Submitted by Livia Mello (liviacmello@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-09-30T13:11:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPWBJ.pdf: 4236598 bytes, checksum: c67ea4f748a05ba51123274cfad1b4ab (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T18:59:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPWBJ.pdf: 4236598 bytes, checksum: c67ea4f748a05ba51123274cfad1b4ab (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T18:59:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPWBJ.pdf: 4236598 bytes, checksum: c67ea4f748a05ba51123274cfad1b4ab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-10T18:59:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPWBJ.pdf: 4236598 bytes, checksum: c67ea4f748a05ba51123274cfad1b4ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-07 / Não recebi financiamento / The virtualization of computing resources is becoming increasingly frequent for several purposes. An example is desktop virtualization, in which the user’s workstation is virtualized, executed in a data center, and delivered to users as a service. Users can access their virtual desktops over the network, from anywhere, anytime, using simplified clients as smartphones or tablets. Besides mobility, desktop virtualization brings significant reduction in management costs and administration of desktops. In the present work we propose a model that estimates the energy consumption of a desktop virtualization service. The proposed model aims to assist decision-making on the provision of resources and improving energy efficiency. The model takes into account energy consumption during all the lifecycle of a virtualized desktop since the instantiation. From the experiments, applying the model, it was concluded that for applications with low transmission rate of frames and commands, such as a web browser, it is better to instantiate an VD instead of running as a local desktop. It happens because the energy cost of running is amortized through the sharing of resources between the various connected users into the server, in addition to the low cost of transmission. The best energy efficiency has been obtained as a result of instantiating an VD on a datacenter (DC) with acessible through a local area network (LAN), in which the energy consumption per bit transmission is suffucuently low to compensate energy cost of VD migration between different DCs. / A virtualização de recursos computacionais está se tornando cada vez mais frequente para diversas finalidades. Um exemplo é a virtualização de desktops, em que a estação de trabalho do usuário é virtualizada e executada em um centro de dados, e são entregues aos seus usuários sob a forma de um serviço. Os usuários podem acessar seus desktops virtuais via Internet, de qualquer lugar e a qualquer hora, utilizando clientes simplificados como smartphones ou tablets. Além da mobilidade, a virtualização de desktops traz enorme redução nos custos de gerência e administração. Esta dissertação propõe um modelo que a permite estimar o custo energético de um serviço de virtualização de desktops. Esse modelo tem por finalidade auxiliar a tomada de decisões sobre o provisionamento de recursos, melhorando a eficiência energética. Para essa estimativa, são considerados os custos energéticos que compõem a entrega do desktop virtual, desde a instanciação até sua execução no centro de dados. A partir dos experimentos realizados, aplicando o modelo proposto, foi possível concluir que para aplicações com taxa de transmissão de quadros e comandos baixa ou regular, como um navegador web por exemplo, consome-se menos energia para executar um VD do que executar um desktop local. Isso acontece porque o custo energético de execução é amortizado por meio do compartilhamento de recursos entre os diversos usuários conectados ao mesmo servidor, além do baixo custo de transmissão. A melhor eficiência energética obtida foi resultado de instanciar um VD em um datacenter (DC) com acesso a rede local (LAN), em que o consumo energético de transmissão por bit é menor e tão pequeno que compensou no decorrer do tempo, inclusive, o custo energético da migração do VD entre diferentes DCs.

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In umfangreichen Datenerhebungen zeigen sich webbasierte Applikationen als ein besonders flexibel einzusetzendes Instrument, welches zudem im Vergleich zu analogen Varianten u.a. hinsichtlich der Anzahl nicht beantworteter Fragen im Vorteil ist (Rada, 2014). Weiterhin kommen Deutskens et al. (2006) zu der Erkenntnis, dass die Ergebnisse zwischen Online- und Offline-Umfragen durchaus zu vergleichen sind. Die Art und Qualität der Antworten sind nicht von der Wahl der technischen Methodik abhängig (Tuten et al., 2002). Ferner wurde sogar gezeigt, dass Online-Befragungen umfassendere Informationen liefern als beispielsweise traditionelle Postumfragen (Ilieva u. a., 2002). Schon seit längerer Zeit werden solche webbasierten Fragebogen nun nicht mehr ausschließlich auf Desktop-Computern bearbeitet (Callegaro, 2010). Vielmehr ist eine klare Tendenz zur mobilen Nutzung erkennbar. Während im Jahre 2011 erst 4% der Teilnehmenden Smartphones zur Beantwortung von Online-Befragungen nutzten, waren es im Jahre 2014 bereits 18% (Sarraf et al., 2014) und im Jahre 2018 33,7% (Nissen & Janneck, 2018). Durch den stetig steigenden Gebrauch mobiler Geräte, wie insbesondere Smartphones, stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit Online-Fragebogen als spezifische Anwendung für eine mobile Nutzung geeignet sind. Einerseits scheinen mobile Geräte mit ihren eher kleineren Displays womöglich schlechter geeignet für die Bearbeitung von z.T. umfangreichen Fragebogen zu sein. Eine mangelnde Eignung zeigt sich beispielsweise in höheren Abbruchquoten (Sarraf et al., 2014; Lambert & Miller, 2015; Mavletova, 2013; Nissen & Janneck, 2018), längeren Bearbeitungszeiten (Lugtig et al., 2016; Mavletova, 2013; Horwitz, 2014; Nissen & Janneck, 2018) oder auch auffälligen Antwortmustern (Nissen & Janneck, 2018), die zu einer schlechteren Datenqualität führen können. Andererseits bieten Fragebogen auf Smartphones die Möglichkeit, sehr flexibel an Studien teilzunehmen und u.U. die Teilnahmequote zu erhöhen. Um diese Möglichkeit zu nutzen und eine Grundlage für künftige technische Entwicklungen zu bieten, wird in diesem Beitrag eine Untersuchung zu soziodemographischen Daten (Geschlecht und Alter) und dem zeitlichen und örtlichen Kontext der Bearbeitung von Web-Fragebogen – mit besonderem Fokus auf die mobile Nutzung – durchgeführt. [... aus der Einleitung] 91

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-05-25T17:33:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Adriana Kohl.pdf: 1912832 bytes, checksum: 980f4b4ab5b5338526ee01adf1d6cb31 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-25T17:33:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Adriana Kohl.pdf: 1912832 bytes, checksum: 980f4b4ab5b5338526ee01adf1d6cb31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-16 / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FINEP - Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / A presente pesquisa teve como principal objetivo caracterizar e valorizar os resíduos de gabinetes de microcomputadores de mesa (desktops). Realizaram-se cinco etapas distintas: efetuar o balanço de massa dos gabinetes e de seus componentes; calcular as taxas de reciclagem dos gabinetes e de seus componentes; efetuar a caracterização dos elementos químicos dos materiais que compõe os gabinetes, e; classificar os resíduos conforme sua periculosidade segundo a ABNT NBR 10004:2004. Alcançaram-se as etapas por meio da desmontagem manual dos gabinetes, da separação e pesagem dos componentes, bem como dos materiais constituintes, dos cálculos das taxas de reciclagem, das análises químicas realizadas no Espectrômetro de Fluorescência de Raios-X e da comparação dos elementos químicos encontrados nas análises com os Anexos da ABNT NBR 10004:2004. Os resultados mostraram que os gabinetes de microcomputadores de mesa deste estudo, têm a massa média de 10,56 kg e que 81,71% desta massa é composta pelas placas mãe, pelas fontes de energia e pelos invólucros do gabinete (tampa, corpo e outras partes). Os outros componentes que são os drives de disquetes, drives de CDs, cabos IDEs, HDs e os coolers representam 18,29% da massa média dos gabinetes. A taxa de reciclagem obtida para os gabinetes foi de 96,66%, essa taxa representa a quantidade de materiais com possibilidade de ser reciclado nas amostras estudadas. Nas análises químicas efetuadas, encontrou-se o total de 47 elementos químicos da Tabela Periódica, entre eles citam-se o níquel e o antimônio (considerados elementos cancerígenos), o cloro e o bromo (considerados elementos halógenos), bem como o bário, o chumbo e o cromo (considerados elementos que conferem periculosidade aos resíduos). Logo, classificaram-se os gabinetes de microcomputadores deste estudo como resíduos Classe I (perigoso), conforme o método empregado neste trabalho. / This study aimed to characterize and enhance waste desktop computer, without screen. There were five distinct steps: the mass balance of the desktop computer, without screen, and their componetes effect; calculate recycling rates of the desktop computer, and their components; make the characterization of the chemical elements of the material that makes up the desktop computer, and; classified as a hazardous waste according to ABNT NBR 10004:2004 Solid Waste - Classification. Been achieved-through the steps: the manual disassembly of the case; separating and weighing the components as well as the constituent materials; the calculation of recycling rates; chemical analyzes by fluorescence spectrometry X-rays, and; comparison of the chemical elements found in analyzes of the Annexes to ABNT NBR 10004: 2004. The results showed that the desktop computer, without screen study, have an average weight of 10.56 kg and 81.71% mass consists of the motherboard, the power supply and the cabinet enclosures (lid and body other parts). The other components are the floppy drives, CD drives, IDE cables, hard disk and coolers represent 18.29% of the mean weight of the cabinets. The recycling rate achieved for the desktop computer, without screen, was 96.66% this rate represents the amount of material likely to be recycled in the samples studied. Chemical analyzes performed, we found a total of 47 chemical elements of the Periodic Table, of these, we mention nickel and antimony (considered carcinogens), chlorine and bromine (halogen elements considered) as well as barium, lead and chromium (considered elements that confer dangerous waste). Soon, classified themselves the desktop computer this study, as Class I (hazardou) waste, according the method used in this work.

The rising demand to be able to work and use applications wherever you go dictates the need to be able to connect remotely to desktops. This challenge is addressed by so called remote desktop applications that allow the user to locally view and control a remote computer. Such a solution requires installation of specialized software on both the remote computer and the local computer. The software on the local computer is the client software. Most implementations of such client software are native clients which are software packages installed on the client machine. A logical evolution path for remote desktop clients is the shift to a web browser version that will not require the installation of any specific software.HTML5 is an upcoming standard and markup language for the world wide web. HTML5 brings new features which open up new possibilities for web developers. The potential of HTML5 technologies draw remote desktop developers' attention. New HTML5 versions of remote desktop clients have started to appear due to this.However, these new realizations are limited and far from being powerful enough to replace native clients. Thus, it is still completely unknown whether an HTML5-based remote desktop client has possibilities to replace native remote desktop clients. This thesis aims to address this knowledge gap. Essential technical features such as audio and local printing for remote desktop solutions were investigated in the context of an HTML5 client. Functionality was implemented and tested, and future development was evaluated.The resulting features that were implemented along with the evaluated future features were subject to some limitations inherited by the HTML5 platform. As a result of this work, it was concluded that it is not possible to achieve features with the same level of functionality as the features seen in the native clients. In order to accomplish this, the browsers would have to implement specific interfaces for the required hardware and systems. These limitations prevent complete replacement of native remote desktop clients with a HTML5 based client in the near future. However, the HTML5 client has a dedicated area where its features suit their purpose. The HTML5 client is available where the native clients are not. The browser platform brings unprecedented accessibility advantages.

With global emissions of human activities that drive climate change on the rise, global institutions and authorities are trying to introduce new regulations in the industry, in order to accomplish a significant reduction of carbon emissions. In order for companies to be more effective in reducing carbon emissions, not only from their products but also along their value chains and product portfolios, it is of vital importance to understand and quantify them. Following that need, tools that can measure the carbon footprint of various corporate operations (carbon calculators) have risen in popularity in the latest years. A sector in which companies can significantly improve their environmental impact is their IT equipment portfolio. WeCycle, as developed by Greener Scandinavia AB (partner of this project), is a platform that facilitates reselling of old IT equipment, while aiming to reduce its environmental impacts. This project then, in cooperation with WeCycle, aims to develop a software tool that calculates the environmental benefits (kg of CO2 eq. avoided) when reusing old IT equipment. This can help clients estimate this benefit, while also providing a CSR incentive. The specific methodological steps needed in order to complete the project included literature review concerning the state of e-waste and initiatives to minimize its environmental impacts, guidelines, and procedures related to LCA of IT equipment and various other carbon calculators, developing calculation model and assumptions in order to compile the database, interface design, and finally using and testing the software tool against a real case scenario - case study provided by WeCycle. The results, and design process of the project, were enlightening in the matter of understanding potential benefits of reusing IT equipment, but also in identifying the “hotspot” stages of an electronic device’s lifecycle. Even though variations were noticed depending on the type of the device (e.g. smartphones vs desktop computers), it is evident that the emissions that occur during the production phase are considered of major importance (ranked either 1st or 2nd most important/emission heavy stage), and therefore the benefits of reusing are of a high relative magnitude. All in all, this project resulted in a useful tool for WeCycle to measure the benefits of their practices, as well as for any user or company that would like to measure the carbon emissions that can be avoided when they give their old IT equipment up for resell. Hopefully, by easily quantifying these benefits, this tool can motivate both a behavioral change in the industry, as well as researchers to expand it in order to cover all sectors of the industry and everyday life. / När globala utsläpp av mänskliga aktiviteter stiger, försöker globala institutioner och myndigheter att införa nya regler för att minska koldioxidutsläppen. För att företagen ska vara mer effektiva när det gäller minskade koldioxidutsläpp, inte bara från sina produkter men också med sina värdekedjor och produktportföljer, är det viktigt att förstå och kvantifiera dem. För att uppnå detta, har verktyg som kan mäta koldioxidavtrycket av olika företagsverksamheter (kolkalkylatorer) ökat i popularitet de senaste åren. En sektor i vilken företag kan förbättra sin miljöpåverkan är deras IT-utrustning. WeCycle, ett projekt som utvecklats av Greener Scandinavia AB (partner för detta projekt), är en plattform som underlättar återförsäljning av gammal IT-utrustning medan den siktar på att minska miljöpåverkan. Projektet, i samarbete med WeCycle, syftar till att utveckla ett mjukvaruverktyg som beräknar miljöfördelar (kg CO2-ekv.) vid återanvändning av gammal IT-utrustning. Detta kan hjälpa kunder att uppskatta denna fördel, samtidigt som de ger ett CSR-incitament. Projektets resultat var till hjälp för att förstå de potentiella fördelarna med att återanvända IT-utrustning, men också för att identifiera "hotspot" -stadierna i en elektronisk apparats livscykel. Även om det märktes variationer beroende på enhetens typ (t.ex. smartphones jämfört med stationära datorer) är det uppenbart att utsläpp som uppstår under produktionsfasen är av stor betydelse (rankad antingen viktigaste eller näst viktigaste fasen) och därför ger återanvändning relativt stor miljönytta. Förhoppningsvis, genom att kvantifiera dessa fördelar med ett lättanvänt verktyg, kan detta projekt motivera både en beteendemässig förändring i branschen och forskare att vidareutveckla verktyget till att omfatta alla industrisektorer och hushållens konsumtion.