RésuméCette thèse a pour but de contribuer à l'histoire des communautés européennes et à la compréhension du processus de prise de décision au sein de cette coopération. Elle a pour objectif de clarifier l'importance du choc pétrolier pour la coopération européenne. Plus particulièrement, elle vise à comprendre quels effets immédiats et à court terme cette crise eut sur le développement d'une politique énergétique commune : La crise pétrolière fut-elle un levier ou une barrière au développement d'une politique énergétique commune? D'un côté, il se peut que le choc pétrolier ait accéléré le processus de prise de décision parce qu'il créa une urgence à traiter les problèmes d'approvisionnement du moment et à changer la dépendance européenne envers le pétrole du Moyen-Orient sur le long terme. D'un autre côté, il se peut que le choc pétrolier ait ralenti l'évolution d'une politique énergétique commune en intensifiant une confrontation entre les perspectives divergentes des Neuf, bloquant ainsi tout compromis. Dans ce contexte, des questions se posent quant aux raisons pour lesquelles les états membres recherchaient une coopération dans le domaine énergétique sans chercher de compromis au niveau de leurs intérêts divergents.Cette thèse a donné un aperçu sur différents aspects du processus de prise de décision dans les communautés européennes. La Commission européenne apparait dans cette recherche comme intervenant activement dans le développement d'une politique énergétique commune après la fusion de l'exécutif des communautés en 1967. L'échec de consensus en mai 1973 prouve toutefois que le besoin d'une coopération énergétique commune des gouvernements nationaux ait été moins fort que les différences d'intérêt mutuelles. En outre, on peut en conclure que les Neuf jugèrent l'OCDE comme un organisme plus approprié pour faire face aux tensions du moment du marché pétrolier.Après le début du choc pétrolier la coopération au niveau supranational fut considérablement minimisée. Il est certain que la Commission ne resta pas apathique face aux problèmes pétroliers lors du choc pétrolier. L'institution réagit vivement aux déclarations des pays producteurs de pétrole par des propositions de juridiction sur une politique pétrolière à court terme et des lettres insistant sur une position commune face aux problèmes d'approvisionnement en pétrole. Au sein de la Commission plusieurs comités et groupes furent créés, ou se rencontrèrent plus fréquemment, et se concentrèrent sur différents aspects du choc pétrolier.Le choc pétrolier ne fut pas un accélérateur du traitement des juridictions au niveau commun. Toutefois, il y a quelques remarques à faire. Il convient de mentionner que le Groupe de l'énergie du Conseil permit, curieusement, un forum pour la discussion d'actions communes possibles pour traiter les problèmes pétroliers du moment. En outre, la création du Comité de l'énergie signifiait un changement important dans le processus européen de prise décision. Troisièmement, l'OCDE a eu un rôle plus important que constaté avant en tant qu'acteur important du processus de prise de décision européen au niveau de l'énergie.Lors du choc pétrolier il ne fut pas donné à la Commission européenne de rôle d'élaboration de politique concernant les problèmes pétroliers du moment. Dans une première phase, le Conseil refusa ce rôle à la Commission à cause des mesures arabes sur les réductions de production et par crainte d'aggraver la situation. Mais même si cet argument n'était plus valable, les propositions pour des politiques à court termes de la Commission ne furent pas acceptées. Par contre, à cette époque, il fut confié à la Commission la tâche d'élaborer un programme à moyen et long terme pour une politique énergétique commune jusqu'en 1985. À cet égard, le choc pétrolier semble avoir été le catalyseur d'une politique énergétique commune. / This thesis aims to contribute to the history of the European communities and to the understanding of the decision-making process within this cooperation. More specifically, it seeks an answer to the question of what immediate and short-term effects he oil shock had on the development of a common energy policy: Was the oil crisis a lever or a barrier for the development of a common European energy policy? On the one hand, the oil shock may have possibly accelerated the decision-making process because it created an urgency to deal with the current supply problems and to change the European dependency on Middle Eastern oil on the longer term. On the other hand, the oil shock may have slowed down the development of a common energy policy by escalating a confrontation between the diverging perspectives of the Nine, blocking, in this way, a compromise. In this context, questions arise about the reasons why member states were searching for cooperation in the field of energy without searching for a compromise for their diverging interests.This thesis gives insight into different aspects of the decision-making process at the European communities. The European Commission emerges from the research as an active actor in the development towards a common energy policy after the merger of the communities' executives in 1967. The failure to reach consensus in May 1973 shows, however, that the need from national governments for a joint energy cooperation was less significant than the mutual differences of interest. Moreover, it might be concluded that the Nine deemed the OECD a more appropriate body to face the current tensions in the oil market. Two weeks after the Energy Council, they had committed themselves to the consumer cooperation at the OECD, just like the other member countries of this organisation. The idea for such a closer cooperation had been pushed by the United States since 1972. Within the OECD's Oil Committee, the theme of a worldwide apportionment scheme was being discussed as well as the danger of outbidding prices. The most important questions of the time were thus already discussed within this forum which maintained the large advantage of including the United States.After the start of the oil shock, cooperation at supranational level was significantly minimised, although the Commission did certainly not remain apathetic towards the oil problems. The institution swiftly reacted to the oil producer countries' announcements with new proposals for jurisdiction on short-term oil policy and letters insisting on a joint position faced with the oil supply problems. Within the Commission several committees and groups were created, and existing committees met more regularly, and focused on different aspects of the oil shock. The oil shock was not an accelerator for the processing of jurisdiction at common level. Noteworthy is the fact, however, that the Energy Group of the Council surprisingly provided a forum for the discussion of possible common actions to counter the current oil problems. Moreover, the creation of this Energy Committee signified an important change within the European decision-making process. Thirdly, the OECD had a more important role than assumed in other studies in this field, as an actor in the European decision-making process on energy.During the oil shock the European Commission was not attributed a role in the policy making concerning the current oil problems. In a first phase, the Council refused to such a role for the Commission because of the Arab measures on production cuts and a fear to aggravate the situation. But even when this argument no longer applied the proposals for jurisdiction of the Commission were not accepted. By contrast, at that time the Commission was given the assignment of elaborating a mid- and long-term programme for a common energy policy until 1985. In that respect, the oil shock seems to have been a catalyst for a common energy policy.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo H Consoli.pdf: 464724 bytes, checksum: 730bce2c6c19d7b07068073111c8514d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-19 / Among the ways that companies can coordinate they activities and define the sources of resources, two are opposite: make or buy in market. In this way, companies choose one of these options or use hybrid coordination forms, that will define the level of vertical integration used by the company. The aim of this research is analyze and classify the main factors regarded by managers when deciding about the level of vertical integration to use in their strategies. Following this objective, it was made a review in the publications related to this subject, like strategy, decision making process, transaction cost economy, industrial organization and finance. The procedures to develop the research used case study methodology applied in the sugar cane sector, where three different sugar mills with distinct vertical integration levels were analyzed through secondary data and interviews. As results it shows a list of factors and situations to be analyzed and pondered to assist managers to organize their production systems and make most efficient decision making about make or buy / Dentre inúmeras maneiras possíveis para as empresas organizarem suas atividades e definirem suas fontes de obtenção de recursos, destaca-se duas formas polares, são elas: produzir internamente ou comprar no mercado. Dessa maneira, a opção por uma dessas formas ou até mesmo a opção por uma forma híbrida, define o grau de integração vertical adotada pela empresa. Este trabalho tem como objetivo levantar e classificar quais são os principais fatores considerados pelos gestores no processo decisório de definição do grau de integração vertical adotado pela empresa. Para tanto, foram revisadas as principais obras relacionadas aos temas: estratégia, processo decisório, economia de custos de transação, organização industrial e finanças. Utilizou-se ainda neste trabalho, para alcançar os objetivos propostos, a metodologia de estudo de caso aplicado, em três empresas pertencentes ao sistema agroindustrial da cana, com diferentes graus de integração vertical. Ao término do mesmo, lista-se uma série de situações, que analisadas e ponderadas, permitem escolher qual a melhor forma de organizar a produção e, conseqüentemente, qual a melhor decisão a ser tomada: produzir ou comprar

Ocasionalmente, decisores se deparam com situações que demandarão a tomada de decisões estratégicas. Trata-se, com freqüência, de decisões que não foram vivenciadas anteriormente - seja no âmbito do organizacional, seja no âmbito pessoal dos decisores envolvidos - e, por isso, essas experiências anteriores podem ser de pouco valor ou podem ser transpostas apenas parcialmente ao novo contexto decisório. Nessas situações, surge um problema real a ser enfrentado pelos decisores e pouco explorado empiricamente pelos estudiosos dos processos decisórios: o problema de decidir como tomar uma decisão estratégica ou, como também conhecido no meio acadêmico, como tomar as metadecisões de um processo decisório. Para tratar desse problema, pesquisou-se a escassa literatura existente e, considerando estudos selecionados sobre processos decisórios, desenvolveu-se um modelo teórico representando os fatores que podem afetar dois tipos de metadecisões: a de processo e a de conteúdo. Em seguida, no contexto de uma organização pública e, no âmbito do desenvolvimento e produção de dois produtos para fins de diagnóstico e terapia, uma investigação foi conduzida envolvendo, no total, sete processos decisórios. Essa investigação objetivou testar o modelo teórico desenvolvido, verificar a existência de alguma associação lógica entre as diferentes metadecisões tomadas ao longo de um processo decisório e, a partir de análises dos resultados, identificar contribuições acadêmicas e práticas ao estado da arte sobre o tema. Como resultado desse esforço, o modelo do processo metadecisório foi revisado com a inclusão de novos fatores que podem influenciar as metadecisões e constatou-se que, ao longo de um processo decisório, parte das metadecisões tomadas podem apresentar uma associação lógica entre si. No conjunto, esses resultados permitiram a conclusão quanto à existência de uma estrutura lógica subjacente ao processo decisório maior do que a identificada por outros autores em estudos anteriores. Dezenove proposições relacionadas a metadecisões e uma metodologia para decidir como decidir integram as contribuições do estudo e abrem a perspectiva para outros estudos investigarem a aplicabilidade e generalidade do modelo desenvolvido e das proposições efetuadas para outros contextos organizacionais. / Occasionally, decision makers face situations where they need to make strategic decisions. Frequently, these decisions are new, and thus, previous experience is only partially helpful, if it is at all. In these situations, there is a real problem that needs to be addressed by the decision maker, which is the problem of deciding how to decide strategic decisions, or, in other words, how to make the metadecisions of a strategic decision. In order to deal with this theme, the scarce literature was reviewed and, along with selected topics about the decision making process, a theoretical model was developed to represent two types of metadecisions: process and content. The next step was the development of an empirical research in a public organization, involving the development and production of two products for diagnosis and therapy purposes. Seven decision processes were studied. The investigation was carried out in order to test the theoretical model, to verify the existence of any logical association among the different metadecisions taken within the decision process and, after the analysis of the results, to generate new contributions to the state of the art of this theme. The main results of this research are the revision and inclusion of new factors in the metadecision model and the identification that some of the metadecisions taken within a strategic decision process may present a logical association with one another. These findings indicated that the subjacent logical structure pointed out by other authors in previous studies can be extended. Nineteen propositions concerning metadecisions and a methodology to decide how to decide are additional contributions of this study. Taken altogether, this investigation opened the perspective of future studies to investigate the problem of deciding how to decide and extend the findings of the present study to other organizational environments.

La Constitution de la Roumanie de 1991, élaborée au début d’une période detransition d’un système totalitaire à un système démocratique, a inévitablement dû êtrerévisée. Si elle a défini un cadre juridique démocratique contribuant à la réinstauration et à lastructuration de la démocratie, la révision constitutionnelle intervient dans un cadre deconsolidation démocratique, avec un objectif principal : l’intégration de la Roumanie dans lesstructures euro-Atlantiques.Toutes les modifications apportées par la loi de révision pourraient être interprétées etjustifiées par cet objectif principal, compte tenu du lien entre la dynamique démocratisante etl’intégration dans les structures euro-Atlantiques.Trois finalités du processus de révision se dégagent dans ce contexte : l’institution desfondements constitutionnels de l’intégration euro-Atlantique et de ses effets, l’élargissementdes garanties constitutionnelles et institutionnelles des droits et des libertés fondamentaux etl’optimisation du processus décisionnel. Si les modifications présentées dans la premièrepartie sont directement liées à l’adhésion à l’Union Européenne et à l’OTAN, indispensables,les modifications répondant aux deux autres finalités sont d’influence ou d’inspirationeuropéenne, contribuant à la consolidation de la démocratie. / The Romanian Constitution of 1991, elaborated at the beginning of a period oftransition from a totalitarian system to a democratic one, needs undoubtedly to be revised. Ifthe Constitution defined a juridical democratic frame that contributed to the democraticrevival and settlement the revision of the Constitution responds to a period of democraticconsolidation related to a main objective: the integration in the European and North Atlanticstructures.All the modifications to the law brought on by the revision could be interpreted anddefended in relation to this main objective taking into account the relation between thedynamic of the democratization process and the integration in the European and NorthAtlantic structures.This revision process of the Romanian Constitution has three motivations related directlyto this context: the introduction of constitutional fundaments for the integration into theEuropean and North Atlantic structures and consequences of that integration, broadening theconstitutional and institutional warranties for fundamental rights and liberties and finally, theoptimization of the decision making process. If the revisions introduced in the first part weredirectly connected to the accession into the European Union and NATO, and thus essential,the revisions responding to the two other ends were influenced or based on a European modeland contributed directly to the strengthening of the young Romanian democracy.

Denna magisteruppsats i offentlig rätt är ämnad att behandla implementeringen av direktivet om betaltjänster på den inre marknaden i svensk rätt. Betaltjänstdirektivet är väsentlig vid inrättande av den inre marknaden inom EU:s medlemsstater, då alla inre gränser skall avlägsnas för att möjliggöra fri rörlighet för varor, personer, tjänster och kapital; i det sammanhanget blir det viktigt med en modern och konsekvent rättslig ram för betaltjänster på EU-nivå. Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka implementeringen av de processuella och materiella bestämmelser i betaltjänstdirektivet som knyter an till principen om god förvaltning och därtill medlemsstaternas processuella och institutionella autonomi. Till de frågor som analyseras hör tolkning av begreppet god förvaltning och hur de utvalda principerna kan identifieras i svensk rätt genom implementeringen av direktivet. God förvaltning i denna uppsats förstås i vid mening som ett begrepp motsvarande vad enskilda har rätt att förvänta sig av det berörda förvaltningsorganet vid handläggning av ett enskilt ärende. Uppsatsen har visat att direktivet innehåller ett flertal bestämmelser som knyter an till principen om god förvaltning och som reglerar hur svenska myndigheter skall handlägga ärenden inom direktivets tillämpningsområde. Uppsatsen har också kunnat påvisa en tydlig påverkan på Sveriges processuella och institutionella autonomi.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-04T15:11:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RANILSON OSCAR ARAÚJO PAIVA - TESE (PPGCC) 2017.pdf: 11842712 bytes, checksum: ac3058f290c36c90ab21ce1a9820b601 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-04T15:11:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RANILSON OSCAR ARAÚJO PAIVA - TESE (PPGCC) 2017.pdf: 11842712 bytes, checksum: ac3058f290c36c90ab21ce1a9820b601 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Vivemos uma mudança no paradigma educacional onde se busca prover educação de qualquer lugar, a qualquer momento e para qualquer pessoa, utilizando tecnologias digitais da informação e comunicação. Há um interesse global no ensino à distância, mas não há um aumento equivalente de suporte aos professores e tutores responsáveis por manter tais cursos. Essa deficiência acentua os problemas e desafios existentes na gestão de cursos a distância, pois com o tempo mais estudantes aderem ao ensino a distância, requerendo a criação de novos cursos e turmas, incrementando a quantidade de estudantes sendo sub-servidos em termos de apoio pedagógico. Isso é evidenciado pelo grande número de desistências e falhas em tais cursos, particularmente, nos MOOCs (Cursos Online Massivos e Abertos), que os estudantes justificam como falta de suporte. Esta tese propõe uma solução de autoria para guiar a tomada de decisões pedagógicas em ambientes online de aprendizagem, tendo sido aplicada em um MOOC. A proposta visa auxiliar professores e tutores (1) a descobrir situações de interesse pedagógico ocorrendo em seus cursos; (2) compreender essas situações; (3) tomar decisões para aborda-las e; (4) monitorar e avaliar o impacto da decisão tomada. As interações em tais cursos geram grande quantidade e diversidade de dados, sendo possível extrair informações pedagogicamente relevantes. Entretanto, professores e tutores não dominam a tecnologia necessária para utilizar esses dados, nem é prático ou apropriado solicitar que sejam treinados para tanto. A proposta se fundamenta na tomada de decisões informada por dados educacionais, na visualização de dados e nos sistemas de autoria para promover a cooperação entre a inteligência artificial e a inteligência humana. Realizamos dois experimentos para: (1) avaliar se o processo auxilia professores e tutores a tomar decisões pedagógicas úteis e em tempo de curso; (2) avaliar se a solução de autoria guia a tomada de decisões pedagógicas de professores e tutores. Os resultados sugerem que o processo trouxe benefícios à tomada de decisões pedagógicas e que a solução de autoria foi capaz de guiar a tomada de decisões pedagógicas em tempo de curso e que sua utilidade e facilidade foram percebidas positivamente por professores e tutores. / We are experiencing changes in the educational paradigm. There is a quest to provide education from anywhere, at any time and for anyone, using digital information and communication technologies. There is a global interest in distance learning, but there is no equivalent increase in support for teachers and tutors responsible for maintaining such courses. This difference accentuates the problems and challenges in managing distance courses once that, over time, more students join distance learning, requiring the creation of new courses and classes, increasing the number of distance students being sub-served in terms of pedagogical support. This is evidenced by the large number of dropouts and faiilures in such courses, particularly in MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses), that students justify as lack of support. This thesis proposes an authoring solution to guide the pedagogical decision making in online learning environments, which was applied in a MOOC. The proposal aims to help teachers and tutors (1) to discover situations of pedagogical interest occurring in their courses; (2) understand these situations; (3) make decisions to address them; (4) monitor and evaluate the impact of the decision made. The interactions in such courses generate considerable quantity and diversity of data,allowing the extraction of pedagogically relevant information. However, teachers and tutors do not master the technology needed to use this data, nor is it practical or appropriate to ask them to be trained to do so. Our proposal is based on informed decision making by educational data, data visualization and authoring systems to promote cooperation between artificial intelligence and human intelligence. We conducted two experiments to: (1) evaluate whether the process helps teachers and tutors to make useful and time-course pedagogical decisions; (2) to evaluate if the authoring solution guides the pedagogical decision making of teachers and tutors. The results suggest that the process brought benefits to pedagogical decision making and that the authoring solution was able to guide the pedagogical decision making in course time and that its usefulness and ease of use were positively perceived by teachers and tutors.

Organisations both locally and internationally spend large portions of their marketing budgets on sponsorship opportunities in order to achieve organisational and marketing objectives. The Springboks are in partnership with an assortment of sponsors, from main sponsors to associate sponsors to official suppliers, all with their own objectives to achieve through their affiliation with the Springboks. Although sponsorship is a rapidly growing marketing communication medium, there seems to be uncertainty about aspects related to its impact and effectiveness. The primary objective of the study was to explore the influence that the sponsorship of the Springboks has on the consumer’s decision to purchase the sponsor products within the Tshwane area. The study was an exploratory study and made use of qualitative data collection tools such as naïve sketches and focus group interviews to obtain primary data. The collected data was analysed by means of content analysis. Various variables that impact on the consumer’s final decision to purchase products can be identified and the literature states that limited knowledge exists regarding the influence of integrated marketing communication (IMC) tools on each stage of the consumer decision-making process. Psychological processes that make up consumer behaviour may be impacted by the effects of IMC and acting further to induce a specific decision from the consumer. This study provides knowledge regarding the influence of sponsorship on consumer behaviour. It was found that sponsorship can contribute to increased awareness of sponsors and that it contributes to positive attitudes maintained within the minds of the consumers. As a result of positive attitudes and increased awareness, participants mentioned that they may consider sponsor brands as alternatives in their decision-making process. The final decision to purchase sponsor brands, as indicated by participants, is not dependent on the sponsorship of the Springboks. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

The thesis attempts to outline the extent to which the decision-making role of nurses is utilized, and the main factors that affect decision-making of nurses within the scope of provision of nursing care. The research has found out that nurses utilize their decision-making role to an insufficient extent hence the sense and purpose of decision-making must be emphasised again. This task may be assumed by managing nurses. Managing nurses may also contribute by more effective defending of competences of nurses. From the factors needed by nurses for effective decision-making, attention should be paid particularly to education. It is necessary to make possible for nurses to extend their knowledge and thus to obtain theoretical insight (e.g. in respect of decision-making) to be used by them while providing care to a patient/client.

Submitted by Cristiano Grimaldi (cristiano.grimaldi@petrobras.com.br) on 2014-05-05T22:17:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese MEX FGV 2014_Cristiano_pós banca_v3_protegido.pdf: 2260317 bytes, checksum: b9698f6188661977e8a68e2d4452f237 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2014-05-06T13:10:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese MEX FGV 2014_Cristiano_pós banca_v3_protegido.pdf: 2260317 bytes, checksum: b9698f6188661977e8a68e2d4452f237 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2014-05-07T13:18:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese MEX FGV 2014_Cristiano_pós banca_v3_protegido.pdf: 2260317 bytes, checksum: b9698f6188661977e8a68e2d4452f237 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-07T13:18:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese MEX FGV 2014_Cristiano_pós banca_v3_protegido.pdf: 2260317 bytes, checksum: b9698f6188661977e8a68e2d4452f237 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / Decisões são tomadas de diversas formas e em todos os momentos, mas foi o francês Henry Fayol que propôs um modelo estruturado para essa tomada de decisão, definindo o papel dos dirigentes e suas responsabilidades na administração da empresa. No desenvolvimento do trabalho, foram estudados diversos modelos de processo decisório, como o modelo clássico racionalista, o modelo da racionalidade limitada, o modelo político, as coalizões envolvidas no processo, teorias de responsabilidade social corporativa, teorias de governança corporativa, entre outros. À luz destes modelos e baseado na missão da Petrobras, de ser uma empresa segura e rentável, o autor faz uma suposição e enquadra o processo decisório da empresa no modelo clássico racionalista, focado na maximização dos lucros e resultados. Devido ao tamanho da empresa e à diversidade de assuntos para a tomada de decisão, o autor foca seus estudos na área de Abastecimento da Petrobras e analisa o processo de tomada de decisão para o aumento dos preços dos combustíveis, com o objetivo de avaliar a veracidade da sua suposição. A metodologia de pesquisa é baseada em uma pesquisa bibliográfica e investigação documental para avaliar se o modelo de tomada de decisão é realmente racional, ou se existem influências ou fatores externos que levam a um novo modelo de processo decisório. Após comparar o modelo racional com os dados e realizações da empresa, o autor faz uma triangulação de métodos, incluindo uma pesquisa de campo para avaliar a percepção dos gestores e stakeholders sobre o modelo de tomada de decisão da empresa. O autor entrevista 11 funcionários da Petrobras e 10 stakeholders externos com o intuito de coletar percepções sobre o processo decisório da Cia., finalizando com uma análise qualitativa dos dados baseada na técnica de análise de conteúdo. Com os resultados da pesquisa, o autor comprova, por meio de documentos da empresa, que a Diretoria Executiva da Petrobras é a responsável pela aprovação da política de preços da Cia. Dentre os fatores de influência no processo decisório da empresa, a inflação foi a de maior destaque, mostrando o viés político na relação entre o governo e a empresa. A política de preços da Cia. continua sendo de médio e longo prazo, acarretando em prejuízos no curto prazo para a área de Abastecimento da Petrobras. Após alcançar todos os objetivos intermediários do trabalho, o autor conclui que a suposição inicial é falsa e que o processo decisório para o aumento dos preços dos combustíveis na Petrobras se aproxima muito mais dos modelos de racionalidade limitada e político, com enfoque nos stakeholders e na competitividade do que do modelo clássico racionalista. / Decisions are taken on several manners and at all times, but it was the French Henry Fayol who proposed a structured model for this decision-making process, defining the roll of directors and its responsibilities on the administration of the companies. On the development of this paper, several models of decision-making processes were analyzed, such as the rationalist classical model, the model of bounded rationality, the political model, coalitions involved in the process, theories of corporate social responsibility, corporate governance theories, among others. In the light of these models and based on Petrobras’ mission of being a safe and profitable company, the author makes an assumption and puts the decision-making process of the company on the rationalist classical model, focused on the maximization of profits and results. Due to the size of the company and the diversity of issues for the decision-making, the author focuses his studies in the Supply area of Petrobras and analyses the decision-making process for the increase of the prices of fuels, aiming at evaluating the veracity of his assumption. The research methodology is based on a bibliographical research and documents investigation in order to check if the decision-making model is really rational or if there are external influences or factors that lead to a new model of decision-making process. After comparing the rational model with data and accomplishments of the company, the author makes a connection of methods, including a field research to evaluate the perception of managers and stakeholders regarding the decision-making model of the company. The author interviews 11 employees of Petrobras and 10 external stakeholders aiming to collect perceptions on the decision-making process of the company, concluding this paper with a qualitative analysis of the data based on the content analysis technique. Using the results of the research, the author proves through documents of the company that the Executive Board of Petrobras is responsible for the approval of the prices policy of the company. Among other influence factor on the decision-making process of the company, inflation was the most remarkable one, showing the political bias on the relation between the government and the company. The prices policy of the company continues to be medium and long-term, causing losses at short-term for the Supply area of Petrobras. After reaching all mediatory objectives of this paper, the author concludes that the initial assumption is false and that the decision-making process for the increase of the prices of fuels in Petrobras resembles the models of limited rationality and policy, focused more on the stakeholders and on the competitiveness than on the rationalist classical model.

Submitted by Larissa Haddad Souza Vieira (larissahaddad@gmail.com) on 2016-03-21T19:03:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Larissa Haddad Final.pdf: 1452009 bytes, checksum: 9caa471e071cb739351caa4a6d6288cc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2016-03-21T19:04:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Larissa Haddad Final.pdf: 1452009 bytes, checksum: 9caa471e071cb739351caa4a6d6288cc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-21T19:58:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Larissa Haddad Final.pdf: 1452009 bytes, checksum: 9caa471e071cb739351caa4a6d6288cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / The study of productive agglomerations points the State as the protagonist in supporting inter-institutional cooperation in terms of increased competitiveness of companies in various sectors, promoting regional development through public policies. This research analyzed the design of Local Productive Arrangements (LPAs) in the state of Espírito Santo (ES) as instruments of public policy for local development, according to the perception of strategic actors about decision-making processes present throughout the implementation of the National Policy support to LPAs, from the analysis of LPAs of Agro Tourism, Metal-Mechanic and Ornamental Stones. The case of Cluster Quesero de Villa María complements the analysis, highlighting similarities and differences between productive agglomerations supported by public policies in Brazil and Argentina. The study used as a theoretical basis Decision-making Process and Veto groups acting in public policies, the incremental approach and multilevel governance, and the reference on LPAs. The research, qualitative, used interviews to capture the perceptions of relevant actors to the implementation of policies in ES and Villa María about the decision-making process, its members and relations. Bibliographic and documentary data sources were also used, and the information went through Content Analysis. The results indicate incremental characteristics throughout the operative chain formed by several different decision processes. There were identified a few effects of the National Policy in its implementation in ES, and a decline in the use of LPAs approach in the state. All productive agglomerations were organized by top-down initiatives; however, two of them developed bottom-up characteristics due to the appropriation of its members on the proposals in development. Productive agglomerations were analyzed as features such as: Performance of Governance; Heterogeneity of Decision Maker Group; LPA Organization flow; Relationship with Government; Existence of Workers Groups Participation Channels and Local Community. The study identifies the asymmetrical relations between the actors in decision-making processes, both in the Brazilian and the in Argentinean cases, derived asymmetries as to information, access to participation and decision-making by groups related to its development. Business, government and supporting institutions groups are protagonists in these decision-making processes, while social and labor representations, even though relevant to LPAs, do not participate in them. The inclusion of different actors with diverse interests in decision-making processes, on the one hand, can generate conflicts and decision-making slow, but, in contrast, tends to generate decisions, changes and more integrated actions to local realities, according to different points of view and, therefore, more effective and intelligent. Moreover, the purpose of local development, by encouraging the LPAs, can be achieved to the extent that these actors are included in decision-making, because only so, it would be possible to achieve development in its perspective association between economic dynamism and improve the population's quality of life with a view to sustainability. / O estudo de aglomerações produtivas aponta o Estado como protagonista no apoio à cooperação interinstitucional em função do aumento da competitividade de empresas dos mais diversos setores, favorecendo o desenvolvimento regional por meio de políticas públicas. Esta pesquisa objetivou analisar o desenho dos Arranjos Produtivos Locais (APLs) no estado do Espírito Santo (ES) como instrumentos de política pública para o desenvolvimento local, segundo a percepção de atores estratégicos sobre processos decisórios presentes na implementação da Política Nacional de Apoio a APLs, a partir da análise dos APLs de Agroturismo, Metalmecânico e de Rochas Ornamentais. O caso do Cluster Quesero de Villa María complementa as análises, evidenciando semelhanças e diferenças entre aglomerações produtivas apoiadas por políticas públicas no Brasil e na Argentina. O estudo utilizou como base teórica o processo decisório e grupos de veto em políticas públicas, a abordagem incremental e de governança multinível, e o referencial sobre APLs. A pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, utilizou entrevistas para captar as percepções de atores relevantes à implementação das políticas no ES e em Villa María acerca dos processos decisórios, seus membros e relações; fontes de dados bibliográficos e documentais também foram utilizadas, e as informações passaram por Análise de Conteúdo. Os resultados indicam características incrementais em toda a cadeia decisória, formada por vários processos de decisão diferentes. Foram identificados poucos efeitos da Política Nacional em sua implementação no ES, além de uma decadência do uso da abordagem de APLs no estado. As aglomerações produtivas foram organizadas mediante iniciativas top-down; mas duas desenvolveram características bottom-up, dada a apropriação de seus membros quanto às propostas em desenvolvimento. As aglomerações foram analisadas conforme características como: Atuação da Governança; Heterogeneidade do Grupo Decisor; Fluxo de Organização do APL; Relação com Governos; Existência de Canais de Participação de Grupos de Trabalhadores e da Comunidade Local. São identificadas relações assimétricas entre os atores em processos decisórios, nos casos brasileiros e no argentino, derivadas de assimetrias quanto a informações, acesso à participação e poder decisório por parte de grupos relacionados ao seu desenvolvimento. Grupos empresariais, governamentais e de instituições de apoio são protagonistas nesses processos decisórios, enquanto representações sociais e trabalhistas, mesmo relevantes aos APLs, não participam dos mesmos. A inclusão de diferentes atores com interesses diversos nos processos decisórios, por um lado, pode gerar conflitos e morosidade decisória; em contrapartida, tende a gerar decisões, mudanças e ações mais integradas às realidades locais, segundo variados pontos de vista, e, portanto, mais efetivas e inteligentes. Além disso, o desenvolvimento local, mediante incentivo a APLs, poderá ser alcançado na medida em que esses atores sejam incluídos nas tomadas de decisão, pois o consideraria sob sua perspectiva de associação entre dinamismo econômico e melhoria da qualidade de vida da população, tendo em vista sua sustentabilidade.