level of review on the sustainability reports has changed after the introduction of the mandatory regulation. The proportion of sustainability reports that have undergone an extended review has decreased after the introduction of the mandatory regulation. Our results also show that there is no significant connection with the level of scrutiny.  Contribution of the thesis: The study can contribute both theoretically and practically. The theoretical contribution can be attributed to the regulatory compliance, that the Swedish companies covered by the regulation follow the regulation, and thus show a high regulatory compliance with the regulation on sustainability reporting. The practical contribution is that the management who is responsible for the review of the sustainability report can make use of our study in the decision-making on which level of examination is to be used.  Suggestions for future research: Since our study only measured the outcome of the regulation before and immediately after the introduction of the regulation, there is a need to see if the time will affect an increase among the companies to follow the regulation. Further research could also use other independent factors to try to explain the company's choice of audit level to the sustainability reports.

本研究目的有三：首先經由文獻探討，整理出有關之資本結構決定因素，並將實證結果與其他學者之主張進一步討論，以提供財務主管從事資本結構決策之參考。接著以實際公開的財務報表資料，運用多元迴歸統計方法，驗證有關資本結構的影響因素，並探討各因素與資本結構之間的關係與影響能力。最後以電腦模擬（情節分析）方式，針對資訊電子業中特定公司分析推論其可能之最適資本結構的範圍。 　　本研究以民國82年到民國86年，台灣地區資訊電子業上市公司為抽樣對象，共抽取61家資料完整之樣本公司進行實證研究。 　　實證研究可分為兩部分，第一部份為橫斷面統計分析，目的在找出資本結構之主要影響因素及影響力大小，以相關分析及多元迴歸分析，結果得到資訊電子業的獲利能力、企業產品獨特性、非負債稅盾與負債比率間呈現顯著的負相關；而資產抵押價值及成長性則與負債比率間呈顯著正相關；公司規模、股利發放率及營業風險與負債比率間則無顯著相關。影響力最大之變數為獲利能力。 　　第二部分則以電腦模擬（情節分析）方式，針對研究者主觀選取之單一樣本公司（仁寶電腦公司），推論其可能之最適資本結構範圍。本研究發現，當負債比率為50％時，仁寶電腦公司之加權平均資金成本最低，預期每股股價達到最高。因此本研究推估仁寶電腦公司之最適負債比率為50％。 第壹章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機與目的 1 第二節 研究範圍與研究限制 7 第三節 研究架構 10 第貳章 文獻探討 11 第一節 資本結構理論 11 第二節 國內實證文獻 38 第三節 國外實證文獻 50 第參章 研究設計 62 第一節 研究假說 62 第二節 資料蒐集與樣本 71 第三節 研究變數的操作性定義 74 第四節 研究方法 82 第肆章 實證結果分析 87 第一節 樣本資料基本統計分析 87 第二節 相關及簡單迴歸分析 89 第三節 多元迴歸分析及檢定 97 第四節 最適資本結構分析 103 第伍章 結論與建議 112 第一節 結論 112 第二節 建議 118 參考文獻 121 中文部分 121 英文部分 124