Die Landwirtschaft ist heute der wichtigste Treiber der globalen Degradation von Ökosystemen. Es existiert jedoch wenig konkretes Wissen, wie Ökosysteme zu schützen sind und gleichzeitig die Nahrungsproduktion für die wachsende Weltbevölkerung gesichert werden kann. In dieser Dissertation untersuche ich Optimierungsmöglichkeiten im landwirtschaftlichen Wassermanagement. Ich quantifiziere praxisorientierte Verbesserungen der Regenwassernutzung und Optimierungen von Bewässerungssystemen, unter Einhaltung der „environmental flow requirements“ (EFRs). Um diese komplexen Interaktionen zu untersuchen, entwickle ich ein agro-hydrologisches Modell auf Basis detaillierter, mechanistischer Prozessabbildung weiter. Erstens, 39% der derzeitigen Wasserentnahmen für Bewässerung sind nicht nachhaltig und somit auf Kosten der Ökosysteme. Zweitens, solche lokalen Wasserentnahmegrenzen legen nahe, dass die globale Grenze für den menschlichen Wasserverbrauch deutlich niedriger liegt, als bisher angenommen (2800 vs 4000 km3yr-1). Drittens, die Implementierung von EFRs würde die landwirtschaftliche Produktion erheblich beeinträchtigen, mit >20% in stark bewässerten Gebieten. Verbesserte Nutzung des Niederschlagswassers und die Optimierung von Bewässerungssystemen, können die weltweite Nahrungsmittelproduktion allerdings um rund 40% nachhaltig steigern - ausreichend, um die Nahrungsmittellücke der wachsenden Weltbevölkerung bis 2050 zu halbieren. Zusammenfassend stellt diese Arbeit die erste umfassende und systematische Einschätzung globaler Potentiale der nachhaltigen Intensivierung der Landwirtschaft aus der Wasserperspektive dar. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgebrachten innovativen und quantitativen Erkenntnisse legen nahe, dass das Potential der diskutierten Interventionen höhere politische Aufmerksamkeit erfahren sollte. Meine Ergebnisse können eine konkretere Diskussion zur Umsetzung der Sustainable Development Goals untermauern. / Agriculture is today''s most important driver of ecosystem degradation across scales. However, there is little evidence on how to attain the historic twin-challenge of maintaining environmental integrity while producing enough food for a growing world population. In this thesis, I assess opportunities in agricultural water management to reconcile future food needs with environmental limits to water use. I explore solution-oriented ways to improve rainfed and irrigation systems alike, while safeguarding environmental flows (EFRs). To study complex interactions quantitatively, I advanced a state-of-the-art global modeling framework based on detailed, mechanistic process representation. First, a systematic upscaling of EFRs to global coverage indicates that 39% of current freshwater withdrawals for irrigation are unsustainable and occur at the cost of ecosystems. Second, accounting for EFRs indicates that the planetary boundary for freshwater use might be notably lower (2800 vs. 4000 km3yr-1) than expected. Third, maintaining EFRs would significantly affect food production, cutting >20% of total kcal production across intensely irrigated areas. Fourth, improving irrigation systems in combination with optimizing the use of precipitation water, provides effective and accessible measures to compensate for adverse impacts from protecting EFRs and climate change. Such integrated interventions could sustainably intensify global food production (+40% kcal) to the degree sufficient to halve the global food gap by 2050. In conclusion, this thesis provides the first comprehensive and systematic assessment of hitherto largely unquantified water opportunities in sustainable intensification of agriculture. While requiring corroboration by finer-scale research, the innovative quantitative foundation provided in this thesis suggests that farm water management merits a rise in political attention, and it can inform a more comprehensive discussion of related SDG target interactions.

Between 2000 and 2015 the Millennium Development Goals were the focus of much global attention and activity. They were selected in light of astounding poverty, with over 1 billion people at the time living on less than $1 per day. In a sense the MDGs were morally undeniable. The focus of this study is MDG2, universal primary education. It sets out to establish how and why MDG2 came to be selected. Whilst its selection seems obvious, for years developing countries complained about the short-sightedness of prioritising primary over secondary and tertiary education (Klees 2008). A task force commissioned by the World Bank and UNESCO at the time showed that the Bank’s rate of return analysis on primary education was flawed. It argued that developing countries need highly educated people to be economic and social entrepreneurs, develop good governance, strong institutions and infrastructure. In this way MDG2’s selection is problematic. Using case study method, first the literature is examined. Three hypotheses are generated: one based on a rational synoptic theory, one on critical theory and one on world society theory. A range of data are used to establish findings and test hypotheses. The study then considers implications of the findings for theory and the policy process. The findings show that priorities promoting more equal opportunities, such as MDG2, were gradually preferred. Whereas priorities promoting more equal outcomes, such as elimination of trade barriers, were gradually excluded. The study finds no evidence that the General Assembly ever voted on the list of 8 MDGs. Rather, the MDGs were selected by elite policy actors, addressing multiple interests. The study considers the assertion that marginalization of the poor does not happen because people harbor ill will toward them, rather because “The poor have no friends among the global elite” (Pogge 2011, p. 62).

Submitted by Paulo Loiola (paulolteixeira@gmail.com) on 2017-08-07T19:32:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_PauloRicardoLoiola_Final.pdf: 1148784 bytes, checksum: 1a255b2ca421ea7ab2998f19511cb113 (MD5) / Rejected by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br), reason: Prezado aluno, Sua submissão está sendo rejeitada para acertos: Favor acertar os identens abaixo e submeter novamente. *dc.date.issued: 2017-05-05. favor corrigir para 2017-06-05 *A ficha catalográfica aparece duas vezes. Favor retirar uma Áurea SRA on 2017-08-08T13:23:38Z (GMT) / Submitted by Paulo Loiola (paulolteixeira@gmail.com) on 2017-08-21T18:41:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paulo Loiola.pdf: 2631019 bytes, checksum: 4ed19f1dcece343df91a20671cffa943 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSEnCA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2017-08-21T18:54:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paulo Loiola.pdf: 2631019 bytes, checksum: 4ed19f1dcece343df91a20671cffa943 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-25T13:17:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paulo Loiola.pdf: 2631019 bytes, checksum: 4ed19f1dcece343df91a20671cffa943 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-05 / This dissertation studies qualitatively the the factors that influence the process of localization of the Millennium Development Goals at Barro Alto, Goiás, Brazil, in order to understand the possibilities and limitations of this process. The analysis is relevant because of the many social and environmental challenges on the national and international level. Data have been collected in three phases: 1) analysis of the documentation and bibliography about the Millennium Development Goals and the Sustainable Development Goals; 2) Interviews with local actors and bibliographic studies; 3) Comparison between Barro Alto, Goiás, and Niquelândia, and the organization of the information according to the Sociology of the Organized Action. As a result, it was seen that Barro Alto, Goiás, can be considered a successful process of Millennium Development Goals implementation, with better numbers than the average of the Goiás state The analysis using the Organized Action Sociology framework facilitated the process of understanding the factors that influenced the success of the implementation of the MDG, such as social participation, transparency and the local capacity building. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal analisar de forma qualitativa os fatores que influenciaram o processo da municipalização dos Objetivos do Milênio em Barro Alto. A partir dessa análise foram identificadas possibilidades e limitações quanto à implantação do projeto no nível municipal. Essa análise é relevante frente aos diversos desafios sociais e ambientais em nível nacional e global. Os dados foram coletados em três etapas: 1) análise da documentação e bibliografia sobre Objetivos do Milênio e Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável. 2) Entrevistas aos atores locais e levantamento bibliográfico 3) Comparação dos dados de Barro Alto/Goiás com os dados de Goiás e de Niquelândia, além da organização das informações conforme a Sociologia da Ação Organizada. Para tanto, partiu-se da seguinte pergunta: quais os fatores que influenciaram o sucesso da implantação dos Objetivos do Milênio em Barro Alto? Como resultado, viu-se que Barro Alto/Goiás pode ser considerado um caso bem-sucedido de implantação dos Objetivos do Milênio, com desempenho superior à média do estado de Goiás nos indicadores dos Objetivos do Milênio disponibilizados no PORTAL ODM no período no projeto (2010 - 2017) e com apoio da Sociologia da Ação Organizada, pôde-se perceber um conjunto de fatores que influenciaram o sucesso da implantação dos Objetivos do Milênio, como a participação social, a transparência e a capacitação do capital humano local localmente. Palavras-chave: Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável; Objetivos do Desenvolvimento do Milênio; municipalização; Teoria da Complexidade; Território; Desenvolvimento Sustentável; Barro Alto/GO.

The rapid urbanization of populations from rural areas to cities calls for more sustainable focused urban planning to combat the negative effects of urban sprawl. The United Nations’ Agenda 2030 includes the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets that aim to unite both developed and developing countries in transforming humanity and the planet for a more sustainable future. One of these goals is SDG 11, making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. A large part in achieving the targets of SDG 11 is measuring the current access urban residents have to things such as public green-blue spaces as well as public transportation. This thesis will aim to study Stockholm’s achievement of SDG 11 sub-targets 11.2 and 11.7 of Agenda 2030. In order to meet this aim, the following objectives will be pursued. The first objective is to study the degree to which Stockholm County currently has universal access to green-blue areas and public transportation by conducting a GIS-based analysis. The second objective is to improve our understanding of the socio-economic status of residents who have and do not have accessibility to green-blue areas and public transportation by statistically analyzing correlations between environmental and socio-economic indicators. The methodology included qualitative methodologies such as a literature review, interviews and collaborative focus group meetings with Södertörnsanalysen as well as quantitative methodologies such as spatial analysis and statistical analysis. The results show that while Stockholm has impressively high accessibility for its residents, it has yet to meet Agenda 2030 SDG 11targets 11.2 and 11.7 because the accessibility was not universal. The results also found that people with lower income, people who own their flats/homes and people with children have higher accessibility to green areas. It was also shown that people with higher income, people who rent their flats/homes and have no children have higher access to public transportation.This result can be expected as the bulk of people with higher incomes are living in the innercity where they have high access to urban services and rail stops, but not necessarily green areas. It is important to state that at 300 m from residencies, both access to green areas and access to public transportation is almost 100%. At 500 m from residencies, access to blueareas is close to 35 %, which is not almost complete, but still a high percentage since access to blue areas is a bit of a luxury. This thesis ultimately demonstrates the importance of understanding environmental and socio-economic indicators in urban planning especially if the goals of Agenda 2030 are to be met. This thesis also took steps towards building a methodology for quantifying accessibility and it is recognized that further studies can be conducted to further contribute to sustainable urban planning and development. / Den snabba urbaniseringen där människor flyttar från landsbygden till städer kräver en mer hållbar stadsplanering för att bekämpa de negativa effekterna av stadsutbredningen. FN:sAgenda 2030 innehåller 17 mål för hållbar utveckling (Sustainable Development Goals, SDG) och 169 delmål som syftar till att förena både utvecklade och utvecklingsländer i att omvandla mänskligheten och planeten för en mer hållbar framtid. Ett av dessa mål är SDG 11, vilket ska göra städer och mänskliga bosättningar inkluderande, säkra, resilient och hållbara. En stor del i att uppnå målen med SDG 11 handlar om den nuvarande tillgången stadsborna har till bland annat offentliga gröna och blå ytor samt kollektivtrafik. Arbetet syftar till att studera Stockholms måluppfyllelse när det gäller SDG 11 delmål 11.2 och 11.7 i Agenda 2030. Föratt mäta uppfyllelsen av dessa delmål har studien följande mål. Det första målet är att studera i vilken grad Stockholms län idag har allmän tillgång till gröna och blå områden och kollektivtrafik genom att genomföra en GIS-baserad analys. Det andra målet är att förbättra vår förståelse för den socioekonomiska statusen hos boende som har respektive inte har tillgång till gröna och blå områden och kollektivtrafik genom att statistiskt analysera sambandet mellan miljöinriktade och socioekonomiska indikatorer. Metoden innefattade kvalitativa metoder som litteraturöversikt, intervjuer och samverkande fokusgruppsmöten med Södertörnsanalysen samt kvantitativa metoder som rumslig analys och statistisk analys. Resultaten visar att medan Stockholm har imponerande hög tillgänglighet för sina invånare, har det ännu inte uppfyllt Agenda 2030 SDG 11 mål 11.2 och 11.7 eftersom det visades att tillgängligheten inte var universell. Resultaten visar också att personer med lägre inkomst, personer som äger sina lägenheter/hem och personer med barn har högre tillgänglighet till grönområden. Det visades också att personer med högre inkomst, personer som hyr sina lägenheter/hem och inte har barn har högre tillgång till kollektivtrafik. Detta resultat kan förväntas eftersom en stor andel personer med högre inkomster bor i innerstaden där de har hög tillgång till kollektivtrafik och urban service, men inte nödvändigtvis grönområden. På ett avstånd av 300 m från bostäder, är både tillgång till grönområden och tillgång tillkollektivtrafik nästan 100 %. Vid ett avstånd av 500 m från bostäder är tillgången till blåområden nära 35 % vilket är långt ifrån alla, men fortfarande en hög andel eftersom tillgång till vattenområden och stränder kan ses som lite av en lyx. Denna studie visar dessutom vikten av att förstå miljö- och socioekonomiska indikatorer i stadsplaneringen, särskilt om målen i Agenda 2030 ska uppfyllas. Denna studie tog också initiativ till att bygga en metod för att kvantifiera tillgängligheten, medan vidare studier behöver genomföras för att ytterligare bidra till stadsplanerings- och utvecklingssektorn.

The pursuit of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) requires a transformative approach to energy systems, focusing on cleaner, reliable, and affordable energy services. This pursuit of achieving the SDG 7 goal of universal access to affordable and clean energy, can have numerous positive and negative implications on all other SDGs and their targets. This thesis project explores and addresses these interlinkages between SDGs and energy projects, highlighting the synergies and trade-offs of energy projects to contribute to achieving the SDGs. In this project, we propose a methodology and framework to facilitate the integration of the SDGs into the energy project planning and implementation phase. This framework is implemented into a tool called SDGs-PROPEL (Sustainable Development Goals - PROject Performance Evaluationand Learnings) that is tailor-made to help energy practitioners identify potential trade-offs and synergies, and develop strategies to maximize positive impacts and minimize negative ones by prioritizing the SDGs that are relevant to their projects. The proposed methodology also takes into consideration the growing importance of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting, ensuring that energy projects align with sustainable practices and societal expectations. Three case studies - one Wind energy projectand two district heating projects, all in France, are utilized to test the SDGs-PROPEL tool. It also incorporates feedback from technology experts working in District Heating and Cooling(DHC) and wind energy in energy companies and academia. The tool was also tested by studentsat the master’s level at KTH Royal Institute of Technology. The proposed methodology in the SDGs-PROPEL tool can be used by any energy practitioner for building a robust testing process for their tools and, in turn, help address some of the challenges of integrating SDGs with energy projects by providing a structured approach to incorporating the SDGs into theplanning and implementation phase of the energy projects. In conclusion, this paper emphasizes the significance of incorporating the SDGs into energy projects as a means to drive sustainable development. By enabling companies to assess the environmental, social, and economic impacts of their energy initiatives, this integration plays a crucial role in addressing critical global issues like climate change, poverty reduction, and energy access. / Strävan efter hållbara utvecklingsmål (SDG) kräver ett transformativt förhållningssätt till energisystem, med fokus på renare, pålitliga och överkomliga energitjänster. Denna strävan efter att uppnå SDG 7-målet om universell tillgång till hållbar energi, kan ha många positiva och negativa konsekvenser för alla andra SDG och deras mål. Detta avhandlingsprojekt utforskar och tar upp dessa kopplingar mellan SDG och energiprojekt, och belyser synergierna och avvägningarna mellan energiprojekt för att bidra till att uppnå SDGs. I det här projektet föreslår vi en metod och ett ramverk för att underlätta integrationen av SDGs i energiprojektets planering och genomförandefas. Detta ramverk är implementerat i ett verktyg som kallas SDGs-PROPEL (Sustainable Development Goals - PROject Performance Evaluation and Learnings) som är skräddarsytt för att hjälpa energiutövare att identifiera potentiella avvägningar och synergier, och utveckla strategier för att maximera positiva effekter och minimera negativa. genom att prioritera de SDG som är relevanta för deras projekt. Den föreslagna metoden tar också hänsyn till den växande betydelsen av miljö-, social- och styrelserapportering (ESG), vilket säkerställer att energiprojekt överensstämmer med hållbar praxis och samhälleliga förväntningar. Tre fallstudier - ett vindenergiprojekt och två fjärrvärmeprojekt, alla i Frankrike, används för att testa SDGs-PROPEL-verktyget. Den innehåller också feedback från teknikexperter som arbetar med DHC och vindenergi i energiföretag och akademi. Verktyget testades även av studenter på masternivå vid Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan. Den föreslagna metoden i SDGs-PROPEL-verktyget kan användas av alla energiutövare för att bygga en robust testprocess för sina verktyg och i sin tur hjälpa till att hantera några av utmaningarna med att integrera SDGs med energiprojekt genom att tillhandahålla ett strukturerat tillvägagångssätt för att införliva SDGs in i planerings- och genomförandefasen av energiprojekten. Sammanfattningsvis betonar detta dokument betydelsen av att införliva SDGs i energiprojekt som ett sätt att driva hållbar utveckling. Genom att göra det möjligt för företag att bedöma de miljömässiga, sociala och ekonomiska effekterna av sina energiinitiativ, spelar denna integration en avgörande roll för att ta itu med kritiska globala frågor som klimatförändringar, fattigdomsminskning och tillgång till energi.

Several empirical studies have concluded that gender equality is a crucial ingredient for development. Gendered higher education institutions play an important role in this respect. The research problem that this dissertation sought to address was whether Addis Ababa and Unity Universities have mainstreamed gender throughout their systems in order to contribute towards gender equality and women empowerment in Ethiopia. The research employed various data collection methodologies and processed primary and secondary data sources using qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques. The key finding is that gender has not been integrated into the policies and practices of both Universities in any significant way. The study concludes that the Universities have an inadequate institutional framework and commitment to mainstream gender. Moreover, they lack gender analytical capacity, enforcement mechanisms for accountability, and have not forged strategic partnerships with development partners. / Educational Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

The purpose of this study was to critically analyse the evidence-based revelations from the South African Office of the Auditor-General on the records management challenges being encountered in the local government sector. The aim of the study was the analysis of available evidence and the proposal of solutions for collaborative planning and implementation. The lack of strategic planning in ensuring the accessibility of authentic information sources required during auditing remains unchallenged by the South African public archivists and records managers. These audit reports are required to demonstrate governance, transparency and accountability. This information held in the records of local government is also required to satisfy service delivery and plan development ventures. The World Bank, International Monetary Fund and United Nations formulated an ambitious agenda to eradicate world poverty by 2025. Eight millennium development goals were identified that would provide impoverished communities with better access to basic services and conditions spurring sustainable development. Governance-based criteria were identified as barometers to gauge transparency, accountability, respect for the rule of law and citizens’ rights. Consolidated audited reports from 2000 to 2013 were scrutinised to unravel the conundrums relating to governance, transparency and the management of public sector information sources. According to the 2013 report, only 5% of the local government sector managed to attain clean audits. Related evidence revealed in the unclean audit reports and media narratives related to service delivery and community protests. The approach used for the study was the qualitative methodology, regarded as an appropriate method for the archival discipline. This research method allowed for the incorporation of interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary fields of interest. The case study method design enabled the focus of the study to be on local governments and six selected community development ventures in different areas of South Africa. The latter method enabled information collection from records officials and persons involved with socio-economic development projects. Sound interventions are needed to ensure evidence-based governance. This, in turn, would create favourable conditions for development endeavours in post-apartheid South Africa. / Information Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Information Science)

Several empirical studies have concluded that gender equality is a crucial ingredient for development. Gendered higher education institutions play an important role in this respect. The research problem that this dissertation sought to address was whether Addis Ababa and Unity Universities have mainstreamed gender throughout their systems in order to contribute towards gender equality and women empowerment in Ethiopia. The research employed various data collection methodologies and processed primary and secondary data sources using qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques. The key finding is that gender has not been integrated into the policies and practices of both Universities in any significant way. The study concludes that the Universities have an inadequate institutional framework and commitment to mainstream gender. Moreover, they lack gender analytical capacity, enforcement mechanisms for accountability, and have not forged strategic partnerships with development partners. / Educational Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

Les Objectifs de Développement Durable visent d'ici 2030 un « accès pour tous à des services d'assainissement et d'hygiène adéquats, en mettant fin à la défécation à l'air libre ». Un service d'assainissement peut-être défini par ses composantes techniques et sociales, et leurs interactions. Dans l'optique de proposer des pistes d'améliorations des services d'assainissement en zone tropicale, les travaux de cette thèse ont porté à la fois sur des infrastructures de traitement et sur l'implication de l'ensemble des acteurs dans la définition du service. L'analyse croisée des contextes des départements d'outre-mer (DOM) français et du Sénégal a permis d'identifier des contraintes qui pèsent sur le secteur de l'assainissement en zone tropicale. Du point de vue des infrastructures de traitement, ces contraintes nous ont amenées à proposer des procédés issus de la famille des Filtres Plantés de Végétaux (FPV) comme solutions à priori pertinentes. Cette thèse présente leurs adaptations à la zone tropicale, en détaillant les choix retenus pour le dimensionnement, la conception des filtres et le choix des végétaux. Une centaine de campagnes de suivi ont été réalisées sur 7 stations pilotes en tailles réelles, à travers les 5 DOM. Les résultats montrent que malgré une plus grande compacité, le dimensionnement proposé permet de conserver des niveaux de traitement au moins comparables à ceux observés en climat tempéré. Compte tenu des contraintes climatiques et organisationnelles en milieu tropical, une analyse de leur résilience à des perturbations et de leur fiabilité de traitement a été réalisée par une étude statistique sur les données produites par l'autosurveillance réglementaire. Elle montre que les FPV sont également plus fiables que les procédés de traitement conventionnel les plus répandus pour les petites collectivités. Ce qui s'explique à la fois par la barrière physique que représente ces procédés de cultures fixées sur support fin ainsi que par des besoins en entretien plus réduits. Le deuxième axe de recherche part du constat d'un manque de concertation entre acteurs au moment de la planification de l'assainissement, étape qui préside à la construction du système d'assainissement. En particulier, les utilisateurs, leurs besoins et leurs contraintes sont très peu et mal pris en compte. La modélisation d'accompagnement pourrait permettre de créer à la fois un support (le modèle) permettant de discuter des choix techniques et de leurs conséquences, ainsi que le cadre dans lequel les différents acteurs pourraient échanger leurs points de vue et trouver un consensus soutenable. Un processus de modélisation d'accompagnement a été conçu et mis en place sur la planification de l'assainissement dans 2 zones (urbaine et rurale) du Sénégal. Il nécessitait, pour proposer des scénarios viables, d'intégrer une part non négligeable de connaissances expertes. Centré sur les populations, ce processus a permis la création d'un premier modèle générique sur l'accès à l'assainissement qui prend la forme d'un jeu de rôle. La pertinence de tels outils dans la caractérisation des besoins des usagers a été évaluée. Par ailleurs, l'attention a été portée sur l'acceptation par les usagers du service proposé et sa traduction en volonté de contribution / Sustainable Develoment Goals aim by 2030, to « achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation », by « using safely managed sanitation services ». Sanitation service can be defined by its technical and social components, and their interactions. This thesis focuses on both treatment infrastructures and involvement of all the stakeholders into service definition. Cross analysis of French Overseas Territories (FOT) and Senegal contexts, has identified common constraints that weigh on sanitation sector in tropical areas. From treatment infrastructure point of view, these constraints lead to suggest treatment wetlands systems and particularly French vertical-flow treatment wetland (FS-VFTW) to easier sludge managment, as a relevant solution. Their adaptation for tropical climate is the subjet of the first axis of our work. It aimed at defining their adaptation in terms of design, plant choices and defining the treatment wetlands type to implement according to outlet requirements. A hundred of 24h sampling campains were performed on 7 full scale demonstration plants, accross the 5 FOTs. Results show that despite more compacity, the proposed design allows maintaining performances at least similar to those observed in temperate climate. Due to climatic and organizational constraints inn tropical climate, a statistical analysis has been done to point out the resilience and reliability of the systems based on regulatory selfmonitoring data. It highlights the fact that FS-VFTWs are more reliable than most of the conventional treatment processes when applied for small size communities. Their physical barrier (filter) and their lower maintenance requirement explain this observation. The second axis of our research is based on an observed lack of consultation between stakeholders during the sanitation planning phase, which is responsible for the construction of the sanitation system. In particular, the users, their needs and their constraints are poorly and badly taken into account. Companion modeling approach could create both a support (the model) for discussing technical choices, as well as the framework within which the stakeholders could exchange points of view and find a sustainable consensus. Such a process has been developed and implemented for sanitation planning in 2 areas (urban and rural) of Senegal. Focused on household population, this process has led to create a generic model for sanitation access, embodied as a role playing game, which include a significant part of expert knowledge. The relevance of such tools in the characterization of user needs has been evaluated. In addition, attention was paid to users' acceptance of the proposed service and its translation into a willingness to contribute

Cette thèse de doctorat effectuée à l’Université Paris-Sorbonne est le résultat de quatre années de recherches sur le rôle des Organisations de la Société Civile (OSC) camerounaises dans la réalisation des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement (OMD). Fondée sur une expérience participative de 18 mois dans le milieu du développement au Cameroun, sur plusieurs dizaines d’entretiens avec des OSC camerounaises, des ONG internationales et les principaux partenaires techniques et financiers du Cameroun ainsi que sur l’analyse statistique de plus de 300 OSC camerounaises travaillant dans le domaine des OMD, cette thèse cherche à mesurer l’impact des OSC sur les indicateurs de développement et à déterminer les facteurs susceptibles d’optimiser cet impact. Alors que l’initiative des OMD, lancée par les Nations Unies en 2000, arrive à son terme en 2015, le bilan tiré par les différents acteurs du développement appelle à une participation accrue des OSC dans les pays bénéficiaires de l’aide internationale. Ce travail confirme l’intérêt que peuvent avoir les acteurs institutionnels du développement à collaborer avec la société civile pour améliorer les conditions de vie des populations et l’efficience des ressources allouées au développement. / This doctorate thesis undertaken at Paris-Sorbonne University results from four years of research on the role of Cameroonian Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in the achievementof the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Based on an 18-month participatory experience in development in Cameroon, on several dozens of interviews with Cameroonian CSOs, international NGOs and the key technical and financial partners of Cameroon as well as on the statistical analysis of over 300 Cameroonian CSOs operating in MDG-related fields,this thesis intends to measure the impact of CSOs in development indicators and to determine the factors which can optimize this impact. As the MDG initiative, launched by the United Nations in 2000, reaches its term in 2015, its final assessment by different developments takeholders calls for a stronger participation of CSOs in countries benefiting from international aid. This research confirms the interest institutional stakeholders can find incollaborating with civil society to improve the living conditions of populations and the efficiency of the resources allocated to development.