Introdução: Os transtornos depressivos constituem um problema de saúde pública na terceira idade, e estima-se que a depressão será uma das três principais causas de sobrecarga de doença no mundo nas próximas decadas. Métodos de neuroimagem têm sido amplamente utilizados em estudos de depressão em idosos, pois são técnicas não invasivas que permitem a detecção de alterações cerebrais estruturais e funcionais. Fração de Anisotropia (FA) e Difusividade Média (MD) são índices indiretos da integridade micro-estrutural da substância branca, mensurados através de imagens de tensor de difusão (DTI). A maioria dos estudos a respeito de depressão e neuroimagem tem focado apenas em possíveis diferenças em regiões de interesse (ROI) previamente determinadas. Pesquisas sobre depressão em idosos e as alterações estruturais por tensor de difusão em todo o cérebro são escassos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a existência de alterações nos parâmetros de FA ou MD em todo o cérebro, sem uma região de interesse previamente definida, comparando idosos deprimidos a idosos sem depressão. Métodos: Exames de imagem cerebral por ressonância magnética foram obtidos de 47 idosos deprimidos (idade média=70,94 ± 6,98), segundo critérios diagnósticos do DSM-IV, e 36 idosos sem depressão (idade média=69,39 ± 7,21) (p=0,32). O exame de neuroimagem dos sujeitos foi realizado em aparelho de ressonância magnética (RM) de 1,5 T, (TE mínimo, TR=10000ms, FOV=26, matriz=128x128, espessura=5mm). Os parâmetros de difusão das imagens de RM foram obtidos a partir de 25 direções não colineares com um b-valor de 1000s/mm2 juntamente com imagem sem gradientes de difusão b=0. Antes da aquisição dos exames de imagem, um psiquiatra administrou os seguintes testes: Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), Teste Cognitivo Cambridge (CAMCOG), Escala Montgomery-Aberg de Depressão (MADRS) e Escala de Depressão de Hamilton (HAM-D). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos dados demográficos entre os grupos. A análise estatística baseada no voxel dos dados de FA foi realizada com uso da ferramenta TBSS, parte do programa FSL, que projeta a FA de cada indivíduo em um esqueleto de FA média antes de aplicar a análise estatística baseada no voxel entre os sujeitos da amostra. Diferenças entre os grupos foram controladas para idade. Resultados: Os escores médios da avaliação cognitiva para o grupo de idosos deprimidos foram: CAMCOG=82,94 ± 13,95 e MEEM=25,21 ± 3,74; e para o grupo controle: CAMCOG=90,83 ± 8,88 (p=0,017) e MEEM=27,86 ± 1,99 (p=0,004). Quanto às escalas de sintomatologia depressiva, tem-se no grupo de idosos deprimidos: MADRS=23,23 ± 8,60 HAM-D=18,64 ± 6,17; e no grupo de idosos sem depressão: MADRS=1,39 ± 1,20, HAM-D=2,67 ± 1,57. Após o ajuste por idade, o grupo de idosos deprimidos não apresentou diferenças significativas nos parâmetros de FA e de MD. Os escores da avaliação cognitiva (CAMCOG e MEEM) não se correlacionaram significativamente aos parâmetros de FA nem de MD. Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos após a correlação com escores das escalas de sintomatologia depressiva (MADRS e HAM-D). Conclusão: Não houve diferença significativa, na amostra estudada, dos parâmetros de FA ou MD entre os idosos deprimidos e idosos sem depressão quando o cérebro é analisado sem a utilização de ROI. Não houve correlação, na presente amostra, entre avaliação cognitiva e FA ou MD nem entre gravidade da depressão e estes parâmetros de avaliação de alteração de substância branca / Introduction: Depressive disorders constitute a public health problem in old age, and depression is projected to be one of the three leading causes of burden of disease worldwide in the next decades. Neuroimaging methods have been widely used in studies of depression in the elderly, because they are noninvasive techniques that allow the detection of structural and functional brain changes. Fractional Anisotropy (FA) and Mean Diffusivity (MD) are neuroimaging index of micro-structural white matter integrity, measured using diffusion tensor imaging. Most studies investigating depression and neuroimaging have focused only in possible differences in regions of interesting (ROI) previously selected. Studies investigating correlation between elderly depression and structural alterations measured by diffusion tensor in the whole brain are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the existence of FA or MD differences in the whole brain, without a region of interest previously determined, between elderly depressed and elderly without depression. Methods: Brain magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained on 47 elderly depressed subjects (mean age=70.9 ± 6.9), according to DSM-IV criteria, and 36 healthy elderly controls (mean age=69.4 ± 7.2) (p=0.32). Scanning of subjects was performed on a 1,5T MRI scanner (TE minimum, TR=10000ms, FOV=26, matrix=128x128, section thickness=5mm). Diffusion MR images were obtained from 25 non-colinear directions with a b-value of 1000 s/mm2 along with a b=0 image with no diffusion gradients. Before MRI acquisition, a psychiatrist administered the following psychiatric tests: Cambridge Cognitve Test Examination (CAMCOG), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montgomery-Aberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), and Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression (HAM-D). No significant differences were found on demographic data between groups. Voxelwise statistical analysis of FA data was carried out using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS), part of FSL program. TBSS projects all subjects\' FA data onto a mean FA tract skeleton, before applying voxelwise cross-subject statistics. Differences between groups were assessed controlling for age. Results: The mean score from cognitive assessment for the whole depression group was: CAMCOG=82,94 ± 13,95 and MMSE=25,21 ± 3,74; and for controls: CAMCOG=90,83 ± 8,88 (p=0,017) and MMSE=27,86 ± 1,99 (p=0,004). Results of depressive symptom assessment for the patient group were MADRS=23.23 ± 8.60 HAM-D=18.64 ± 6.17 and MADRS=1.39 ± 1.20, HAM-D=2.67 ± 1.57 for control group. After controlling for age, geriatric depressed subjects had no significant differences on FA and on MD parameters. No significant correlations were found between scores from cognitive tests (CAMCOG and MMSE), and FA or MD parameters. Similar results were obtained after correlating scores from scales measuring depressive symptoms (MADRS and HAM-D) and FA or MD parameters. Conclusions: There was no significant difference in FA or MD values between elderly depressed and elderly without depression when the brain is analyzed without a ROI previously determined. There was no correlation, in the present sample, between cognitive assessment and FA or MD, neither between severity of depression and these brain white matter parameters

INTRODUÇÃO. Depressão é reconhecida como um grave problema de saúde pública, por ser a causa mais frequente de sofrimento emocional e redução da qualidade de vida. No entanto, são escassos os estudos que investigam depressão e fatores associados em idosos de países em desenvolvimento. OBJETIVO E MÉTODO. Estudo transversal de base populacional com 1563 indivíduos idosos (>= 60 anos) de três diferentes classes socioeconômicas (alta, média e baixa) da cidade de São Paulo. Os sujeitos foram avaliados em domicílio (fase de rastreamento ou fase I) e hospital (fase diagnóstica ou fase II). Este é um estudo de análise de dados, que descreve a prevalência observada de transtornos depressivos em idosos, investigando a associação com fatores sociodemográficos, comprometimento cognitivo e funcional (CCF), hábitos de vida e comorbidades clínicas. Os seguintes instrumentos foram aplicados: Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MMSE) e Bayer Activity of Daily Living (B-ADL); questionário da Associação Brasileira de Pesquisa de Mercado (ABIPEME); CAMDEX (Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly Examination); escala para rastreio de depressão em idosos (D-10). O diagnóstico de depressão maior foi feito de acordo com o DSM -IV- TR. RESULTADOS. A amostra final consistiu em 1.563 idosos (68,7% mulheres e 31,3% homens). A idade média foi de 71,5 anos e 58,3% tinham escolaridade <=4 anos. Os \"screen-positives\" para depressão ou os idosos com SDCR (n=136) representavam 13.0% (IC 95%: 11-15) da amostra. Depressão maior foi diagnosticada em 60 idosos avaliados na segunda fase do estudo. A prevalência observada foi de 3,8% (IC 95%: 2,8% a 4,7%). Em modelos de regressão logística \"stepwise\", maior Razão de Chances do diagnóstico de depressão estava associada com gênero feminino, ser viúvo, episódio depressivo prévio, HAS, uso de psicotrópicos, comprometimento cognitivo e funcional, e uso de álcool (fatores de risco potenciais). Por outro lado, menor Razão de Chances do diagnóstico de depressão estava associada com atividade física e ir ao cinema (fatores protetores potenciais). CONCLUSÃO. A prevalência de depressão 14 maior é consistente com valores anteriormente encontrados em estudos nacionais e internacionais. Como mencionado na literatura atual, nosso estudo confirma a associação entre depressão e fatores potencialmente modificáveis, reforçando o possível benefício de medidas preventivas, que promovam estilos de vida saudáveis, atividades de lazer e prática de exercício físico, bem como o diagnóstico e tratamento de doenças clínicas, especialmente na atenção primária. Além disso, a associação significativa entre depressão e déficit cognitivo e funcional incentiva a realização de estudos longitudinais para melhor investigar esta relação e permitir intervenções precoces em populações de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças psiquiátricas e demência, incluindo a doença de Alzheimer / INTRODUCTION. Depression is recognized as a serious public health problem because it is the most frequent cause of emotional distress and reduced quality of life. However, studies investigating major depression and associated factors in older people from developing countries are scarce. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS. Cross-sectional study of population-based 1563 older subjects (>= 60 years) from three different socioeconomic classes (high, medium and low) of the city of São Paulo. The subjects were assessed at home (phase I or screening phase) and hospital (diagnostic phase or phase II). This is a study of data analysis, which describes the observed prevalence of depressive disorders in the elderly, identifying their relationship with sociodemographic factors, cognitive and functional impairment (CFI), lifestyle and clinical diseases. The following instruments were applied: Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Bayer Activity of Daily Living (B- ADL) questionnaire of the Brazilian Association of Market Research (ABIPEME); Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly Examination (CAMDEX); screening scale for depression in the elderly (D -10). The diagnosis of major depression was made according to DSM- IV -TR. RESULTS. The final sample consisted of 1563 elderly (68.7 % women and 31.3 % men). The mean age was 71.5 years and 58.3% had 4 or fewer years of schooling. The \"screen-positives\" for depression or the elderly with CSDS (n = 136) accounted for 13.0 % (95% CI: 11%-15%) of the sample. Major depression was diagnosed in 60 patients included in the second phase of the study. The prevalence was 3.8 % (95% CI: 2.8% to 4.7 %). In logistic regression stepwise models, a higher odds ratio of depression diagnosis was associated with female gender, being widowed, previous depressive episode, hypertension, use of psychotropic medication, cognitive and functional impairment, and alcohol use (potential risk factors). On the other hand, a lower odds ratio of depression diagnosis was associated with physical activity and going to cinema (potential protective factors). CONCLUSION. The prevalence of major depression is consistent with figures previously found in Brazilian and international studies. As 16 mentioned in the literature at the moment, our study confirms the association between depression and potentially modifiable factors, reinforcing the benefit of probable preventive measures, to incentive healthy lifestyles, leisure activities and the practice of physical exercise, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of clinical diseases, especially in primary care. In addition, significant association between major depression and cognitive and functional impairment encourages further longitudinal studies to better investigate this relationship and enable earlier interventions in populations at risk for developing psychiatric disorders and dementia, including Alzheimer\'s disease. Descriptors: depressive disorder, depressive symptoms, elderly, cross-sectional studies, epidemiology, prevalence

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar preliminarmente a eficácia do grupo terapêutico de abordagem gestáltica no tratamento do Transtorno Depressivo Recorrente através da avaliação quantitativa dos sintomas depressivos, avaliação da qualidade de vida e adequação social. Foi um estudo aberto, exploratório, prospectivo, em pacientes que se encontravam em tratamento farmacológico para Transtorno Depressivo Recorrente, submetidos a dezesseis sessões de grupo terapêutico. Aplicou--se no início e no fim do tratamento: Entrevista Clínica Estruturada para o DSM-IV: Transtorno do Eixo I, 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey e Escala de Auto-Avaliação de Adequação Social. Sete pacientes terminaram as dezesseis semanas de tratamento. Observou-se melhora clínica em relação aos sintomas depressivos. Em relação à qualidade de vida, apresentaram melhora nos domínios da capacidade funcional; estado geral da saúde; saúde mental e dor. Perceberam-se inadequados em relação à adequação social, porém apresentaram indicadores clínicos de melhora após grupo terapêutico. Resultados sugerem que a participação no grupo terapêutico de abordagem gestáltica pode auxiliar na redução da sintomatologia depressiva, em certos domínios da qualidade de vida e em ganhos clínicos. Estudos com amostras maiores, com grupo controle e com melhor avaliação da adequação social e funcionalidade dos pacientes são necessários / The intention of this study was to make a preliminarily evaluation of the effectiveness of gestalt group therapy in the treatment of major depression through the quantitative assessment of the symptoms of depression and an assessment of quality of life and social functioning. The open study was of an exploratory nature and involved patients who were undergoing pharmacological treatment for major depression and who participated in sixteen gestalt group therapy sessions. The effectiveness of the therapeutic process was assessed by Structured Clinical Interviews at the beginning and at the end of treatment at which were applied the DSM-IV: Disorder Axis I, 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey Scale and Self-Assessment of Social Adequacy. Seven patients completed the sixteen weeks of treatment. A clinical improvement in the depressive symptoms was observed. With regard to quality of life, the patients showed improvement in their physical functioning, general health, mental health and bodily pain. They considered themselves poorly adjusted to society and presented improved clinical indicators after group therapy. The results suggest that participation in gestalt group therapy can help reduce the symptoms of depression, improve some areas of quality of life and demonstrate clinical gains. Further studies with a larger sample, the use of a control group and improved assessment methods of social adequacy and functionality are needed

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:57:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Tiago_Munhoz.pdf: 1229485 bytes, checksum: 5f3815d9ae7ffe2fd27618212085ab8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-19 / A cross-sectional population-based study was carried out to study the prevalence and factors associated to depression in adults, in Pelotas - RS, in 2012... / Com o objetivo de estudar a prevalência e fatores associados à depressão em adultos...

Background: The aim of this thesis was to investigate the relationship of moral cognition and emotions to the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Patients with MDD may experience excessive guilt or self-blaming biases despite recovery from the depressed state. Since guilt is a moral emotion thought to motivate altruistic behaviours, it has been hypothesized that elevated self-blame in MDD may result in pathological increases to altruism in some patients. The relationship of self-blame to altruistic choices in individuals with remitted MDD (rMDD), however, has not been established. Guilt has been shown to activate the subgenual cingulate and adjacent septal region (SCSR) which is of known importance to the pathophysiology of MDD. Since MDD is thought to arise from network-level dysfunctions, and moral cognition and emotions are hypothesized to emerge from network-level binding, investigating resting-state SCSR functional connectivity in rMDD patients and healthy control (HC) participants could reveal networks of potential relevance both to MDD and to moral cognition and emotions. Chapter 2: We investigated whether melancholic rMDD patients could be distinguished from non-melancholic and HC groups on the basis of resting-state functional connectivity to an SCSR seed region. Lower SCSR-amygdala connectivity distinguished the melancholic rMDD group from non-melancholic and HC groups. Chapter 3: We investigated whether patients who remained resilient to recurring depressive episodes were distinguishable from recurring episode MDD and HC groups on the basis of resting-state connectivity to an SCSR seed region. Lower interhemispheric SCSR connectivity distinguished the resilient MDD patients from the recurring episode MDD and HC groups. Chapter 4: We measured explicit and implicit preferences for social options with and without altruistic motivations relative to selfish options in the rMDD and HC groups during emotion priming to modulate feelings of guilt. The rMDD patients explicitly preferred prosocial options (i.e., social options and altruism directed towards friends or colleagues) less than HC participants. Regardless of group, guilt priming increased explicit and implicit preferences for altruism towards strangers. Chapter 5: We investigated whether explicit and/or implicit preferences for prosocial options during guilt priming were correlated with resting-state connectivity to an SCSR seed region, and whether this relationship could distinguish the rMDD and HC groups. Across all participants, implicit prosocial choice preference negatively correlated with connectivity between the SCSR and right temporoparietal junction (TPJ). The relationship of SCSR-TPJ connectivity to implicit preferences for social options and for altruism towards friends and colleagues was weaker in the rMDD group compared to the HC group, particularly for implicit altruism. Conclusions: We identified resting-state SCSR networks associated with vulnerability to melancholia and with resilience to recurring depressive episodes. Patients with rMDD explicitly preferred options entailing social withdrawal, a symptom associated with MDD vulnerability. Irrespective of group, guilt motivated altruism towards strangers but not friends and colleagues. Implicit prosociality was negatively associated with connectivity in a social agency network, and the comparatively weak relationships between connectivity and implicit choice preferences in rMDD patients may reflect a vulnerability factor for MDD.

O Transtorno Depressivo Maior (TDM) é uma condição psiquiátrica que afeta 4,4% da população mundial, exibindo um substancial sofrimento pessoal, incapacidade e custos sociais, e estima-se que ele será a principal causa de incapacidade no mundo em 2030. O surgimento de novas ferramentas e modelos de pesquisa envolvendo o TDM irá auxiliar no entendimento desta doença. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi gerar uma coleção de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas humanas (hiPSCs) de um grupo de indivíduos com TDM. Foram coletadas amostras de células mononucleares (MNCs) de 66 indivíduos afetados, e geradas 6 linhagens de hiPSCs. Através de diversos testes de caracterização, a pluripotência destas células foi confirmada. Além disto, também foi padronizada a diferenciação destas hiPSCs em neurônios serotonérgicos. Neurônios derivados dessas hiPSCs poderão constituir material de estudo para outros grupos de pesquisa interessados no estudo da TDM, e ser utilizados em testes futuros para prever resposta a medicamentos. / Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric condition that affects 4.4% of the world\'s population, exhibiting substantial personal suffering, disability and social costs, and is estimated to be the leading cause of disability in the world by 2030. Emergence of new tools and research models involving TDM will aid in the understanding of this disease. Thus, the objective of this work was to generate a collection of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from a group of individuals with MDD. Samples of mononuclear cells (MNCs) of 66 affected individuals were collected, and 6 lines of hiPSCs were generated. Through several characterization tests, the pluripotency of these cells was confirmed. In addition, the differentiation of these hiPSCs into serotonergic neurons was also standardized. Neurons derived from these hiPSCs could constitute study material for other research groups interested in the study of MDD, and be used in future tests to predict drug response.

No description available.

Le but de ce travail est d’étudier deux dimensions sémiologiques, identifiées dans la littérature comme associées au trouble dépressif résistant, l’anxiété et l’apathie. Ces marqueurs cliniques et leurs corrélats radiologiques seront ensuite testés dans une analyse longitudinale du pronostic à 6 mois d’une cohorte de patients souffrant de dépression. Les données originales de ce travail sont issues de la cohorte LONGIDEP. Cette étude prospective, naturalistique, a été menée chez des patients souffrant d’un épisode dépressif majeur qui bénéficiaient, dans le cadre des soins courants, d’une évaluation clinique, neuropsychologique et d’une imagerie cérébrale à l’inclusion. Une nouvelle évaluation a été proposée à 6 mois de l’inclusion. Cette étude nous a permis de montrer que 1) l’apathie dans la dépression est associée à un profil clinique et physiopathologique spécifique, 2) l’analyse catégorielle et sémiologique de l’anxiété dans une population de sujet déprimés résistants n’étaient pas concordantes. Les déprimés résistants présentaient une hyperperfusion amygdale centro-médiane, 3) l’anxiété trait, un pattern cognitif associé à la mémoire visuo-spatiale étaient prédictifs d’une évolution péjorative de la dépression. Des anomalies structurales de régions impliquées dans la régulation émotionnelle et plus précisément l’adaptation au danger/peur, étaient associées à une évolution péjorative de la dépression. Des deux dimensions sémiologiques étudiées, l’anxiété apparaît être impliquées dans le pronostic de la dépression. L’étude des liens entre l’anxiété et les troubles de la motivation est une perspective de recherche pour la dépression résistante. / The aim of this work is to study anxiety and apathy in treatment resistant depression. These clinical factors and its imaging correlates will be tested in prediction of outcome in a 6-months follow-up. Original data were retrieved in LONGIDEP cohort. This is a prospective study conducted in routine care. Patients suffering from a mood depressive episode benefited from a clinical, neuropsychological and brain imaging. They were assessed once again at 6 months. Our study has shown that 1) apathy in depression is associated with specific clinical and pathophysiological patterns, 2) categorical and dimensional approach of anxiety in treatment resistant depression are not convergent. This latter population exhibited higher brain perfusion of centro-medial amygdala, 3) trait anxiety, cognitive patterns of visuospatial memory were predictive of pejorative outcome. Structural abnormalities in key regions involved in emotion regulation were associated with pejorative outcome of depression. Only anxiety was involved in outcome of depression. The link between anxiety and motivation should be studied in further works.

Objective: To examine in a nationally representative sample (a) the differential association of specific anxiety and depressive disorders defined according to DSM-IV with pain disorder (PD) and pain symptoms, and (b) whether pain-associated anxiety and depressive disorders and their comorbidity have different implications in terms of impairment, disability, health care utilization, and substance use. Method: A nationally representative community study was conducted in Germany. Symptoms, syndromes and diagnoses of mental disorders, and pain were assessed in N = 4,181 participants aged 18–65 years using the DSM-IV/M-CIDI. Results: Logistic regressions revealed that pain is associated with both specific anxiety and depressive disorders, with increasing significant odds ratios (OR) for medically explained pain symptoms (EPS; OR range: 1.9–2.0), to unexplained pain symptoms (UPS; OR range: 2.4–7.3), to PD (OR range: 3.3–14.8). PD and UPS persistently showed associations after adjusting for comorbid other anxiety and depressive disorders and physical illnesses. All types of pain, particularly PD/UPS, are associated with decreased quality of life, greater impairment in role functioning, disability, health care utilization, and substance use. Depressive disorders, even more so anxiety disorders and their comorbidity account for a substantial proportion of variance in these functional correlates. Conclusions: Pain is strongly associated with specific anxiety and depressive disorders. In light of the individual and societal burden due to pain, and the demonstrated role of comorbid anxiety or/and depression, our results call for further investigation of the underlying mechanisms for this association as well as targeted treatments for these comorbidities.

The familial aggregation of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) has been repeatedly demonstrated. Several studies have investigated associations between various clinical characteristics of MDD in probands and overall rates of MDD in relatives. Few studies, however, have considered the familial aggregation of clinical characteristics of MDD. The aim of the present report is to examine mother–offspring associations of a variety of clinical characteristics of MDD in a general population sample. Data were derived from baseline and 4-year-follow-up data of 933 adolescents and their biological mothers of the Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology (EDSP) study, a prospective-longitudinal community study. MDD and its characteristics were assessed with the Munich-Composite International Diagnostic Interview. We found that children of mothers who had a lifetime history of severe MDD and high number of symptoms, high impairment and/or melancholia, revealed elevated odds of MDD regarding the same characteristics as their mothers (ORs between 5.2 and 13.9). The observed associations did not differ by the children’s sex. DSM-IV melancholia and severity as well as impairment were found to aggregate within families. This finding can be interpreted as a validation of the DSM-IV MDD severity subtypes as well as of the melancholic specifier. Severe and melancholic MDD reveal a considerable high degree of familiar aggregation making the search for mechanisms involved in the familiar transmission of these forms of MDD particularly promising.