La croissance de la migration dans le monde, intensifiée par des crises politiques et économiques, ainsi que par des catastrophes naturelles dans plusieurs pays, amène des défis dans la prestation des soins de santé dans les pays à revenu élevé, qui doivent s’assurer d’offrir des soins de santé adéquats aux populations migrantes. Il est reconnu que des personnes migrantes présentent un taux élevé de diabète de type 2 (DT2) par rapport aux personnes natives des pays d’accueil, notamment à cause des facteurs génétiques et des facteurs liés à la migration. De plus, il a été prouvé que les personnes migrantes conservent des liens transnationaux avec leurs proches et leurs pays d’origine. Ces liens peuvent constituer des leviers ou s’ériger en obstacle pour la gestion et la prise en charge du DT2 dans le pays d’accueil. Nous avons mené une métasynthèse qualitative dans le but de déterminer comment le transnationalisme se manifeste et influence l’expérience de santé des personnes migrantes vivant avec le DT2 dans les pays à revenu élevé. Un total de 21 études qualitatives pertinentes menées dans des pays à revenu élevé, dont la Norvège (n=1), la Suède (n=1), l’Australie (n=6), le Canada (n=2), le Pays-Bas (n=1), les États-Unis (n=7), le Royaume-Uni (n=2) et la Belgique (n=1), a été repéré dans cinq différentes bases de données. Le transnationalisme a servi de cadre de référence ayant guidé l’analyse des données de l’étude. Plusieurs liens transnationaux (sociaux, culturels, linguistiques, religieux, affectifs, économiques, recherche des soins de santé, etc.) ont été identifiés et l’analyse thématique a permis de formuler des thèmes et des sous-thèmes. Il en est ressorti que les personnes migrantes maintiennent des liens avec leurs cultures, ainsi qu’avec leurs proches (familles, amis) et membres de leur communauté culturelle. Ces liens peuvent exercer une influence importante sur leur vie et sur leur expérience de vivre avec le DT2. En effet, le diagnostic de la maladie (DT2), les changements à apporter aux habitudes de vie (alimentation saine, pratique d’activité physique), la prise des médicaments, ainsi que la gestion quotidienne du DT2 sont influencés par les liens transnationaux. En conclusion, les liens transnationaux ont un impact positif et négatif sur la gestion et la prise en charge du DT2 dans les pays à revenu élevé. Des recommandations pour la pratique, la formation et la recherche ont été émises. / The growth of migration around the world, intensified by political and economic crises and natural disasters in many countries, is creating challenges in the delivery of health care in high-income countries, which must ensure that adequate health care is provided to migrant populations. It is recognized that migrant individuals have a higher rate of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) than native-born individuals in host countries, due in part to genetic and migration-related factors. In addition, it has been shown that migrants maintain transnational ties to their relatives and countries of origin. These links can be levers or barriers for the management and care of T2DM in the host country. We conducted a qualitative metasynthesis to determine how transnationalism manifests itself and influences the health experience of migrants living with T2D in high-income countries. A total of 21 relevant qualitative studies conducted in high-income countries, including Norway (n=1), Sweden (n=1), Australia (n=6), Canada (n=2), the Netherlands (n=1), the United States (n=7), the United Kingdom (n=2), and Belgium (n=1), were identified in five different databases. Transnationalism was used as a framework to guide the analysis of the study data. Several transnational ties (social, cultural, linguistic, religious, emotional, economic, health care seeking, etc.) were identified and thematic analysis was used to formulate themes and sub-themes. It was found that migrants maintain ties with their cultures, as well as with their relatives (family, friends) and members of their cultural community. These ties can have an important influence on their lives and on their experience of living with T2DM. Indeed, the diagnosis of the disease (T2DM), the changes to be made to lifestyle habits (healthy eating, physical activity), the taking of medication, as well as the daily management of T2DM are influenced by transnational ties. In conclusion, transnational ties have a positive and negative impact on the management and care of T2DM in high-income countries. Recommendations for practice, education, and research were made.

The financial services division has been significantly impacted by the emergence of mobile payments, which can be attributed to the fast progressions in mobile technology and the widespread adoption of smartphones. The present research investigates critical factors prompting the adoption of mobile payment services in developed and developing countries, namely Sweden, Estonia, Germany, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. This research aims to explain the resemblances and gaps in the adoption of mobile payments in developed and developing nations. The detailed analysis of the related past studies has identified organization, trust and security, financial inclusion, consumer preferences, and government support as the primary determinants that impact mobile payment adoption. The present investigation is based on the Technology Acceptance Model, including the extended model of Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2. Developed economies such as Sweden, Estonia, and Germany have the infrastructure to implement mobile payment alternatives effectively. The widespread adoption of mobile payments in these countries can be recognized by several factors, such as governmental initiatives that promote digitalization, a well-established financial framework, and consumer knowledge of various payment modalities. While implementing mobile payment services in developing nations like Pakistan and Sri Lanka presents distinctive obstacles. A significant portion of the general public lacks access to banking services, insufficient digital infrastructure, and reduced trust in technology exists. The anticipated surge in mobile payment adoption within emerging markets can be attributed to the widespread availability of smartphones and governmental efforts to broaden access to Mobile payment services. This research enhances our comprehension of the factors and barriers that constrain the implementation of mobile payment services. This research is useful for policymakers, banks, and technology firms as they develop strategies to expand mobile payment options.

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Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L'Accord sur les Aspects des Droits de Propriété Intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce constitue l'un des principaux piliers des accords de l'Uruguay Round. C'est aussi l'un des plus controversés. Cet Accord renforce les droits de propriété intellectuelle, les associe au commerce et introduit une norme mondiale ayant force exécutoire. La mise en application de cet Accord, qui suppose notamment de reconnaître et de renforcer la protection des produits et procédés pharmaceutiques par des brevets, pose des problèmes particuliers aux pays en développement vu le manque de ressources professionnelles, financières et d'infrastructure. La manière dont se fait l'interprétation de cet Accord peut avoir d'importantes répercussions sur les politiques de santé publique et, en particulier, sur l'accès des populations aux médicaments. Soumis aux pressions des pays riches et des groupes pharmaceutiques, les gouvernements des pays en développement se retrouvent parfois pieds et poings liés et n'utilisent pas les flexibilités prévues à leur avantage dans l'Accord, ce qui rend la situation sanitaire de leur population encore plus précaire. Cette étude décrit les principaux acteurs et les étapes importantes de la négociation de l'Accord, ainsi que les différentes adaptations qui en ont été faites sous les pressions contradictoires des nombreux protagonistes. Elle donne des explications sur les mécanismes en place et les conséquences possibles de l'entrée en vigueur de l'Accord sur l'accessibilité des pays en développement aux médicaments. / The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights is one of the main pillars of the agreements of the Uruguay Round. It is also one of the most controversial. This agreement strengthens the intellectual property rights, ties them to trade regulation and introduces a global binding standard. The implementation of this Agreement, which includes the recognition and the strengthening of the protection of pharmaceutical products and processes by patents, raises particular problems for developing countries, given the in lack of professional over financial resources as well as their poor economics infrastructure. The interpretation of this Agreement can have important consequences on public health policies and in particular on people's access to medicines. Unless the pressure of rich countries and pharmaceutical companies, governments of developing countries sometimes find themselves bound hand and foot and do not use the flexibilities provided to them by the Agreement to improve their position, thus making the health situation of their people still more precarious. This study describes the main actors and the important stages of negotiating the Agreement, as well as the various adjustments that were made under the pressures of numerous actors. It provides explanations of the existing mechanisms and of the potential consequences of the implementation of the Agreement on the accessibility of developing countries to medicines.

Decentralized renewable energy procurement has gained traction in recent years for its potential to alleviate rural energy poverty and environmental degradation in developing countries. Hence, this study investigates if deploying renewable energy can mitigate rural energy poverty in developing countries as often claimed. Because any energy regime cannot be initiated or sustained without the conviction of local political leaders, the study also evaluates the extent to which government investments in the development of renewable energy technologies and the energy sector, affect the environmental quality (i.e. greenhouse gas emissions) of developing countries. Energetic theory and environmental inequality constitute the key conceptual premises guiding this study. Ordinary least squares regression is utilized to analyze the relationship between key variables. The results reveal that as of 2010, use of renewable energy can indeed support rural electrification. Higher GNI per capita and use of conventional fuels are also positively related to rural electrification, all else equal. As for environmental degradation in 2005 and 2008, R&D investments actually tend to increase GHG emissions; procuring energy from either renewable or non-renewable sources is however, found to be environmentally detrimental, net of all other variables. Finally, some evidence is found for the role of aid funds and multilateral debt in abating GHG emissions.

Magister Legum - LLM / The provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994) generally give favourable consideration to developing and least developed countries.1 Firstly, at the core of these provisions is the principle of special and differential treatment of these countries. As such developing countries are to meet their obligations under the WTO agreements as and when the special needs of their economies permit. The GATT 1994 provisions exempt least developed countries from participating in the obligations under the WTO agreements until such a time that they attain a reasonable level of development.Secondly, the Ministerial Meeting in Doha in November 2001 adopted a development agenda (that described capacity building activities as “core elements of the development dimension of the multilateral trading system”) and called for more co-ordinated delivery of trade related technical assistance and capacity building.2 In this regard, developed members of the WTO have committed to provide technical assistance to developing and least developed members in order to build their capacity to participate effectively under the WTO.The reality of the situation on the ground is that developing and least developed countries still face a lot of challenges which hinder their full participation and realization of the benefits under the multilateral trading system. It must be appreciated, at the same time that developing countries like China and India have been active and influential in the multilateral trading system, and additionally, their economies have and are experiencing overt growth. What lessons does Africa need to learn from China and India?This study examines the causes of the poor performance of Sub Saharan Africa’s developing and Least Developed Countries in the multilateral trading system. In this regard, examples are drawn from two countries, namely, Kenya and Zambia.Further, the study examines the initiatives the WTO provides to enhance the trade capacity of its developing and least developed members. In addition, the study examines African trade capacity building initiatives such the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) and the African Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF) Initiatives, as well as the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) Initiative in order to establish how these initiatives can assist in enhancing the trade capacity of developing and least developed countries.The study further examines the role of regional trade integration in enhancing the trade capacity building of developing and least developed countries. In this case, examples are drawn from the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa-Developing Countries (COMESA). In this regard, the study concludes that fully-fledged regional integration has the potential to promote economic growth and industrial development in Africa.The study also demonstrates the importance of the participation of governments and the private sector in improving a country’s participation in the multilateral trading system. This study particularly takes key interest in the crucial role of the public-private partnerships in enhancing competitive forces and competitiveness necessary to maximize trade opportunities, which in turn produces economic development.It is observed and concluded in this study that sustainably financed technical assistance and capacity building programmes have important roles to play in so far as integration of Sub Saharan Africa into the global trading system is concerned; and that developing countries in general and LDCs in particular are to be provided with enhanced Trade-Related Technical Assistance (TRTA) and capacity building to increase their effective participation in the negotiations, to facilitate their implementation of GATT/WTO rules and to enable them adjust and diversify their economies.

Abstract The salt print is an important part of photography, both in its historic value and in the tonal range it can provide. This tonal range is greater than any other photographic printing process available to date attributed to the inherent masking ability of the metallic silver. However the intrinsic production problems have made it a 'forgotten' process. There are five key problems. 1. The difficulties in achieving the potential extensive tonal range. 2. The varying colour of the print. 3. Staining that appears in the print, during and after processing. 4. Instability and longevity of the salt print. 5. Contradictory and inaccurate information in material published on the salt print. Although the emphasis of the research is on exploring and controlling the colour and tonal range, the staining problems and stability of the print are also addressed. The materials used for contact negatives today vary in both capture and output, from analogue film processed in the traditional wet darkroom to a variety of transparent film printed from digital files. Inadequate density and tonal range can affect all types of negatives. To provide sufficient exposure time for the salt prints extended tonal range adjustments to the negative were necessary. These long exposures then converted sufficient silver salts to the image making metallic silver, utilising the intrinsic self-masking process. Ultimately this research has uncovered ways to control colour and tonal range and certain aesthetic qualities of the salt print, while simultaneously resolving some of the conflicts in published information. Accurate and consistent methods of processing eliminate staining, providing some stability to the print. The activities and steps carried out to make a salt print are manual; precise duplication is therefore almost unattainable. Nevertheless, although tests on a densitometer may display numeric differences, visual differences are barely noticeable.

<p>Debate over Intellectual Property Rights ‘IPRs’ particularly patent and copyrights is mainly on forward-looking industries in computer software. As part of a trade deal reached in 1994, the member nations of the World Trade Organisation must adhere to a global agreement known as TRIPS, for the Trade- Related Aspect of Intellectual Property Rights.</p><p>This study is to analyse the ethical conception of Intellectual Property Rights and in particular its implications on the developing countries in relation to TRIPS. The approach will be to analyse a broad philosophical theories of property to see if there is any justification for a software program to be treated as private property and also argue base on John Rawls two principles of justice in relation to TRIPS Agreement. Some reflections will be put on the use of open-source software by less developing countries.</p><p>From the study it was asserted that, strong IPRs protection would hinder technological transfer and indigenous learning activities in the early stage of industrialisation when learning takes place through reverse engineering. And policy makers should consider differentiation in terms of the level of economic and industrial development, if protection and enforcement of IPRs is intended to enhance technological development.</p>