The companies can choose from a wide range of tools and methodologies for mapping their processes. The key point is to select the right ones to ensure they will match with the purpose of process mapping and the process models will be clear and easy to understand for the entire stakeholder spectrum. For process modeling we often use diagrams. We have notations that are very advanced, they can be very detailed and accurate. On the other hand we have those which are very simple and with only a few symbols they can capture basic ideas and attributes of the process. The aim of this thesis is to compare representatives from each group of notations and answer the question which notation is more suitable for different types of utilization of business process models. The representative of the advanced instruments is BPMN 2.0, which is compared with the basic flowcharts. The research is based on Delphi method.

This dissertation addresses the problem of how to manage environmental resources to improve the prospects that resource allocation activities will make the greatest possible contribution to social well-being. The study had two major aims. One aim was to provide a rational philosophical framework for guiding resource evaluation and decisionmaking processes. The second - and principal - aim was to develop a reliable and practical method for evaluating those resource allocation proposals which are particularly controversial. As part of the philosophical framework, a modification of the social welfare function is specified which explicitly addresses the well-being of future generations. This form of the social welfare function is based on certain a priori premises, which are used to define the goal and objectives of resource allocation, and to identify appropriate evaluation criteria. These evaluation criteria are then used to devise a resource management strategy and to develop an environmental evaluation methodology to serve that strategy. The methodology consists of both formal and informal methods of evaluation, but special attention is given to developing a formal method of evaluation that is simple and inexpensive to apply, and therefore particularly suited for Third World conditions. The principal research objective was to develop a useful method for evaluating those resource allocation proposals which are especially controversial. The method that has been developed - the Panel Evaluation Method - utilizes a cost-benefit framework and employs procedures modeled on the Delphi Method. The Panel Evaluation Method features three techniques for accomplishing a formal evaluation of competing proposals: the Impact Identification Technique is used to identify and define all the impacts of concern; the Significance Measurement Technique is used to judge the relative significance of the impacts; and the Criteria Trade-off Technique is used to determine which proposal best satisfies specified evaluation criteria. The Panel Evaluation Method was applied to several case studies with positive results. For example, the central feature of the method - the Significance Measurement Technique - was found to be capable of producing reasonably replicable results, and so is considered to provide an acceptable way to determine whether the costs of a proposal would exceed its benefits. The method thus serves to extend the capabilities of both Environmental Impact Assessment and Cost-benefit Analysis, and to link these two widely-used tools for guiding resource allocation decisions into a more powerful and versatile decisionmaking tool.

Global goals to reduce the greenhouse gases and CO2 emission has challenged many industries to innovate new technologies or shift to different products. Electrification of transportation has been considered a major improvement in this respect, which affects the entire transportation value chain including the manufacturing of heavy-duty vehicles. The importance and degree of changes that shifting toward electrification imposes on the truck manufactures value chain is subject to the study with a focus on the production stage of the value chain. The research also creates some insights to understand the sources of competitive advantage in the production of BEV.    Based on the authors’ knowledge and investigations, the contribution of this study in the research field is that the concept of the value chain together with Delphi method is implemented for the first time in the BEV industry to identify the impact of technology transformation on the production activities and competitive advantage. Furthermore, it contributes to highlight the unclarities in the BEV value chain activities that need more researches in order to create a more clear technology transformation path for the heavy-duty vehicle industry. The research findings imply that electrification has a big impact on the production value chain activities. The number of employees will be reduced that in turn creates a source of cost advantage for the company by reducing the cost per vehicle production. The assembly time is also shorter that makes it easier to respond to the market dynamic faster and reduces the cost of products storage. However, the risk for production stops is considered higher in BEV compare to ICE vehicles. Another finding is that the outsourcing of the components has a negative effect on the competitive advantage of the company and production efficiency. There is no difference between the impact of production activities on the company value chain in both BEV and ICE manufacturing. There is also a consensus on the more opportunities in BEV manufacturing to increase the production efficiency and lowering the cost.

The report presents the results of a comparative Russian-German research on the topic of sustainable mobility. On the basis of two stages of sequential, electronic, anonymous interviews of 23 Russian and 24 German experts in the field of transport, there was identified the role of a sustainable mobility in achieving the Sustainable development goals (SDG’s); the most relevant objectives of sustainable mobility in Russia and Germany; the barriers and contributors of the inclusion of these objectives in Russian transport policy. Furthermore, specific strategies that can effectively contribute to tackling transport problems under specific national conditions were outlined. In addition, the perception of the role of sustainable mobility in the expert circles of Russia and Germany were compared. In conclusion, the author provides a number of problematic issues that require further research in order to promote the concept of sustainable mobility in Russia.:Introduction. Part I. Sustainable Transport Impacts on Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG\'s). Part II. Priority objectives of sustainable mobility in Germany and Russia. Part III. The effectiveness of sustainable mobility strategies. General conclusions. Further research. References. Annex 1. The questionnaire of the first stage of the research. Annex 2. The questionnaire of the second stage of the research. Annex 3. Statistics of evaluations on question №1: \'Sustainable Transport Impacts on Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s)\'. Annex 4. Statistics of evaluations on question №2: \'The relevance of sustainable mobility objectives in Russia / Germany\'. Annex 5. Statistics of evaluations on question №2: \'The effectiveness of sustainable mobility strategies in Russia / Germany\'.

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[pt] A mídia programática possibilita a automação do processo de entrega de publicidade digital. Isso implica os anunciantes conseguirem direcionar seus gastos diretamente para os públicos mais propensos a uma determinada ação (engajamento); uma compra, por exemplo. Dado esse direcionamento e a capacidade de customização avançada da entrega dos anúncios, os gastos com mídia programática cresceram bastante nos últimos anos, em detrimento de outros meios de comunicação mais tradicionais. Contudo, é observado certas preocupações com relação à transparência do processo de contratação e o controle dos resultados alcançados com seus investimentos. Esta pesquisa se propôs levantar tópicos que revelem sinais de problemas na utilização da mídia programática e produzir um ranking com esses tópicos. Por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica internacional foram identificados 10 tópicos de atenção. Através do método Delphi, utilizando uma amostra de 15 especialistas atuando no Brasil, foram identificados 19 itens que sinalizam problemas ou desafios no uso desse ferramental. Uma análise de consenso e um ranking foram produzidos para apontar os problemas mais relevantes, de modo a permitir a priorização de ações na busca de soluções. / [en] Programmatic media enables the automation of the digital advertising delivery process. This implies that advertisers are able to direct their spending directly to the audiences most prone to a particular action (engagement); a purchase, for example. Given this targeting and the advanced customization capabilities of ad delivery, programmatic media spending has grown significantly in recent years, to the detriment of other more traditional media. However, the market shows concerns regarding the transparency of the buying process and the control of the results achieved with its investments. This research aims to raise topics that reveal signs of problems in the use of programmatic media and produce a ranking with these topics. Through an international bibliographic review, 10 topics that indicate problems and through the Delphi method, using a sample of 15 experts working in Brazil, 9 new items were identified as problems or challenges in the use of this tool. A consensus analysis and a ranking were produced to identify the most relevant problems, in order to prioritize actions in the search for solutions.

In recent publications it is questioned whether the existing wastewater management system is suitable for future requirements. The today’s wastewater infrastructure is a complex socio-technical system characterized by centralization, very long life-spans and sunk costs. Thus, it appears questionable whether this system is suitable against the background of a context of dynamic conditions as demographic change, climate change and the emerging requirements in terms of sustainability. This paper adds a contribution to the growing body of literature on prospective waste water management systems. Focusing on long term developments this paper aims to build up scenario-modules towards the year 2050. Our approach combines three methodologies which appear to be suitable with each other, namely the method of explorative scenario development, a modified Delphi method and content analysis. As the waste water sector is a very complex system with various impact factors which are characterized by high dynamics and strong uncertainty the scenario technique appears as an appropriate method. Within the scenario building process a modified Delphi method had been applied to generate the input for the scenario-modules. Key drivers and uncertainties in the field of waste water management were identified by interviewing 16 experts who are scientists or practitioners in the waste water sector. The interviews had been transliterated and then evaluated by using the content analysis approach. Afterwards scenario-modules were derived which provide a basis for further procedure towards complete scenarios for future wastewater infrastructure.

Increasing energy use has caused many environmental problems including global warming. Energy use is growing rapidly in developing countries and surprisingly a remarkable portion of it is associated with consumed energy to keep the temperature comfortable inside the buildings. Therefore, identifying renewable technologies for cooling and heating is essential. This study introduced applications of steel sheets integrated into the buildings to save energy based on existing technologies. In addition, the proposed application was found to have a considerable chance of market success. Also, satisfying energy needs for space heating and cooling in a single room by using one of the selected applications in different Köppen climate classes was investigated to estimate which climates have a proper potential for benefiting from the application. This study included three independent parts and the results related to each part have been used in the next part. The first part recognizes six different technologies through literature review including Cool Roof, Solar Chimney, Steel Cladding of Building, Night Radiative Cooling, Elastomer Metal Absorber, and Solar Distillation. The second part evaluated the application of different technologies by gathering the experts’ ideas via performing a Delphi method. The results showed that the Solar Chimney has a proper chance for the market. The third part simulated both a solar chimney and a solar chimney with evaporation which were connected to a single well insulated room with a considerable thermal mass. The combination was simulated as a system to estimate the possibility of satisfying cooling needs and heating needs in different climate classes. A Trombe-wall was selected as a sample design for the Solar Chimney and was simulated in different climates. The results implied that the solar chimney had the capability of reducing the cooling needs more than 25% in all of the studied locations and 100% in some locations with dry or temperate climate such as Mashhad, Madrid, and Istanbul. It was also observed that the heating needs were satisfied more than 50% in all of the studied locations, even for the continental climate such as Stockholm and 100% in most locations with a dry climate. Therefore, the Solar Chimney reduces energy use, saves environment resources, and it is a cost effective application. Furthermore, it saves the equipment costs in many locations. All the results mentioned above make the solar chimney a very practical and attractive tool for a wide range of climates.

本研究的目的，在於建構一套觀光工廠文創化評鑑指標。 觀光工廠屬於產業文創化實踐的一環，觀光工廠所營造的體驗服務，亦屬於創意生活產業領域的一環。觀光工廠既被歸類至文創領域，則理應在文化創意層面多加著墨。然而，現行的觀光工廠評鑑指標並未將文化與創意元素具體羅列，於文創層面涉入不足，無法有效評量觀光工廠在文化創意面的具體表現，故本研究旨在重新建構一套屬於觀光工廠的文創化指標，作為提升觀光工廠文創質化品質的具體指南，使「產業文創化」的理念在推廣過程中能有所依據，進而落實於實際執行的成果。 本研究運用修正式德菲法，先透過文獻探討歸納出觀光工廠於文創層面的檢視題項，再針對學者、業者、政府單位三批專家進行三回合的意見調查，刪除重要性不足的題項後進行因素分析，研究結果為： 1.文化內涵方面，應具備傳播性、品牌化、在地性以及核心價值。 2.創意思維方面，應具備創新性、多元性、並著重體驗行銷。 3.特色美學方面，應具備風格化、整合性、並呈現視覺識別設計。