A dissertação investiga a passagem entre dois períodos do pensamento de John Rawls. No livro Uma teoria da justiça e nos artigos publicados durante a década de 1970, Rawls definiu o seu projeto filosófico como uma teoria moral, que visava formular uma teoria inspirada na estrutura deontológica da moral kantiana. Na dissertação, argumenta-se que Rawls identificou um problema interno a esse projeto e, durante as décadas de 80 e 90, desvinculou sua filosofia da teoria moral e passou a orientá-la pelos papéis da filosofia política. Essa reorientação significou uma modificação no modo como ele compreendeu a relação entre sua filosofia e o pensamento de Kant. A dissertação investiga, portanto, as principais características das duas orientações da filosofia de Rawls (teoria moral e papéis da filosofia política), as razões que o levaram a abandonar o projeto da teoria moral e a relação entre a sua filosofia e o pensamento de Kant. Ao fazer isso, pretende-se esclarecer as razões que levaram Rawls a utilizar o construatualismo como inspiração para sua filosofia, o significado que atribuiu ao conceito de deontologia e, também, o papel da cultura política pública na justificação da filosofia de Rawls durante o segundo período de seu pensamento. / The dissertation investigates the changes between two periods of John Rawlss philosophy. In A theory of justice and until the late 1970s, he defined his philosophical project as part of a moral theory, that would establish a moral conception inspired by Kantian deontology. One argues that Rawls identified an internal problem in this project and, during the 1980s and 90s, he detached his conception of justice from moral theory and reoriented his efforts by an idea of the roles of political philosophy. This reorientation also meant that Rawls changed the relationship between his philosophy and Kants ethics. Therefore, the dissertation investigates the main characteristics of the two orientations of Rawlss philosophy (moral theory and roles of political philosophy), the reasons that lead him to abandon the project of a moral theory and the relationship between Rawlsian and Kantian philosophies. By doing this, one intends to understand why Rawls used the contractualist tradition as inspiration for his own philosophy, the meaning attributed to the concept of deontology, and the role of public political culture in justifying Rawlss conception of justice during the second phase of his philosophy.

A tese examina a relação entre justiça e bem nos trabalhos tardios de John Rawls e, em especial, no livro O Liberalismo Político (1991). É argumentado que as mudanças nos trabalhos tardios de Rawls podem ser compreendidas como resultado de uma reorientação em seu pensamento. Rawls redesenhou alguns aspectos de sua filosofia para que ela cumpra um conjunto específico de papéis na cultura política pública das sociedades democráticas. Apesar das mudanças, os trabalhos tardios carregam consigo uma estrutura da relação entre justiça e bem que possui implicações importantes sobre o modo como os cidadãos, ao aceitar princípios políticos liberais, concebem suas doutrinas religiosas, filosóficas e morais a respeito do bem. A tese examina, portanto, como essas mudanças podem ser explicadas como resultado de uma reorientação que carrega consigo consequências relevantes para a relação entre justiça e bem. / This thesis examines the relationship between justice and good in the late works of John Rawls and, especially, in the book Political Liberalism (1991). It is argued that the changes in Rawls\' late work can be understood as as a result of a reorientation in his thinking. Rawls has redesigned some aspects of his philosophy so that it fulfills a specific set of roles in the public political culture of democratic societies. Despite the changes, late work carries with it a structure of the relationship between justice and well which has important implications for the way in which citizens, in accepting liberal political principles, conceive of their religious, philosophical and moral doctrines of good. The thesis examines, therefore, how these changes can be explained as a result of a reorientation that carries with it relevant consequences for the relationship between justice and good.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present dissertation aims to reconstruct and to discuss Paul Ricoeur s argumentation about the notion of justice, presented at several books that had been published in the beginning and mid 90 , among them, Oneself as another, and the two collections of articles The just 1 and Readings 1: around the political. According to this, it takes as director axis the dialectic between teleology and deontology, with their respective predicates good and legal , seen by Ricoeur as a preparation for the real challenge of morality taken as a whole: the moral singular judgment, executed at uncertainty situations, under the sign of the practical wisdom. Under the teleological vision, the justice, with the providential intermediation of the Aristotelian s notion of friendship, is connected to the desire of a realized life, the ethic s aim. Further, yet with Aristotle, Ricoeur sees in the institution, grasped as a structure of desire to live together characterized by common wonts, the appropriated mediation to the distributive relations which it occurs under the aegis of justice. On the deontological plane, the discussion promoted with the Rawls s great work doesn t aim, properly, to refute it. In a diverse way, according to the thesis of the teleology s primacy over the deontology, what it intent is, at one hand, to extract a presupposed ethical sense, that the formalization of the rule of justice doesn t admit explicitly, and, at the other hand, to describe the tension provoked by the formalism, which conducts to necessity of a final recourse to the ethics itself. In the end, the phronesis s expedient, in your Aristotelian roots, aims the moral judgment s fundamental structure. Here, the paradigmatic example is offered by the judicial institution, which, in the judge s figure, judges the different demands and pronounces the justice, applying the law in a complex and not mechanical way, respecting their own rituals and obeying to public and recognized argumentation modes. The final point of this extensive trajectory is accomplished only when the act of judge is, finally, executed, distributing to each litigious part what is theirs by law, their fair share, contributing, in long term, to keep the social peace. / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo geral propor uma reconstrução e uma discussão da argumentação de Paul Ricoeur em torno à noção de justiça, apresentada em diversos livros do início e meados dos anos 90, dentre eles, O si-mesmo como um outro, e as duas coletâneas de artigos O justo 1 e Leituras 1: em torno ao político. Em função disto, ela toma como eixo diretor a dialética entre teleologia e deontologia, com seus respectivos predicados bom e legal , vista por Ricoeur como uma preparação para o verdadeiro desafio da moralidade tomada como um todo: o juízo moral singular, tomado em situações de incerteza, sob o signo da sabedoria prática. Sob a ótica teleológica, a justiça, com a intermediação providencial da noção aristotélica de amizade, é vinculada ao desejo de uma vida realizada, o objeto próprio da ética. Adiante, ainda com Aristóteles, Ricoeur percebe na instituição, compreendida como uma estrutura do querer viver junto caracterizada por costumes comuns, a mediação adequada às relações distributivas que se dão sob o signo da justiça. No plano deontológico, a discussão promovida com a obra magna de Rawls não pretende, propriamente, refutá-la. De maneira diferente, em acordo com a tese da primazia da teleologia sobre a deontologia, o que se tem em mente é, de um lado, extrair um sentido ético pressuposto, embora não admitido explicitamente, pela formalização da regra da justiça e, de outro lado, descrever a tensão provocada pelo formalismo que conduz à necessidade de um recurso final à ética. Por fim, o expediente da phronesis, em suas raízes aristotélicas, mira a estrutura fundamental do juízo moral em situação. Aqui, o exemplo paradigmático é fornecido pela instituição judiciária, que, na figura do juiz, julga as diferentes demandas e pronuncia a justiça, aplicando a lei de modo complexo e não mecânico, respeitando os seus ritos específicos e obedecendo a modos publicamente reconhecidos de argumentação. O ponto final deste longo percurso só é atingido quando o ato de julgar é, finalmente, executado, distribuindo a cada uma das partes litigiosas o que é seu de direito, sua justa parte, contribuindo, a longo prazo, para a manutenção da paz social.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master Of Administration in the Department of Psychology at the University of Zululand, 2017 / Equality is a constitutional provision which grants some people with disabilities opportunities of employment. The law that effects the constitutional provision is the Employment Equity Act (1998) where affirmative action measures are prescribed and to be implemented by designated employers. Many years have passed since the promulgation of the equity legislation in South Africa it is therefore justifiable to evaluate its implementation practices. In line with the central argument, the aim of this study was to evaluate the implementation of Employment Equity Act at UThungulu District Hospitals for people with disabilities. Findings revealed that the implementation of Employment Equity Act in public hospitals is self-contradictory; that is, hospitals are thriving to obtain and retain health professionals with the skills that will assist in combatting diseases whereas people with disabilities are characterised by the low levels of literacy. The implementation of the Occupation Specific Dispensation (OSD) in the public health system is an indication of the nature of skills that are a priority in public hospitals. In line with the transformation agenda, positions that do not require high levels of literacy such as cleaning, security, catering and laundry were outsourced thus decreasing opportunities of people with disabilities to be employed. On the other side of the continuum, penalties imposed by the National Department of Labour for failing to submit Employment Equity Plan against the set quota in the public service confirms that the equity legislation was not contextualised in the South African setting during its formulation phase. Budgetary constraints were reported to be one of the contributing factors for the lack of implementing the equity legislation. However, presence of misappropriation of funds and corruption were reported to be some of the major causes of lack of policy implementation in the public service. The results revealed that district hospitals are not ready to socially and economically integrate people with disabilities based on lack of official accommodation, outsourcing of jobs where people with disabilities can be gainfully employed, lack funds to transform the physical environment and the conflicting priorities of the health sector that seeks to prioritise the employment of health professionals with scarce skills in order to combat diseases.

Capital punishment is a forceful moral issue that is frequently overlooked. This is possibly due to the reverence many have toward the rule of law or a passive acceptance of the status quo. In this thesis I will begin with a discussion of context to the topic of the death penalty in order to address potential biases. Then I examine not only the ethical merit of the death penalty but the foundational justifications for a system of criminal justice to show that the special relationship between the state and its citizens does not lend itself to or allow for the instantiation of the death penalty. I look first to several theories of punishment selecting the most viable theory in order to make the most plausible case in favor of the death penalty. From there I establish that there is some intuitive merit to the notion that the vicious deserve unhappiness and see how far that intuition might extend. In this section I examine the merits and demerits of Kantian retributivism in order to address the many intricate ethical and political issues involved in the death penalty debate. I’ve chosen the Kantian ethical framework because of the nuance with which many of the problems of retribution are solved. Kant insets the enlightenment principles into his moral framework and provides reasoned explanations for there insistence, as such his work provides a background from which I will work through details and resolve contradictions. I will then make an argument for the moral personhood of the state and sketch the special relationship it has to its citizens. Finally I will offer a system that incorporates the ideas developed in the previous sections and gives a practical answer to the death penalty debate. It is my ultimate argument that there is no absolute ban on the death penalty, possibly even some intuitive merit to the scheme, but ultimately many moral limitations on its implementation.

This study examines ethical decision-making processes as practiced by the cultural mythic hero of our time: the superhero. This study conducts a rhetorical narrative analysis of three key superhero films (The Dark Knight, Captain America: Civil War, Avengers: Infinity War) to locate moments when superhero characters make ethical decisions. The study evaluates their decision-making process using three ethical frameworks selected for their popularity in ethics courses as well as their relevance to the subject material; deontology, virtue ethics, and utilitarianism. Superheroes are famous for doing ‘the right thing’, and the purpose of this study is to determine to what degree these films function as an ethics education tool for the public which consumes them. In other words: do these films have a potential to instruct the viewer in answering ‘what is right’? This study looks closely at the ethical decision-making process in superhero films and determines the ways in which superhero films may indicate a potential for teaching ethical theory when these characters make the moral decisions for which they are famed. This study determined that utilitarianism and virtue ethics are both highly visible in superhero films, but rather than serving as a medium for learning, these films build and glorify a cult of personality. Ultimately, these films create messages which encourage the viewer to blindly accept ethical decisions made by the powerful, and to tolerate – and even crave – a tyrannical ruler. Because of the cultural impact these films have, a propagandistic message like this reaches millions of people, and it is vital to understand what the contents of that message are. / Media & Communication

Plato's 'Crito' depicts Socrates in prison awaiting his execution and arguing that despite the injustice of his sentence, he is morally obligated to remain there so that it can be carried out. The early Socratic dialogues were concerned with the nature of the virtues which formed the foundation of Athenian morals. This "primacy of virtue" has developed into the modern theory of virtue ethics. In this thesis, I argue that in the 'Crito', Socrates sets aside his typical virtue ethics approach, and instead utilizes a deontological framework for his arguments. I apply the deontological theories of Immanuel Kant and W. D. Ross to the 'Crito' in an attempt to demonstrate that it has a distinctly duty-based focus that is consistent with the work of Kant and Ross. Finally, I raise the question of whether Ross' theory can be viewed as a bridge between virtue ethics and deontological ethics.

Le 21ème siècle est marqué par une évolution technologique et scientifique de très haut niveau qui permet d'accomplir toutes les investigations techniques et scientifiques pour tous les domaines de la science. Les Magistrats ont recours, dans le cadre des investigations nécessaires à la manifestation de la vérité, à des hommes de l'art. L'expert judiciaire algérien, comme toute autre expert, obéit aux principes universels inhérents à la protection et sauvegarde des libertés fondamentales et surtout à l'éthique. L'expertise, quant à elle, doit impérativement obéir aux lois et règlements qui nous gouvernent dont le résultat obtenu ne doit souffrir d'aucune irrégularité et doit être opposable aux tiers pour emporter la conviction des juges. / The 21st century is marked by a very high level of technological improvements and scientific, allowing to perform all technical and scientific investigations in all science's areas. The judges are used, in the context of investigations necessary for the truth's manifestation to art's men. Algérian judicial expert, like any other expert, obeys universal principles inherent in the protection and safeguarding of fundamental freedoms and especially ethics. Expertise, about it, must imperatively obey the laws and regulations who govern us that the result should not suffer any irregularity and shall be binding on third parties to carry conviction of judges.

The handling of patient confidentiality in the medical, and more specifically as dealt with in this article, the pharmaceutical profession, is accepted as a given. Confidentiality cannot, however, always be guaranteed. The reason is that, amongst other things, the utilitarian principle of the ‘greatest good for the greatest number of people’ determines that certain exceptions have to be made in order to protect the health of the nation as a whole. Provision is made for exceptions in the Pharmacy Act where confidentiality may be breached. However, there are certain cases which are not provided for in the Act (and Acts change from time to time). This situation makes it necessary for the pharmacist to make moral judgements in specific instances related to specific patients. The objective of this article is to investigate these exceptions within a philosophical framework and to determine what the philosophical basis of such decisions would entail. This article initially will examine the current Pharmacy Act and the exceptions will be discussed that allow for the breaching of patient confidentiality. This will be followed by a brief exposition of modernist ethics and the issue of confidentiality under the headings of the idea of duty as moral imperative, as well as the utility idea. Pluralistic alternatives such as the ethics of virtue, postmodern ethics, and anti-moralism, will be explored as possible solutions to the pharmacist’s dilemma in this regard. / Thesis (MPhil)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The handling of patient confidentiality in the medical, and more specifically as dealt with in this article, the pharmaceutical profession, is accepted as a given. Confidentiality cannot, however, always be guaranteed. The reason is that, amongst other things, the utilitarian principle of the ‘greatest good for the greatest number of people’ determines that certain exceptions have to be made in order to protect the health of the nation as a whole. Provision is made for exceptions in the Pharmacy Act where confidentiality may be breached. However, there are certain cases which are not provided for in the Act (and Acts change from time to time). This situation makes it necessary for the pharmacist to make moral judgements in specific instances related to specific patients. The objective of this article is to investigate these exceptions within a philosophical framework and to determine what the philosophical basis of such decisions would entail. This article initially will examine the current Pharmacy Act and the exceptions will be discussed that allow for the breaching of patient confidentiality. This will be followed by a brief exposition of modernist ethics and the issue of confidentiality under the headings of the idea of duty as moral imperative, as well as the utility idea. Pluralistic alternatives such as the ethics of virtue, postmodern ethics, and anti-moralism, will be explored as possible solutions to the pharmacist’s dilemma in this regard. / Thesis (MPhil)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013