Syfte: Miljömedvetet och prisvärt byggande har länge varit två uttryck som använts ibyggbranschen. Betong har använts och är väl beprövat. Trä och framförallt KL-trä ärdäremot ett material som växt fram det senaste decenniet. Frågan är, när är det bäst attbygga med de olika materialen och vad är materialens respektive klimatavtryck? Målet med denna rapport är att jämföra två bjälklagssystem, ett i KL-trä och ett i betong, utifrån ett sammanvägt kostnads-, dimensions- och miljöperspektiv och hur de förhåller sig mellan spännvidderna fyra, sex och åtta meter. ▪ Hur stor är den procentuella kostnadsskillnaden mellan dessa bjälklagssystem? ▪ Hur stor är den procentuella skillnaden i koldioxidutsläpp under produktionen avdessa bjälklagssystem ▪ Hur stor är den procentuella dimensionsskillnaden mellan dessa bjälklagssystem? ▪ Vilket bjälklagssystem är det bästa valet utifrån en multikriterieanalys? Metod: Studien består av flera experiment för att få ut empiri till en kvotmätning.Denna metod användes för att få fram primärdata till arbetet.Sekundärdata samlades in via dokumentstudier av lagar och krav för byggnation inombrand, ljud och dimensionering. Resultat: Studien visar resultaten av en jämförelse mellan bjälklagssystem med olikamaterial och spännvidder. En multikriterieanalys används för att rangordna resultatenför att visa det mest fördelaktiga alternativet. Konsekvenser: Vid användning av KL-trä bör dimensionering tas i beaktande dådimensionerna blir relativt stora jämfört med betong. Kostnaden av materialen skiljersig markant. Detta speglar dock inte totalkostnad då produktion, leveranser, montering,etcetera ej är medräknat. Att använda en multikriterieanalys vid jämförelser ger entydlig bild på fördelaktigt alternativ samt hur stor skillnad det är mellan alternativen. Begränsningar: Då det endast är en del i totalkostnaden som berörs speglar interesultatet rättvis kostnadsbild och kan därför inte användas som referenspunkt. Resultatfungerar endast som ett hjälpmedel vid delberäkning av totalkostnad. Nyckelord: Betong, KL-trä, Plattbärlag, Plattbjälklag, Kassettbjälklag,Multikriterieanalys, Dimensionering, Kostnad, Koldioxidutsläpp / Purpose: Environmental and affordable construction has long been two terms used in theconstruction industry. Concrete has been used and is well proven. Wood and especiallyCLT wood, on the other hand, is a material that has emerged in the last decade. The questionis, when is it best to build with the different materials and what are their respective climatefootprints? The aim of this report is to compare two structural floor systems, one in CLT wood and onein concrete, based on a balanced cost, dimension and environmental perspective and howthey relate between the spans of four, six and eight meters. ▪ What is the percentage cost difference between these structural floor systems? ▪ What is the percentage difference in carbon dioxide emissions during theproduction of these structural floor systems? ▪ What is the percentage dimensional difference between these structural floorsystems? ▪ Which structural floor system is the best choice based on a multi-criteria decisionanalysis? Method: The study consists of several experiments to obtain empirical data for a quotameasurement. This method was used to obtain primary data for the work. To obtain secondary data consisting of standards, calculation models and requirements, adocument study was used. Secondary data were collected via document studies of laws and requirements forconstruction in fire, acoustics and dimensioning. Findings: The study shows the results of a comparison between structural floor systemswith different materials and spans. A multi-criteria decision analysis is used to rank theresults to show the most advantageous alternative. Implications: When using CLT-wood, dimensioning should be taken into account as thedimensions will be relatively large compared to concrete. The cost of the materials differsmarkedly. However, this does not reflect the total cost as production, deliveries, assembly,etcetera are not included. Using a multi-criteria decision analysis in comparisons gives aclear picture of a favorable alternative and how large a difference there is between thealternatives. Limitations: As only a part of the total cost is affected, the result does not reflect a faircost picture and can therefore not be used as a reference point. The results only serve as anaid in the partial calculation of total cost. Keywords: Concrete, CLT-wood, Prefabricated Concrete Slab Joist, CLT Flat Joist,Rib Elements, Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, Cost, Carbon Dioxide Emissions

This master thesis deals with the topic of risk management and explains its importance during project management in IT projects. It descibes every phase of the risk management life cycle and also methods and procedures used in each phase. After that the thesis focuses on decision analysis, mainly on decision trees and Monte Carlo simulation. The last part contains the design of an application for risk management and visualization. Prototype of this system has been implemented based on this design in PHP framework Laravel. Details of the implementation and testing are in the next part of this thesis. In the end there is an assessment with discussion of possible expansions.

The understanding that humans are bounded in their rationality has been proven to manifest in complex decision making as a result of a limit in the amount of information available, the cognitive limitations of the mind and the amount of time available in which to make a decision. Because of this, humans have been known to appeal to heuristics and the rules of thumb (termed 'satisficing‘) when making decisions, resulting in biased probability judgments and not maximizing expected utility. Corporate application of bounded rationality is still very limited. This study builds on and advances the study and application of bounded rationality in corporate environments, using climate change response as a real-life situation, and in a circular fashion help explain some of the debates and paradoxes that agitate researchers from the climate change community. Using a mixed methods comparative case study of two organisations‘ responses to climate change, the study theorises that competitive market forces and the ability of organisations to learn from other organisations limits the levels of 'satisficing‘ in strategic decision making. Instead, the limited amount of information and the fear of the unknown cause organizations to approach the subject cautiously. A tactical interpretive climate change response framework emerges. / Business Management / D.B.L.

The reported research provides a rough guide to the best practice of decision modeling concerning urban pipeline systems’ rehabilitation. The thesis aims to bring attention to the fact that a proper decision-making model is a cornerstone for efficient infrastructure management. More precisely, this thesis aims to increase the knowledge about applicable decision support methods by identifying relevant factors that should be considered in the decision-making process. This can, facilitate future rehabilitation attempts of existing urban infrastructure. A utility-based decision model was adopted for a water distribution network in Sweden to locate and rehabilitate leakages as an ultimate sign of failure. This was performed by implementing and evaluating a Bayesian decision model including the treatment of uncertainties in evaluating the best decision from a short-term perspective. Despite its simplicity, the result showed that the proposed model could facilitate problem-solving approaches when uncertainty is an issue. Considering the several interacting factors of services and the availability of information, the importance of problem structuring before applying a decision model was extensively acknowledged. As a result, a conceptual decision model was proposed to choose the most appropriate decision model applicable for a particular problem in the essence of deciding how to decide. The presented model illustrated the first steps of developing a theoretical framework for a rational yet practical decisionmaking. This approach, which is aimed to be further employed in rehabilitation strategies of urban pipelines, ensures that the chosen decision technique has explicitly considered different levels of uncertainty and would be the best-established solution for a particular type of problem, organization, and stakeholder. This effort may help the decision analysts define the problem and elicit objectives and values relatively early in the decision-making to ensure that decisions to be selected would support the desired outcomes, actions, and core values. Then, a critical evaluation of the decision strategy was presented by comparing the performed Bayesian approach with the proposed conceptual model. Then so, it was shown that the choice of the decision model is dissimilar if the presented specific basic components vary. This was performed by presenting two semi-fictitious case studies, exemplifying the framework’s importance in structuring the assessment of available means. / Forskningen som redovisas i denna uppsats utgör en översiktlig guide till en praktisktillämpning av beslutsmodellering gällande underhåll av urbana ledningssystem.Syftet med licentiatuppsatsen är att betona att en korrekt modell för beslutsfat-tande är nödvändig för en effektiv förvaltning av infrastruktur. Mer specifikt ärmålet att öka kunskapen om tillämpbara beslutsstödsmetoder genom att identifiera relevanta faktorer som bör beaktas i beslutsprocessen. Det förväntas underlätta framtida underhållsaktiveter för befintlig urban infrastruktur. En nyttobaserad beslutsmodell för åtgärdsplanering har applicerats på en del av ettsvenskt vattenledningssystem, där läckage är den kritiska händelse som hanteras.Modellen baserad på Bayesiansk beslutsteori har implementerats och utvärderatsmed avseende på hantering av osäkerheter och beslutsoptimering ur ett korttidsper-spektiv. Trots modellens enkelhet visar resultatet att den kan underlätta metodvalför problemlösning när det råder osäkerheter i förutsättningarna. Vikten av en tydlig och strukturerad problembeskrivning inför tillämpningen av enbeslutsmodell bekräftas, där beaktande av interaktioner mellan ibland flera faktoreri systemets funktion och den tillgängliga informationen är viktig. Som ett resultatföreslås en konceptuell metod för att välja den mest lämpliga beslutsmodellen förett specifikt problem med syftet att besluta hur man bör besluta. Den presenter-ade metoden utgör ett första steg i utvecklingen av ett teoretiskt ramverk för ettrationellt och samtidigt praktiskt beslutsfattande. Arbetet hjälper beslutsfattarenatt strukturera problemet och lyfta syftet och värden tidigt i beslutsfattandet föratt säkerställa att tagna beslut stödjer eftersökta utfall, åtgärder och kärnvärden. Vidare har en kritisk utvärdering av beslutsstrategier presenterats som en jämförelsemellan den Bayesianska beslutsmodellen och den konceptuella metoden. Den visaratt valet av beslutsmodell skiljer sig om de grundläggande förutsättningarna ärolika. Utvärderingen baseras på två semifiktiva fallstudier som visar på vikten avstrukturering i bedömningen av tillgänglig information och tillgängliga resurser. / <p>2022-10-24</p> / Mistra InfraMaint

Problems in the public policy decision-making environments are typically complex and continuously evolve. In a resource-constrained environment, several alternatives, criteria, and conflicting objectives must be considered. As a result, solutions to these types of problems cannot be modelled solely using single-criteria techniques. It has been observed that most techniques used to shape energy policy and planning either produce sub-optimal solutions or use strong assumptions about the preferences of decision-maker(s). This difficulty creates a compelling need to develop novel techniques that can handle several alternatives, multiple criteria and conflicting objectives to support public sector decision-making processes. First, the study presents a novel scenario-based multi-objective optimisation framework based on the augmented Chebychev goal programming (GP) technique linked to a value function for analysing a decision environment underlying energy choice among low-income households in isolated rural areas and informal urban settlements in South Africa. The framework developed includes a multi-objective optimisation technique that produced an approximation of a Pareto front linked to an a priori aggregation function and a value function to select the best alternatives. Second, the study used this model to demonstrate the benefits of applying the framework to a previously unknown subject in public policy: a dynamic multi-technology decision problem under uncertainty involving multiple stakeholders and conflicting objectives. The results obtained suggest that while it is cost-optimal to pursue electrification in conjunction with other short-term augmentation solutions to meet South Africa's universal electrification target, sustainable energy access rates among low-income households can be achieved by increasing the share of clean energy generation technologies in the energy mix. This study, therefore, challenges the South African government's position on pro-poor energy policies and an emphasis on grid-based electrification to increase energy access. Instead, the study calls for a portfolio-based intervention. The study advances interventions based on micro-grid electrification made up of solar photovoltaics (PV), solar with storage, combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) and wind technologies combined with either bioethanol fuel or liquid petroleum gas (LPG). The study has demonstrated that the framework developed can benefit public sector decision-makers in providing a balanced regime of technical, financial, social, environmental, public health, political and economic aspects in the decision-making process for planning energy supply interventions for low-income households. The framework can be adapted to a wide range of energy access combinatorial problems and in countries grappling with similar energy access challenges.

Low Impact Development (LID) is a sustainable stormwater management approach that aims to control runoff close to its source, mimicking the natural hydrological processes such as infiltration and storage. It is being adopted by many cities, where its implementation is rapidly evolving. The LID practices are small-scale measures; therefore, they need to be widely implemented to impact significantly. The selection of LIDs depends on the land use and characteristics of the area of interest. This study focuses on residential LIDs. First, a systematic and bibliometric literature review is conducted on the residential LIDs articles published up to the year 2020; a total of 94 papers were found in the Web of Science. This review resulted that LID implementation in residential areas still needs to be investigated. To assist the City, engineers, and policy-makers in implementing the suitable LIDs for detached houses, a multi-criteria decision analysis framework incorporating a hydrological model is developed in this study. The commonly used LIDs were identified, which are rain gardens, permeable pavement, rain barrels, soakaways. Seven criteria were selected – runoff depth reduction rate, peak runoff reduction rate, installation cost, maintenance cost, retrofit cost, life cycle, and aesthetical view. For the properties of the single-detached house and LIDs, the standards of Credit Valley Conservation (CVC) and Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) were followed. The proposed decision-making framework also was applied to a case study. This framework is still in the preliminary stage, thus holds the potential to convert into a tool that will be handy enough for the homeowners and consume less time. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

This master’s thesis determines trail suitability in the context of environmental area sensitivity, closely focusing on a proposed Bästeträsk National Park, Gotland, Sweden. The current relative low usage of the area is expected to significantly increase its tourism flow once the proposed national park is established, as the demand for nature-based tourism and recreation is growing. However, due to its pristine landscapes, myriad endemic and red-listed species, and rare geomorphological phenomena, there is a need to closely review the destination’s environmental sensitivity and potential recreational adverse impacts on the area’s ecosystem services. Consequently, the research reviews Volunteered Geographic Data within the studied area and employs Geographic Information Systems-based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis to determine environmental trail suitability. The research identified that more than half of the studied area exhibits substantial environmental sensitivity. Additionally, it highlights that multiple used and established trails intersect considerably sensitive areas, which must be considered for future tourism planning to attain sustainable destination development. Moreover, the study furthers on the requisite to recognise nature-based activities beyond the means of low impact due to their increasing popularity and anthropogenic impacts.

Försvarsmakten är under en återuppbyggnad och står inför en stor nyanskaffning av materiel till samtliga delar av organisationen. 161. Stridsledning- och luftbevakningsbataljonen skall utöka och ersätta delar av den befintliga sensorkedjan med nya system där det finns utrymme för anskaffning av rörliga markbaserade radarsystem.  Tidigare forskning och rapporter från bland annat FOI och Försvarsmakten kopplat mot framtidens radarsensorer tyder på att AESA-radarer är väl lämpliga vid en framtida anskaffning. Arbetet är av tekniskt beskrivande karaktär och använder teorin om militär nytta samt analysverktyget multimålmetoden. Arbetets syfte är att undersöka om de framtagna värderingskriterierna kostnad, rörlighet, masthöjd och målupptäckt skulle kunna användas vid en svensk anskaffning av ett rörligt markbaserat radarsystem. Slutsatsen är att värderingskriterierna som tagits fram i arbetet kan och bör användas vid en anskaffning av ett rörligt markbaserat radarsystem. Dock behöver värderingskriterierna fördjupas ytterligare för att i framtida användning få fram ett mer precist resultat. / The Swedish Armed Forces are undergoing a re-establishment and are facing a major new acquisition of equipment for all parts of the organization. 161. Combat Control and Air Surveillance Battalion will increase and replace parts of the existing sensor chain with new systems where there is room for the acquisition of mobile ground-based radar systems.  Previous research and reports from, among others, FOI and the Swedish Armed Forces related to future radar sensors indicate that AESA radars are well suited for in a future acquisition. This report is of a technical descriptive type and uses the theory of military utility and the analysis tool multi-criteria decision. The purpose of the report is to investigate whether the valuation criteria’s cost, mobility, mast height and target detection should be used as criteria in a Swedish acquisition of a mobile ground-based radar system. The conclusion is that the evaluation criteria concluded in the report can and should be used in the acquisition of a mobile ground-based radar system. However, the evaluation criteria need to be further deepened to obtain a more precise result in future use.

För att världen ska bli mer socialt, ekonomiskt och miljömässigt hållbar till år 2030 skapade FN de globala målen. En omställning till cirkulär ekonomi är nödvändig för att nå de globala målen. Cirkulär ekonomi innebär att resurser används i effektiva cirkulära flöden och ersätter jungfruligt material. Cirkulära flöden kan minska den stora materialkonsumtionen och utsläppen av växthusgaser som byggsektorn och industrisektorn är ansvariga för. Sveriges ekonomi är i dagsläget linjär, där bara cirka 3% av allt material som nationen konsumerar återinförs in i ekonomin. Det finns en stor materialtillgång från industriavfall i urbana områden som i dagsläget kasseras men som fortfarande har ett potentiellt värde att återbrukas. Syftet med studien är att inventera materialflöden i region Norrbotten som är klassade som utdömda av företag och industrier utanför byggsektorn. Studien inriktar sig särskilt på att inventera restmaterial i städerna Luleå, Boden och Piteå och analysera om materialen kan återbrukas som ytskiktsmaterial för fasad och tak på ett miljöhus. Analyserna ska resultera i gestaltningsförslag för de restmaterialen med störst potential till återanvändning för att väcka inspiration för återbruk. Studien undersöker också de vanligaste utmaningarna med återbruk inom byggsektorn. Datainsamlingen har skett genom en litteraturstudie och en inventering av lokala restmaterial. Inventeringen har utförts med hjälp av metoden Harvest Map, semistrukturerade intervjuer och studiebesök. Analysen av restmaterialen har baserats på Ashbys materialvalsmetod. Metoden innebär bestämning av kriterier, uteslutning av material samt rangordning av material. Rangordning av material har genomfört med hjälp av en multikriterieanalys. Enligt Ashbys materialvalsmetod definierades tolv kriterier. Av sju företag som inventerades exkluderades tjugosex av trettiosju restmaterial från studien. Elva restmaterial uppnådde de kriterier som var nödvändiga för att återbruka som ytskiktsmaterial och rangordnades enligt multikriterieanalysen. De tre material som rangordnades högst var rostfri plåt från värmeväxlare, plåt från sandwichelement och gabionvägg av masugnsslagg. Fallscenario för fasad- och takytskikt gestaltades för dessa tre material och som påvisar att det finns goda möjligheter för de inventerade restmaterialen att återbrukas som ytskiktsmaterial. Inventeringen hos de få företag som gjordes visade att det finns en stor materialtillgänglighet i region Norrbotten som har potential att återbrukas. Det framgick också att det finns intressanta materialflöden hos industrier som byggsektorn kan dra nytta av. Återbruk av material kräver samarbete mellan de involverade parterna. Samarbetet innebär bland annat att dela med sig information om tillgängliga resurser i materialflöden, materialens egenskaper och ursprung. Detta är nödvändigt för att underlätta inventeringen av potentiella material att återbruka. Samarbetet kan hindras av företagens och industriernas integritet och konkurrens mellan företagen. En tänkvärd aspekt som upptäcktes under studien var att låta restmaterialen återbrukas till andra funktioner hos byggnaden. Detta i kombination med att utföra en storskalig materialinventering vore intressant för fortsatta studier. / In order for the world to become more socially, economically and environmentally sustainable by the year 2030, the UN created the global goals. A transition to a circular economy is necessary to reach the global goals. Circular economy means that resources are used in efficient circular flows and replace virgin material. Circular flows can reduce the large material consumption and emissions of greenhouse gases that the construction and industrial sectors are responsible for. Sweden's economy is currently linear. Only 3% of all the material that the nation consumes is reintroduced into the economy. There is a large supply of material from industrial waste in urban areas that is currently discarded but still has potential value to be reused. The purpose of the study is to inventory material flows in the Norrbotten region that are classified as condemned by companies and industries outside the construction sector. The study focuses in particular on inventorying residual materials in the cities of Luleå, Boden and Piteå and analyzing whether the materials can be reused as surface layer material for facade and roof of an environmental house. The analysis should result in use case scenarios for the residual materials with the greatest reuse potential to inspire for reuse. The study also examines the most common barriers for reuse in the construction sector. According to Ashby's material selection method, twelve criteria were defined. Of seven companies that were inventoried, twenty-six out of thirty-seven residual materials were excluded from the study. Eleven residual materials fulfilled the criteria necessary for reuse as surface layer material and were ranked according to a multi-criteria decision analysis. The three materials with the highest rank were stainless steel plate from heat exchangers, plate from sandwich elements and gabion wall of blast furnace slag. Use case scenarios for facade and roof surface layers were designed for these three materials. This showed good opportunities for the inventoried residual materials to be reused as surface layer material. The inventory of the few companies that was made showed that there is a large availability of material in the Norrbotten region that has the potential to be reused. The analysis showed that there are interesting material flows in industries that the construction sector can benefit from. Reuse of materials requires cooperation between the parties involved. The collaboration involves, among other things, sharing information on available resources in material flows, the properties and origin of the materials. This is necessary to facilitate the inventory of potential material to reuse. Integrity and competitiveness of companies and industries can affect the cooperation. A conceivable aspect that was discovered during the study was to allow the residual materials to be reused for other functions on the building. This, in combination with carrying out a large-scale material inventory, would be interesting for further studies.

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