Sweatshop labor has been condemned by scholars, activists, students and consumers in more developed countries on charges of wrongful exploitation, and a failure to respect the dignity, and basic needs of sweatshop workers. This paper surveys charges against sweatshop labor, and some of the more influential arguments for, and against, rectifying the background structural injustices that perpetuate it. I argue that in certain sweatshop cases, compensating workers below a prima facie morally acceptable level can be most successful in striving towards the duty of beneficence that employers owe to their employees. Therefore, we ought to pursue utility-maximizing acts over others in better alignment with a deontic duty to compensate employees at a certain level. I eventually conclude that this debate is a paradigm example of deontological versus utilitarian moral judgments. Sometimes, utility maximizing acts are morally impermissible. Sometimes, adhering to deontic duties instead of committing a wrong to produce a right is morally required. In the circumstances that I describe, the morally right acts ought to be those that are most successful in maximizing overall utility for the most number of people. This responsibility coincides with acts that may not compensate workers at a prima facie morally acceptable level, but incidentally maximize overall utility, welfare and autonomy for some of the world’s most marginalized and impoverished people.

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La question posée à Socrate de savoir si la vertu est ou non susceptible d'être enseignée est d'uneétonnante actualité. Or la morale, en sa visée transmissive et prescriptive, appelle l'éthique qui, en sadimension singulière, excède toute codification. La construction du sujet se situe dans cet entre-deux :celui de la morale spéculaire assignant au professeur la place idéalisée de gardien des valeurs, et cellede l'éthique débordant tout discours, située non plus sur l'axe imaginaire de la Règle, mais sur l'axesymbolique de l'interprétation de la loi juridico-morale face au désir et la liberté de l'autre. Le statut del'altérité au sein de l'Ecole interroge la construction identitaire des enseignants, forgée sur uneabstraction du sujet de raison, au nom de l'universel et de la neutralité républicaine excluant, parprincipe, toute intersubjectivité. C'est à l'aune d'un paradigme dominant dans la profession : celuid'une totale maîtrise des situations se déclinant à travers un référentiel, qu'il convient d'interrogerl'exemplarité morale du professeur et le discours sur la déontologie. Par ailleurs, l'éthique est-elle réductible à une compétence ? Diverses pratiques formatives sont interrogées à cet effet. Mais sil'éthique ne relève pas d'une expertise susceptible d'être évaluée, si elle ne survient qu'à la faveur d'undessaisissement du sujet, comment former les enseignants à l'éthique ? / The question asked to Socrates in order to know whether virtue is or not susceptible to be taught, is still a current issue. Moral, in its transmissive and prescriptive aim, calls to mind ethics which, in its specific dimension, exceeds any codification. The formation of the subject, is somewhere between the two: that of the specular moral, assigning to the teacher its idealized position as a guardian of values and that of ethics extending beyond discourse, no longer situated on the imaginary axis of the Rule, but on the symbolic axis of the interpretation of legal or moral law when faced with the wishesand freedom of the Other one. The status of otherness within the academic Institution throws doubt on the identity structure of teachers, which is based on an abstraction of the subject of reason in the name of Universality and of republican neutrality, theoretically excluding all intersubjectivity. It is in the light of a domineering paradigm in the teaching profession : the complete mastery of situations proposed in a competency framework, that we should question the moral exemplarity of the teacher and the deontology vehicled in the official talk. Moreover, can ethics be reduced to a competence? Varied formative practices have been questioned. But if ethics is not an assessable competence, if it only occurs through the abandon of the subject, then how can teachers be trained to ethics?

Exigence fondamentale de justice, l’impartialité est un devoir qui incombe également aux agents de l’Administration. Toutefois, elle se révèle comme étant plus qu’une simple obligation déontologique : elle revêt également un aspect procédural, dans sa dimension objective. Cette double dimension est à la source des riches développements du principe d’impartialité, appliqué à l’Administration. Celui-ci vise, d’une part, à réguler les risques de conflits d’intérêts qui traversent l’Administration. Il permet, d’autre part, de garantir l’effet utile des procédures administratives, conçues pour encadrer le pouvoir discrétionnaire de l’Administration et garantir la meilleure opportunité des décisions administratives. Dans cette optique, il apparaît que le principe d’impartialité de l’Administration se concrétise au travers un système présomptif complexe, qui permet, outre la sanction de la partialité de l’Administration, la garantie de son impartialité apparente. / Fundamental requirement of Justice, impartiality is also a duty of public servants. However, impartiality turns out to be more than an ethical duty : it assumes a procedural angle, in its objective extent. This double aspect causes rich developments of the principle of impartiality, applied to the Administration. This principle aims at regulating the risks of conflicts of interests which cross the Administration. It also enables to secure the effectiveness of administrative procedures, understood as a legal framework of administrative discretion and the guarantee of the adequacy of administrative decisions. In this context, the principle of impartiality is enforced through a complex presumptive system which enables, not only the sanction of administrative partiality, but also the safeguard of appearances of impartiality.

O propósito central da pesquisa está na investigação do comportamento profissional do arquiteto e do urbanista, envolvendo seus valores e objetivos, frente às posturas dos códigos vigentes na profissão, no Brasil e analisando-o comparativamente com outros países. Num primeiro momento enfoca o histórico do desenvolvimento profissional, a formação das instituições, a organização da profissão atualmente e os códigos de conduta e seus procedimentos disciplinares em países de cultura anglo-saxônica, especificamente, Reino Unido e Estados Unidos. Em seguida o estudo volta-se a realidade do arquiteto e urbanista no Brasil, também estudando o histórico do seu desenvolvimento profissional, as instituições e organizações que regem a profissão no país atualmente e os códigos de conduta vigentes. O trabalho parte de uma investigação teórico-bibliográfica e documental e apóia-se na pesquisa de campo no que se refere as instituições instaladas na cidade de São Paulo. Finalmente discute comparativamente os três países estudados, tanto no que se refere ao histórico do seu desenvolvimento profissional, na formação de suas instituições, na organização da profissão atualmente em cada país, como também aos códigos e procedimentos disciplinares que norteiam o comportamento da prática profissional do arquiteto e urbanista. / The main purpose of this study is to investigate the architect and urban planner\'s professional behavior, their values and intentions, confronting them with the existing standards of the current codes of professional conduct in Brazil, as well as to compare these codes with those from other countries. Initial focus is given to the history of professional development, the rise of professional institutions, the current organization of the profession and the codes of conduct that rules the profession at present and their disciplinary procedures in countries of Anglo-Saxon culture, specifically the United Kingdom and the United States. Subsequently, the study considers the reality of the architect and the urban planner in Brazil, through the history of their professional development, the rise of the institutions and organizations that govern the profession in the country and the codes of conduct in force. To carry out this research, a theoretical and documentary survey was undertaken, supported by field research regarding the institutions located in the city of São Paulo. The study concludes with a comparative analysis of the three countries, refering to the history of the professional development, the rise of their institutions and the current organization of the profession in each country. The analysis also compares the codes and disciplinary procedures that govern the behavior and the professional practice of the architect and the urban planner.

A dissertação investiga a passagem entre dois períodos do pensamento de John Rawls. No livro Uma teoria da justiça e nos artigos publicados durante a década de 1970, Rawls definiu o seu projeto filosófico como uma teoria moral, que visava formular uma teoria inspirada na estrutura deontológica da moral kantiana. Na dissertação, argumenta-se que Rawls identificou um problema interno a esse projeto e, durante as décadas de 80 e 90, desvinculou sua filosofia da teoria moral e passou a orientá-la pelos papéis da filosofia política. Essa reorientação significou uma modificação no modo como ele compreendeu a relação entre sua filosofia e o pensamento de Kant. A dissertação investiga, portanto, as principais características das duas orientações da filosofia de Rawls (teoria moral e papéis da filosofia política), as razões que o levaram a abandonar o projeto da teoria moral e a relação entre a sua filosofia e o pensamento de Kant. Ao fazer isso, pretende-se esclarecer as razões que levaram Rawls a utilizar o construatualismo como inspiração para sua filosofia, o significado que atribuiu ao conceito de deontologia e, também, o papel da cultura política pública na justificação da filosofia de Rawls durante o segundo período de seu pensamento. / The dissertation investigates the changes between two periods of John Rawlss philosophy. In A theory of justice and until the late 1970s, he defined his philosophical project as part of a moral theory, that would establish a moral conception inspired by Kantian deontology. One argues that Rawls identified an internal problem in this project and, during the 1980s and 90s, he detached his conception of justice from moral theory and reoriented his efforts by an idea of the roles of political philosophy. This reorientation also meant that Rawls changed the relationship between his philosophy and Kants ethics. Therefore, the dissertation investigates the main characteristics of the two orientations of Rawlss philosophy (moral theory and roles of political philosophy), the reasons that lead him to abandon the project of a moral theory and the relationship between Rawlsian and Kantian philosophies. By doing this, one intends to understand why Rawls used the contractualist tradition as inspiration for his own philosophy, the meaning attributed to the concept of deontology, and the role of public political culture in justifying Rawlss conception of justice during the second phase of his philosophy.

A tese examina a relação entre justiça e bem nos trabalhos tardios de John Rawls e, em especial, no livro O Liberalismo Político (1991). É argumentado que as mudanças nos trabalhos tardios de Rawls podem ser compreendidas como resultado de uma reorientação em seu pensamento. Rawls redesenhou alguns aspectos de sua filosofia para que ela cumpra um conjunto específico de papéis na cultura política pública das sociedades democráticas. Apesar das mudanças, os trabalhos tardios carregam consigo uma estrutura da relação entre justiça e bem que possui implicações importantes sobre o modo como os cidadãos, ao aceitar princípios políticos liberais, concebem suas doutrinas religiosas, filosóficas e morais a respeito do bem. A tese examina, portanto, como essas mudanças podem ser explicadas como resultado de uma reorientação que carrega consigo consequências relevantes para a relação entre justiça e bem. / This thesis examines the relationship between justice and good in the late works of John Rawls and, especially, in the book Political Liberalism (1991). It is argued that the changes in Rawls\' late work can be understood as as a result of a reorientation in his thinking. Rawls has redesigned some aspects of his philosophy so that it fulfills a specific set of roles in the public political culture of democratic societies. Despite the changes, late work carries with it a structure of the relationship between justice and well which has important implications for the way in which citizens, in accepting liberal political principles, conceive of their religious, philosophical and moral doctrines of good. The thesis examines, therefore, how these changes can be explained as a result of a reorientation that carries with it relevant consequences for the relationship between justice and good.

O propósito central da pesquisa está na investigação do comportamento profissional do arquiteto e do urbanista, envolvendo seus valores e objetivos, frente às posturas dos códigos vigentes na profissão, no Brasil e analisando-o comparativamente com outros países. Num primeiro momento enfoca o histórico do desenvolvimento profissional, a formação das instituições, a organização da profissão atualmente e os códigos de conduta e seus procedimentos disciplinares em países de cultura anglo-saxônica, especificamente, Reino Unido e Estados Unidos. Em seguida o estudo volta-se a realidade do arquiteto e urbanista no Brasil, também estudando o histórico do seu desenvolvimento profissional, as instituições e organizações que regem a profissão no país atualmente e os códigos de conduta vigentes. O trabalho parte de uma investigação teórico-bibliográfica e documental e apóia-se na pesquisa de campo no que se refere as instituições instaladas na cidade de São Paulo. Finalmente discute comparativamente os três países estudados, tanto no que se refere ao histórico do seu desenvolvimento profissional, na formação de suas instituições, na organização da profissão atualmente em cada país, como também aos códigos e procedimentos disciplinares que norteiam o comportamento da prática profissional do arquiteto e urbanista. / The main purpose of this study is to investigate the architect and urban planner\'s professional behavior, their values and intentions, confronting them with the existing standards of the current codes of professional conduct in Brazil, as well as to compare these codes with those from other countries. Initial focus is given to the history of professional development, the rise of professional institutions, the current organization of the profession and the codes of conduct that rules the profession at present and their disciplinary procedures in countries of Anglo-Saxon culture, specifically the United Kingdom and the United States. Subsequently, the study considers the reality of the architect and the urban planner in Brazil, through the history of their professional development, the rise of the institutions and organizations that govern the profession in the country and the codes of conduct in force. To carry out this research, a theoretical and documentary survey was undertaken, supported by field research regarding the institutions located in the city of São Paulo. The study concludes with a comparative analysis of the three countries, refering to the history of the professional development, the rise of their institutions and the current organization of the profession in each country. The analysis also compares the codes and disciplinary procedures that govern the behavior and the professional practice of the architect and the urban planner.

Cognitive and emotional processes both seem to contribute in the production of moral judgments, but how they interact is still under investigation. Greene’s dual-process model suggests that these processes constitute dissociable systems in the brain, which are hypothesized to give rise to two qualitatively different ways of moral thinking characterized by two normative moral theories, consequentialism and deontology. Greene indicates that this research undermine deontology as a normative theory. The empirical investigation of moral judgments implies that the dual-process model only seems to accurately predict and explain moral judgments in moral dilemmas involving physical harmful intentions. Regardless of the models empirical support, the empirical findings in the study of moral judgments could have normative and metaethical implications.

<p>Abstract</p><p>The ban against torture is part of customary international law and is prohibited under all circumstances. Nevertheless, torture is conducted by nearly 150 countries all over the world,according to Amnesty International. Torture often serves as a means for governments to</p><p>protect themselves from internal and external threats to the security of the state apparatus.</p><p>The research problem seeks to investigate whether torture is ever justifiable when a nation finds itself in an emergency situation. This dilemma is examined through two moral theories, deontology and consequentialism, which are the two most debated theories in this</p><p>context. This research investigates three case countries; USA, Israel and Argentina, all of which have resorted to violent interrogation/ torture of detainees under national security situations.</p><p>In the analysis chapter, an examination of the two moral theories´ interpretations in each case country’s policy of violent interrogation / torture is carried out. The study was conducted using qualitative methods, idea analysis and the case study method.</p><p>In conclusion, the deontologist perspective takes an absolutist approach, in which torture is never justifiable, whereas the consequentialist perspective deems torture to be justifiable in</p><p>cases such as the “ticking bomb,” where many innocent lives may be saved. A further debate regarding the issue of torture and justifiability is needed, unless debated and questions are</p><p>raised regarding the use of torture, we merely drive torture underground.</p>