The aim of my Master thesis is to analyze consumer process of purchasing decision in the detergents market. Through this aim I am trying to confirm or deny defined hypothesis by research. In theoretical part is detailed description of consumer behavior and marketing research. Next chapter is dedicated to specifications of main producers in the detergent market which is followed by my own research. To my research were used primary and secondary researching sources. Questionnaire was used as primary source. Analysis is accomplished through excel tabs and graphs. At the end of my thesis is a summary based on analysis and recommendations for the companies, which occur in the detergent market.

A presente pesquisa consiste em analisar a solidez da cor dos substratos têxteis à lavagem, perante a utilização de detergentes em pó comerciais, e comparar com a utilização do detergente pó padrão previsto na norma ABNT NBR ISO 105-C06: Têxteis Ensaios de solidez da cor parte C06: Solidez da cor à lavagem doméstica e comercial. Para que as variáveis do substrato têxtil: a) composição; b) preparação para o tingimento; c) processo de tingimento; d) intensidade da cor; e) classe de corante. E as do processo de lavagem: temperaturas não comprometessem a conclusão da pesquisa, contemplou-se o controle de todas elas, de forma que, a única variável foi o tipo de detergente em pó utilizado, para tanto, levou-se em consideração: a) utilizado substratos 100% algodão, 100% poliéster, 100% poliamida e 100% acrílico; b) preparação para garantir a homogeneidade das amostras; c) substratos tintos em cores claras, médias e escuras; d) utilizadas classes de corantes que possuem boa solidez à lavagem; e) lavagem a 40ºC e a 60ºC. Foi utilizado um ambiente integrado contemplando equipamentos de laboratório para preparação, tingimento das amostras e para os ensaios de solidez da cor à lavagem, segundo a norma técnica específica. Os corpos de prova, após o processo de lavagem, foram submetidos à avaliação da alteração da cor, de acordo com a norma ABNT NBR ISO 105-A05: Têxteis Ensaios de solidez da cor parte A05: Avaliação instrumental da alteração da cor para classificação na escala cinza. Os resultados dos ensaios apontaram que somente os substratos 100% algodão e 100% poliamida, cor clara, lavados com detergentes comerciais apresentam resultados divergentes dos lavados com detergente padrão. Já os demais substratos não apresentaram alterações significativas quando comparados aos resultados obtidos na lavagem com o detergente padrão, o que aponta que o tipo de detergente utilizado no ensaio não influencia no resultado / The present research consists in analyzing the fastness of colors in textile substrates to washing, in relation to the use of commercial powder detergents, and compare it with the use of the standard detergent powder according to ABNT NBR ISO 105-C06: Textiles - color fastness of C06: Color fastness to domestic and commercial washing. So that the variables of the textile substrate: a) composition; b) preparation for dyeing; c) dyeing process; d) color intensity; e) dye class. And the of washing process: temperature, did not compromise the conclusion of the research, it was contemplated the control of them all, so that the only variable was the type of detergent powder used, for that, it was taken into consideration: a) used 100% cotton, 100% polyester, 100% polyamide and 100% acrylic substrates, because they are the most consumed fibers in Brazil; b) preparation to guarantee the homogeneity of the samples; c) red substrates in light, medium and dark colors; d) classes of dyes, which have good wash fastness, were used; e) washing at 40 ° C and at 60 ° C. An integrated environment was used, contemplating laboratory equipment for preparation, dyeing of the samples and the tests of color fastness to the wash, according to the specific technical standard. After the washing process, the specimens were submitted to the color change evaluation according to ABNT NBR ISO 105-A05: Textiles - Color fastness tests part A05: Instrumental evaluation of the color changing for Classification on the gray scale. The results of the tests indicated that only the 100% cotton and 100% polyamide substrates light colored washed with commercial detergents showed divergent results from the standard detergent washings. However, on the other substrates, did not present significant alterations when compared to the substrates obtained in washing with standard detergent, which indicates that the type of Detergent used in the test does not influence the result

La maladie de Niemann-Pick de type C (NPC) est une lipidose lysosomale complexe due à une mutation d’un des gènes NPC1 ou NPC2, qui codent pour ces protéines localisées dans les compartiments endo-lysosomaux (LE/LY). Leur absence altère le trafic intracellulaire et induit l’accumulation du cholestérol (Chol) dans les LE/LY. De plus, l’AnxA6 semble participer au transport vésiculaire du Chol en interagissant avec les microdomaines membranaires enrichis en Chol, ou avec le Chol lui-même. Dans ce travail, nous avons isolé des microdomaines membranaires résistant au Triton X-100 (également appelés DRMs pour detergent resistant membranes) à partir de lignée cellulaire NPC L1 ou de cellules saines. Les fibroblastes NPC contiennent plus de DRMs que les fibroblastes sains. Ceci semble être corrélé aux problèmes de transport du Chol dans les cellules NPC. Nous avons aussi montré qu’en présence de calcium, une partie de l’AnxA6 est associé aux DRMs, suggérant que l’AnxA6 participe à l’organisation de la membrane et par ce bias à l’étiologie de la maladie de NPC. Nous avons alors analysé les interactions de l’AnxA6-1 avec les microdomaines riches en Chol ainsi que l’implication de sa région flexible et de la séquence VAAEIL dans ces interactions. Leurs interactions avec des monocouches de Langmuir constituées de phosphatidylcholine, Chol et/ou d’acétate de cholestéryle. Nos résultats montrent que l’AnxA6 a la plus grande affinité pour les monocouches contenant du Chol ainsi que l’implication du groupement hydroxyle du Chol lors de ces interactions. / The Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is a lysosomal lipid storage disorder caused by mutations in one of the two genes NPC1 or NPC2 encoding proteins of the late endosome/lysosome compartment (LE/LY). Defect in these proteins alters vesicular transport and leads to abnormal accumulation of cholesterol (Chol) in LE/LY. There are some lines of evidence suggesting that annexin A6 (AnxA6) participates in vesicular transport of Chol and may interact with membrane domains enriched in Chol and bind Chol. In this work we characterized the membrane microdomains resistant to Triton X-100, i.e., detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) isolated from NPC patient-derived fibroblasts and from control cells. NPC cells contain a significantly higher amount of DRMs than the control cells that is consistent with the defect in Chol turnover in NPC cells. We also studied the mechanism of AnxA6 involvement in the NPC-induced changes in the membrane organization and showed that in the presence of calcium some AnxA6 molecules associate with the DRMs. This suggests that AnxA6 may play a role in the membrane lateral organization, contributing thus to the etiology of NPC disease. We then focused on the interaction of AnxA6-1 with Chol-rich membranes and on the involvement of its flexible region and VAAEIL sequence in these interactions. For this purpose, kinetics of the interfacial adsorption of human recombinant AnxA6 to Langmuir monolayers containing phosphatidylcholine, Chol and/or cholesteryl acetate were measured. Our data suggest that AnxA6 exhibits the highest affinity to Chol-containing monolayers and that the hydroxyl group of Chol plays a pivotal role in the AnxA6-lipid interactions in vitro.

Dans cette thèse, nous présentons des résultats de simulations de dynamique moléculaire (MD) explicites dans les conditions ambiantes de micelles inverses (MI) d'AOT et de C12E4 en fonction du rapport molaire Wo=[H2O]/[détergent] qui caractérise la dimension des MI et leur contenu en eau. Le rapport des MI était 2 ≤ Wo ≤7. Nous avons étudié les changements de structure et les compressibilités des micelles inverses avec Wo. Lorsque le rapport Wo<7 des MI, l'eau confinée hydrate préférentiellement les têtes des AOT. L'influence de cette hydratation a été examinée avec un alanine peptide en hélice-Α (A8) confiné dans 2 MI de rapport Wo=4.78 et 6.79. Dans la plus petite MI, l'hydratation préférentielle des têtes d'AOT favorise la stabilité de la structure IIaire imposée du peptide et cette conformation est perdue dans la MI plus grande. Enfin, la structure de 2 MI C12E4 avec Wo=3 avec 2 conformations possibles pour les têtes a été étudiée. Les résultats des MD obtenus ont permis de proposer une modèle pour ces MI.

There has been growing interest in developing colloidal metal and semiconductor nanocrystals as biomedical imaging contrast agents and therapeutics, since light excitation can cause the nanocrystals to fluoresce or heat up. Recent advances in synthetic chemistry produced fluorescent 2-4 nm diameter silicon and 1-2 nm diaemeter CuInSSe nanocrystals, as well as 16 nm diameter copper selenide (Cu₂₋[subscript x]Se) nanocrystals exhibiting strong absorbance of near infrared light suitable for biomedical applications. However, the syntheses yield nanocrystals that are stabilized by an adsorbed layer of hydrocarbons, making the nanocrystals hydrophobic and non-dispersible in aqueous solution. Encapsulating these nanocrystals in amphiphilic polymer micelles enables the nanocrystals to disperse in water. Subsequently, the Si nanocrystals were injected into tissue to demonstrate fluorescence imaging, the photothermal transduction efficiency of copper selenide nanocrystals was characterized in water, and the copper selenide nanocrystals were used enhance the photothermal destruction of cancer cells in vitro. The polymer-encapsulated copper selenide nanocrystals were found to have higher photothermal transduction efficiency than 140 nm diameter Au nanoshells, which have been widely investigated for photothermal therapy. Combining the optical properties of metal and semiconductor nanocrystals with the drug-carrying capability of lipid vesicles has received attention lately since it may create a nanomaterial capable of performing simultaneous drug delivery, optical contrast enhancement, and photo-induced therapy. Hydrophobic, dodecanethiol-coated Au nanocrystals were dispersed in water with phosphatidylcholine lipids and characterized using cryo transmission electron microscopy. 1.8 nm diameter Au nanocrystals completely load the bilayer of unsaturated lipid vesicles when the vesicles contain residual chloroform, and without chloroform the nanocrystals do not incorporate into the vesicle bilayer. 1.8 nm Au nanocrystals dispersed in water with saturated lipids to form lipid-coated nanocrystal agglomerates, which sometimes adhered to vesicles, and the shape of the agglomerates varied from linear nanocrystal chains, to flat sheets, to spherical clusters as the lipid fatty acid length was increased from 12 to 18 carbons. Including squalene formed lipid-stabilized emulsion droplets which were fully loaded with the Au nanocrystals. Results with 4.1 nm Au and 2-3 nm diameter Si nanocrystals were similar, but these nanocrystals could not completely load the bilayers of unsaturated lipids. / text

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

A colonização por micro-organismos patogênicos em creches de suínos é um fator importante na disseminação de doenças e surtos no rebanho. O controle desses patógenos se dá principalmente por medidas de biosseguridade, como a prática da limpeza, desinfecção e vazio sanitário das instalações. O presente estudo avaliou a carga bacteriana após o processo de limpeza e desinfecção, durante o período de 3 dias de vazio sanitário, em duas creches de suínos, pelo uso de placas de contato com meio seletivo para coliformes totais. As contagens bacterianas foram analisadas considerando três fatores (água, detergente e desinfetante) em dois níveis para cada (água: fria/quente, detergente e desinfetante: presença/ausência). Foram usadas 4 baias em cada tratamento, 4 pontos de cada baia e cada ponto foi amostrado em triplicata. Foi feita a média de crescimento bacteriano das 3 placas e pontuada em escala de 5 escores. Após limpeza e desinfecção, no primeiro dia de vazio sanitário, houve efeito da interação da água com o detergente (P<0,05), em que o uso do detergente aumentou a chance de diminuir a contaminação quando usado com água quente, mas não com água fria. Na ausência de detergente, a água fria foi mais eficaz em reduzir a contaminação do que a água quente. Houve, também, efeito da interação do detergente com o desinfetante (P<0,05), em que a presença de ambos foi mais eficaz em reduzir a contaminação do que na sua ausência ou quando apenas um dos dois foi utilizado. No terceiro dia, foi verificado que a ausência de desinfetante diminuiu a chance de reduzir a contaminação (P < 0,0001) em comparação com o uso de detergente. A água quente não representou ganho adicional quando comparada a água fria. As evidências aqui observadas reiteram a importância da lavagem, desinfecção e vazio sanitário na redução da carga bacteriana em creche de suínos. A metodologia usada no presente trabalho pode servir como um sistema simples de monitoria dos processos de lavagem e desinfecção de instalações usadas para criação de suínos. / The colonization by pathogenic microorganisms in nursery pig units is an important factor in the spread and outbreaks of diseases in the herds. Pathogens are mainly controlled by biosecurity measures, such as cleaning, disinfection and downtime on facilities. The present study evaluated the bacterial load after the cleaning and disinfection process, during the three days of vacancy, in two pig nurseries, by the use of contact plates selective for enterobacteria. Data were analyzed considering three factors (water, detergent and disinfectant) in two levels (water: cold / hot, detergent and disinfectant: presence / absence). Were used 4 pen for each treatment, and 3 plates for 4 points of the pen. A mean of the 3 bacterial growths was calculated and scored on a 5 point scale. After cleaning and disinfection, there was no detergent - water effect (P <0.05) with cold water. In the absence of detergent, cold water was more effective in reducing contamination than hot water. There was also an effect of the interaction of detergent and disinfectant (P <0.05), where a presence of both was more effective in reducing contamination than in its absence or when only one was used. On the third day, it was found that the absence of disinfectant decreased a chance of reducing contamination (P <0.0001) when compared with the use of detergent. Addition of detergent decreased the chance of contamination when combined with disinfectant, as detergent helps in removing dirt and exposes bacteria which were protected by organic matter and biofilms. The use of hot water did not how advantage when compared with cold water. As there was a fall on contamination between the 1st and 3rd day, the time of action of the disinfectant must be considered to calculate the time of vacancy to permit the action on surviving microorganisms. The results of the present work reinforce the importance of cleaning, disinfection and downtime to reduce bacterial load in swine nurseries. The methodology used in this work may serve as a practical system for monitoring cleaning and disinfection of pig facilities.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The utilization of leguminous plants as a mixing with grass is an economic and simple alternative for the increment of nitrogen on soil and plants, building up the sustainability of pasture systems. This work aimed to evaluate the different species plants consorted with ryegrass through the N incidence on pastures, regarding the MS accumulation, within an agro ecological transition system. The experimental pasture was established by the minimum tillage of the soil after doing two harrowing. It was evaluated in the annual ryegrass culture (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), cv. Common and its treatment was composed joining black oats, white clover and forage peanut. The first grazing was done 21 days after the plants emerge in the pastures of AZ+AV and AZ+AF and 28 days after emerging in the pasture of AZ+TB. The second grazing, at the AZ|+AV pasture, occurred 30 days after the first one, whereas to the others, it occurred 37 days after. The rates of MS accumulation, considering the period of exclusion until the MS production hit the top, was 77,7, 75 and 71kg/ha of MS/day for the pastures joint with AZ+TB, AZ+AF and AZ+AV, respectively. The relation between leaf and culm, until the first grazing, was raised in every experiment. The coefficient (β), which was used in all the pasture samples, was lower than -0,60; the highest N concentration declination in plant tissues, as a consequence of the MS accumulation, occurred in the AZ+TB (-0,94) pasture sample and in the AZ+AF and AZ+AV pastures on the sequence, respectively. The highest content of N, in the plant tissue, was found in the ryegrass only when it was mixed up with white clover. / A utilização de leguminosas em mistura com gramíneas é uma alternativa prática e econômica de incrementar nitrogênio no solo e planta, aumentando a sustentabilidade dos sistemas pastoris. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar diferentes espécies em consórcio com azevém sobre a composição botânica, estrutural, nutricional e a dinâmica do N nas pastagens, em um sistema de transição agroecológica. Foi avaliada a cultura do azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), cv. Comum, sendo os tratamentos compostos pelos consórcios com aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb.), cv. Comum (AZ+AV), trevo branco (Trifollium repens L.), cv. Yi (AZ+TB) e amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi Krapov. & Gregory), cv. Amarillo (AZ+AF). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e três repetições. O 1º pastejo foi realizado com 21 dias após a emergência das plantas nas pastagens de AZ+AV e AZ+AF, e com 28 dias após a emergência na pastagem de AZ+TB. O 2º pastejo na pastagem de AZ+AV ocorreu 30 dias após o 1º pastejo, enquanto para as demais pastagens ocorreu 37 dias após. As taxas de acúmulo de MS considerando o período de exclusão até a produção de MS atingir o pico foi de 77,7, 75,0 e 71,3 kg/ha de MS/dia, para as pastagens consorciadas com AZ+TB, AZ+AF e AZ+AV, respectivamente. A relação folha/colmo até o primeiro pastejo foi elevada em todos os tratamentos. Em relação às curvas de diluição do N, o valor do coeficiente (β) em todas as pastagens foi menor que -0,60, o maior declínio da concentração de N no tecido vegetal em função do acumulo de MS ocorreu na pastagem de AZ+TB (-0,94), seguido das pastagens de AZ+AF e AZ+AV, respectivamente. O maior conteúdo de N no tecido vegetal foi observado no azevém quando consorciado com trevo branco.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Two experiments were accomplished to study the crude fiber effect on the growth, digestive parameters, and yield and carcass quality of jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) juveniles. Six treatments were evaluated (3 replications) in which 2 sources (soy hull and cotton hull) and three levels of crude fiber (4,7,10%) were tested. In the first trial (120 days), 450 fish (129,11±7,8 g) were randomly distributed in 18 net cages with 1m3 at densities of 25 fish/cage, in 0.1 ha earth fishpond to verify the growth performance: weight, total length, weight gain (g/day), biomass, survival, carcass and fillet yield, digestive and hepatic-somatic indexes, intestinal quotient, with the chemical composition values of fillet, protein and fat deposition on fillet were calculated. No difference was detected in the growth performance. Fish fed with soy hull diets presented more fat and mineral accumulation on fillets (P<0.05). Decreasing linear effect on deposition of protein in fillet was detected with soy hull crude fiber increasing (P<0.05). In the second trial (digestibility essay) 48 fish (165.45 ±30g) were maintained in a water reuse system with 6 conic tanks (200L each). Was added 0.5% of chromo oxide (Cr2O3) as an inert marker in the same diets. The feces were collected and dried, to estimate apparent digestibility of crude protein, ether extract, drying material and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), in two water temperatures (18° C and 28° C). The digestibility values of nutrients showed themselves lower when water temperature is 18° C, compared to water temperature in 28° C. Soy hull (10%FB) causes reduction in crude protein digestibility and ether extract digestibility with 18°C. NDF and dry matter digestibility have the same behavior for the tested fiber sources, excepted to cotton hull 10%. In conclusion, the sources and fiber levels did not affect the jundiá s performance. The nutrients digestibility is better with 28°C water temperature. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a fração fibrosa da dieta sobre o crescimento, parâmetros digestivos e na carcaça de juvenis de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen), durante 120 dias de criação. Foram realizados 2 experimentos, um com criação em tanque-rede e um ensaio de digestibilidade. Para o experimento de crescimento foram utilizados 18 tanques-rede (1m3), em um viveiro de terra de 0,1 ha. Os 450 peixes (peso médio inicial de 129,11±7,8g) foram distribuídos ao acaso nos tanques-rede (25 peixes/tanque). Avaliou-se 6 tratamentos (com 3 repetições) em que foram testados 2 fontes (casca de soja e casca de algodão) e 3 níveis de fibra (4, 7, 10%) na dieta. A cada 20 dias foram realizadas pesagens e medições para o acompanhamento do crescimento. Foram estimadas as variáveis: peso final (g), comprimento total (cm), ganho em peso diário (g/dia), biomassa (kg), sobrevivência (%), rendimento de carcaça e de filé (%), índices digestivo-somático e hepato-somático (%), quociente intestinal (%). Com os valores de composição química do filé, foram calculadas a deposição de proteína e de gordura no filé. O segundo estudo foi um ensaio de digestibilidade das dietas do experimento de crescimento, em que se utilizou 48 jundiás (peso médio inicial=165,45±5,30g) instalados em um sistema de recirculação de água, termoregulado, contendo 6 tanques de formato cônico com capacidade para 200L. Foi adicionado às dietas 0,5% de óxido de cromo (Cr2O3) como marcador inerte. As amostras, após as coletas, foram secas em estufa e analisadas pelo método de Weende e fibra em detergente neutro. Foi estimado a digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, matéria seca e fibra (FDN), em 2 temperaturas da água. Não foi verificado efeito dos fatores estudados (fontes e níveis de fibra) para as variáveis de desempenho produtivo. Para a composição química, a casca de soja na alimentação proporcionou maior acúmulo de lipídios e de matéria mineral nos filés dos peixes (P<0,05). Houve efeito linear decrescente com o aumento dos níveis de fibra das dietas com casca de soja para deposição de proteína no filé (P<0,05). Os valores de digestibilidade dos nutrientes se mostram mais baixos quando a temperatura da água é 18°C, comparados com temperatura da água em 28°C. A dieta com casca de soja (10% FB) obteve diminuição na digestibilidade da proteína bruta e do extrato etéreo, em 18°C. A digestibilidade da matéria seca e FDN têm o mesmo comportamento para as fontes de fibra testadas, sendo que a dieta com casca de algodão em 10% mostra valores menores. Conclui-se que as fontes e os níveis de fibra estudados não afetam o desenvovimento de jundiás criados em tanques-rede. A digestibilidade dos nutrientes das dietas é maior com temperatura da água em 28°C.

Denna studie handlar om textila materials brännbarhet och antändlighet, framförallt bäddtextilier i bomull. Idag finns det lagkrav på att utföra antändlighetstester enligt SS- EN ISO 12952-1:2010 på bland annat fyllda bäddtextilier, till exempel täcke och kudde. Ikea of Sweden (IoS) har beslutat om att göra ytterligare antändlighetstester på ofyllda bäddtextilier så som underlakan, påslakan och örngott i säkerhetssyfte. Då det inte finns en testmetod för ofyllda påslakan i standarden har metoden för underlakan använts för test av påslakan. I detta arbete undersöks testmetodens relevans för test av påslakan. Det primära problemet med detta utförandet är att tester enligt ISO 12952-1 på ofyllda produkter resulterat i en stor spridning i utfallen mellan replikaten. Studien syftar därför till att undersöka om det finns faktorer som kan påverka denna inkonsekvens. För att göra denna undersökning har IoS egna testrapporter analyserats och testresultat sammanställts från år 2017. Ett urval av de produkter som visade spridda resultat valdes ut användes som testmaterial i egna utförda antändlighetstester enligt ISO 12952-1 på RISE, Research Institute of Sweden, i Borås. Litteratursökning, datainsamling och tester har legat till grund för denna studie. Projektet i sin helhet består av två delar; dels undersöks vilka faktorer som kan påverka utfallet och dels utreds frågan om testmetoden för lakan är relevant för test av påslakan. En hypotes om att val av tvättmedel kunde påverka testresultatet undersöktes närmare genom att fyra replikat tvättades med ett fosfatinnehållande tvättmedel före test. Tre test av fyra utförda tester visade godkänt resultat (75%), vilket ledde till slutsatsen om att tvättmedel är en känslig parameter och därför bör ej tvättmedlet avvika från standardens rekommendationer. Resterande tester, som tvättats enligt standardens rekommendationer, visade 100 % godkänt resultat, oavsett om lakan, påslakan (dubbelt lager) och påslakan (enkelt lager) testades. Utifrån testresultatet på de resterande testerna drogs en slutsats om att testmetoden för lakan är relevant för test av påslakan, oberoende om dubbelt eller enkelt lager testas. Dock ifrågasätts testets relevans ur ett miljöperspektiv, samt om tillräckligt många tester har utförts för att säkerställa trovärdigheten. / This study regards the combustibility and ignitability of textile materials, especially cotton bedlinens. Today, there is legal requirements for performing flammability tests according to SS-EN ISO 12952-1: 2010 on filled bedlinen, such as blankets and pillows. Ikea of Sweden (IoS) decided to make additional ignitability tests on unfilled bedlinen such as sheets, duvet covers and pillow cases for safety purposes. Since there is no test method for unfilled bed linens in the standard, the method for sheets was used for test of the duvet cover. In this report, the test method's relevance for the test of the duvet covers is examined. The primary problem with this is that tests according to ISO 12952-1 of unfilled products results in a spread in the output between replicates. Therefore the study aims to investigate if there is any factors that may cause this inconsistency. IoS test reports from yeas 2017 was analysed and complied. A few of the products that showed dispersed results were selected as test material for ignitability tests according to SS-EN ISO 12952-1: 2010 made at RISE, Research Institute of Sweden, in Borås. Literature research, data and test results have been the solid ground for this study.   The project consists of two main parts, one aims at investigating whether there are parameters that can affect the outcome of test results and the other analyses whether the test method for sheets is relevant for test of duvet covers. A hypothesis that choice of detergent had an effect on the result was further investigated by washing four replicates with a phosphate containing detergent before testing. Three tests of four showed approved results (75%), which led to the conclusion that detergent can be a sensitive parameter, thus the detergent should not deviate from the standard recommendations. The remaining tests, which were washed according to standard recommendations, showed 100% approved results, regardless of which test product. whether the sheet, duvet cover (double layer) and duvet cover (single layer) were tested. Based on the results of this study, the conclusion is given that the test method for the sheet is relevant for the test of the cover, regardless of double or single layer. However, the relevance of the test is questioned from an environmental perspective, and if enough tests have been conducted to strengthen credibility.