The Shocks and Difficulties of Young Managers in the Organizations Abstract Younger Organizations and Younger Managers are the trend in the world. The topic of Young Managers is also popular among people¡¦s talking, but there is no academic study about the related issue in Taiwan. This is an exploratory study, based on literatures to develop the questionnaires for quantitative studies. The targets of this study are 121 young managers who are 35-year-old below and supervise at least 2 direct report staffs. The data was analyzed by applying statistical methods, i.e., factor analysis, one-way ANOVA, descriptive statistics analysis, and correlation analysis. The purpose of the study is to find out the shocks and difficulties of young managers in the organizations, the relation of individual factors with the shocks and difficulties, the relations of ¡§the behaviors of the organizations¡¨ with the shocks and difficulties, as well as the relations of ¡§the behaviors of young managers¡¨ with the shocks and difficulties. Many important findings of this study are as below: Majority of young managers face the shocks and difficulties of ¡§Up & Peers Management¡¨, and sequently is ¡§Down Management¡¨, ¡§Professionalism & Authority be challenged¡¨, and ¡§People Management & Leadership¡¨. This study also found young managers in local companies have more difficulties in ¡§Down Management¡¨, ¡§People Management & Leadership¡¨, and ¡§Professionalism and Authority be challenged¡¨ then those who are working in foreign companies. Female young managers have more difficulties in ¡§Down Management¡¨ than males. Those young managers have been working with current supervisors for 1 ~ 3 years have more difficulties in ¡§People Management & Leadership¡¨ than those for over three years and below one year. Young Managers with over 10 years of working experience have less difficulty in ¡§People Management & Leadership¡¨ than those below 10 years of working experience. Young managers have more difficulties in ¡§Down Management¡¨ on staffs of college or lower education level than on those of university or graduate school. No matter what individual backgrounds or conditions the young managers have, their difficulties in ¡§Up & Peers Management¡¨ are the same. This study also found that if the organizations get the young managers involved in top management strategy will increase the young managers¡¦ difficulties in ¡§Down Management¡¨ and ¡§Up & Peers Management¡¨. If the organizations do too much job arrangement (e.g. workload, degree of working difficulty, and level of reporting line), it will increase the young managers¡¦ difficulties in ¡§Down Management¡¨ and ¡§People Management & Leadership¡¨. This study also found when young managers purposely build up their authority and professional image, their difficulties in ¡§Down Management¡¨, ¡§People Management & Leadership¡¨, ¡§Authority & Professionalism be challenged¡¨, and ¡§Up & Peers Management¡¨ are increasing. And if young managers manipulate power game too much, it will increase their difficulties in ¡§People Management & Leadership¡¨. This study also found it is great helpful for ¡§People Management & Leadership¡¨ if young managers can keep their physical in good condition and keep their information updated with the world and the market. Key words: young managers, shocks and difficulties, behaviors of the organizations, behaviors of the young managers.

<p>Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka vilka metoder och hjälpmedel karaktärsämneslärare, och då specifikt de på det nationella omvårdnadsprogrammet, använder sig av när de undervisar elever med annan språkbakgrund än svenska och som har språksvårigheter. Vi vill öka kunskapen om hur vi som lärare kan förbättra möjligheten för dessa elever att nå upp till kursmålen.</p><p>Den metod vi valt för att genomföra denna undersökning är kvalitativa intervjuer. Vi har genomfört intervjuer med nio lärare på omvårdnadsprogrammet i tre städer runt om i Sverige.</p><p>Resultatet visar att det är stora skillnader på dessa tre skolor avseende vilka resurser som finns för dessa elever i kombination med att det skiljer sig åt hur mycket tid som lärarna får för att hjälpa dessa elever. Lärarna som vi intervjuat resonerar lite olika kring hur mycket extra tid och hjälp de ska ge åt dessa elever. Alla är överens om att det är ett stort problem. Lärarna anser att de gör så gott de kan och använder sig av ganska lika metoder, vilka ofta också styrks av litteraturen. Det samtliga lärare säger sig sakna är kompetens i att undervisa elever med annan språkbakgrund. Inte heller i de lärarutbildningar vi känner till tar man upp detta ämne eller undervisar om specifika metoder eller hjälpmedel för denna elevgrupp.</p><p>Det de intervjuade önskade sig för att kunna förbättra undervisningssituationen för elever med annan språkbakgrund än svenska var inga omöjliga önskningar: datorer till alla elever, att man i ett tidigt skede upprättar åtgärdsprogram samt ökat samarbete med de lärare som undervisar i svenska som andraspråk.</p><p>Resultatet visar att behovet av vidareutbildningar i interkulturell pedagogik är stort och bör ske inom en snar framtid.</p> / <p>The aim of this exam paper is to examine what methods and tools vocational teachers, particularly those teaching at Omvårdnadsprogrammet, use when educating students with a native language other than Swedish and who also have language difficulties. We hope to enhance the knowledge how we as teachers can increase the potential of these students.</p><p>In our survey we have used qualitative interviews. We conducted interviews with nine vocational teachers in three different cities in Sweden.</p><p>Our result shows big differences in the three schools regarding the resources given to this group of students in combination with how much time teachers get to devote to these students in order to help them. The teachers we have interviewed have different views on how much time and help they will spend on these students. All the teachers agree on that this is a huge problem in these schools today and that they are doing the best that they can. The methods they use are pretty similar and the literature corroborates these methods. All teachers claim they lack competence to teach students with another first language than Swedish. None of the universities that we know of teach future teachers about this group of students, nor do they teach methods and tools to help students.</p><p>When asked what would make teaching easier, the teachers’ requested: computers to all students and that measures to help these students are planned early on in their education. Furthermore they felt a need to increase the cooperation with the teacher of Swedish as a second language.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>This essay has a gender perspective on didactics and literature with the aim to highlight the circumstances surrounding reading and understanding the novel Pride and Prejudice in a classroom context.</p><p>Since Pride and Prejudice is written with a somewhat complicated language the pupils are likely to encounter some difficulties when reading the novel. This is something that I have chosen to focus my essay on. What is more, they are likely to also have difficulties to understand different episodes in the novel since they have little knowledge about the society depicted in Pride and Prejudice. This is referred to as a cultural and historical hindrance and they are present due to the fact that the story is set at the end of the 18th and beginning of 19th century England. However, there are various approaches which might diminish obstacles like those I have mentioned, for instance, by offering background information about the novel and recurring issues, such as marriage and financial heritance.</p><p>The areas of importance in the novel that I have chosen to highlight, because of the limited background knowledge that the students have, are marriage and financial independence for women. Marriage is depicted to be very important for a woman, especially</p><p>if they do not have a large fortune of their own. Due to lack of financial resources they needed to marry, since if they did not they could end up as old maids or even worse; having to support themselves by working as prostitutes. The chance of inheriting a lot of money was small, since the money from their father or mother was generally entitled to their closest male heir.</p>

Denna studie handlar om några gymnasielärares uppfattningar om integrerade elever som har en dokumenterad autismspektrumtillstånd samt läs-och skrivproblematik. Studien har en kvalitativ utgångspunkt och undersökningen är baserad på halvstrukturerade intervjuer med fyra pedagoger som arbetar på olika gymnasier i södra Sverige. Resultatet visar att många av dessa elever klarar sig relativt bra när de får hjälp genom olika anpassningar som görs i klassrummet. De anpassningar som hjälper mest är klara och tydliga instruktioner för dessa elever, samt när pedagogen ger mycket stöd i form av exempelvis genrepedagogik. Däremot så upplever pedagogerna ibland att eleverna utnyttjar sin diagnos för att undvika skolarbete, vilket kan vara ett missförstånd då denna elevgrupp ofta tar till undvikande strategier som är en del av sitt funktionshinder. Exempelvis så störs vissa elever med autismspektrumtillstånd enormt mycket av olika ljud, så kallad sensorisk överkänslighet, och som ett resultat så vill de sitta avskilt när det gäller att läsa. Likaså så upplever pedagogerna att dessa elever återgår till sin tidigare lägre nivå efter det att anpassningen eller hjälpen upphört. / This study deals with a number of upper secondary school teachers' perceptions of integrated students who have a proven autism spectrum disorder, as well as reading and writing difficul- ties. The research has a qualitative perspective and the study is based on semi-structured in- terviews with four teachers working in different upper secondary schools in the southern part of Sweden. The result shows that many of these students manage relatively well when they get help through various adjustments made in the classroom. The adaptations that help the most are clear instructions for these students, and when the teacher provides support in the form of, for example genre pedagogy. However, the teachers sometimes feel that students utilize their diagnosis to avoid schoolwork, which may be a misunderstanding when this group of students often resort to avoidance strategies that are part of their disability. For ex- ample, some of these students with autism spectrum disorder are made unsettled by different sounds, so-called sensory hypersensitivity, and as a result they want to sit separately when it comes to reading. Another experience the teachers have is that these students often return to their previous lower level after the adjustment, or aid, cease to be provided.

This study was aimed to examine what happened when a municipality in Sweden invested in ICT. The purpose of this study was also to find out how the change of process with ICT investment was expressed the need for more knowledge. This was called “one-to-one” with the goal that all students would have their own computer during their years in school.Teachers have been interviewed and observed about how they work with ipads during reading and writing lessons. The teachers in this study said that they need more knowledge to improve their everyday work with ipads. They see many positive developments in students’ acquisition of knowledge. The intention was also to study how the teachers work with writing and reading for students at risk of future disabilities. Research that was presented in this study said that efforts and work to help students with reading and writing difficulties should start early and be done in a structured way to help students connect phoneme and grapheme to create alinguistic awareness.

The aim of the research is to evaluate the intellectual maturity and strengths and difficulties of primary school children with hearing disorders in comparison with healthy children. The following procedures have been employed in the research: Naglieri Jack A. DAP: Draw a Person A Quantitative Scoring System. Goodman R. SDQ: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. 64 deaf and hard of hearing children from first-forth grade and 40 hearing children of the same age participated in the survey. Results show that intellectual maturity of deaf and hard of hearing children is the same as the hearing children (t = 1,837, p = 0,069), so it doesn’t confirm data that children with hearing disorders have lower intellectual maturity than healthy children. Results of this research confirm data that deaf and hard of hearing children have more conduct problems and peer problems in comparison with hearing children (t = -2,635, p= 0,01; t = -2,711, p = 0,008). Results doesn’t confirm data that children with hearing disorders have lower value of social behavior than healthy children (t = 0,621, p = 0,536).

Students who meet criteria for both being intellectually gifted and having a disability are known by the term ‘twice exceptional’. To date there is little known about the classroom interactions of these students, and how these interactions impact their developing self-esteem. The interactions of four gifted primary school students with identified learning difficulties (twice exceptional) were observed along with four matched typically developing students and their teacher during normal classroom teaching activities. The number and type of positive, negative, neutral or no response interactions were recorded over four, one hour observation sessions. The Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory was then administered to the four twice exceptional and four comparison students. Results indicated that there was little difference between the twice exceptional and comparison students in terms of number of interactions recorded, with the twice exceptional students showing slightly more positive interactions with their teacher and peers. All four twice exceptional students reported lower self-esteem levels than their matched peers, with two students being in the low range. The results suggested that these four twice exceptional students were interacting in a manner similar to their typically developing peers, although they displayed lower self-esteem levels. The implications of these findings and recommendations for future research are discussed.

A teacher in a mainstream classroom identified six children with behaviour difficulties or learning difficulties who were not receiving any assistance outside of the classroom. The teacher was to independently complete a functional assessment of each child to reach a hypothesis about the cause of the difficulty, and then choose and implement an appropriate intervention. Treatment integrity was monitored throughout the interventions to ensure correct implementation. It became apparent that the teacher was unable to complete adequate functional assessments or maintain appropriate interventions because of the time constraints associated with being in a classroom and her lack of specialist knowledge.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur terapeuter inom den offentliga sjukvården resonerar kring svårigheter i att arbeta med trauma. Frågeställningarna var: hur resonerar terapeuter kring svårigheter att arbeta med trauma; vilka känslomässiga reaktioner har de; vad säger de om handledning, kollegialt stöd och organisationen inom vilket de arbetar; samt hur de resonerar kring kultur, språk och tolkanvändning. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med fem terapeuter som arbetar inom primärvården respektive psykiatriska öppenvården. Intervjuerna spelades in, transkriberades och analyserades genom Tematisk Analys. Resultaten visar att traumatiserade personer upplevdes som en tung patientgrupp och att de önskade sig mer handledning och utbildning för att klara av arbetet. Det var även svårt för dem att se hur patienterna skickades runt mellan olika vårdinstanser. Resultaten visar också att man upplevde svårigheter kring kulturella skillnader och att arbeta med tolk. Tidsbrist i behandlingarna och underbemanning upplevdes också som försvårande omständigheter i arbetet med trauma. Avslutningsvis diskuteras om den svåra symtomatologin och traumats inbyggda dialektik är bidragande orsaker till att traumatiserade patienter skickas mellan vårdinstanser och upplevs som en tung grupp att arbeta med. Också terapeuternas beskrivningar av underbemanning och tidsbrist diskuterades utifrån de behandlingsrekommendationer som finns och riskerna om dessa inte följs. / The purpose of this study was to investigate how psychotherapists within the Swedish health service perceive difficulties in working with trauma. The research questions were how do therapists perceive difficulties in working with trauma; what are their emotional reactions; what are their views concerning supervision, peer support and the organisation within which they work; what thoughts do the therapists have concerning culture, language and the use of interpreters. Semi structured interviews were conducted with five psychotherapists who work in municipal health centers and psychiatric outpatient clinics. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic analyses. The results show that in general the therapists experienced traumatised people as a difficult group of patients and they felt a need for increased levels of supervision and training. They also experienced difficulties arising from the fact that patients were often moved frequently between different health services. The results also showed that they experienced difficulties due to cultural differences and working with interpreters. Limits on treatment duration and under staffing also contributed to difficulties. The relationships between symptoms and the dialectics of trauma and the fact that patient group are often passed between health services and experienced as a difficult were discussed.

Background: Women are recommended to breastfeed exclusively for six month; despite this the frequency of breastfeeding duration is decreasing in Sweden. Research indicates that there is an association between attitudes towards breastfeeding and perceived difficulties and initiation and duration of breastfeeding. The aim: to study women’s attitudes to breastfeeding and their perceived difficulties with breastfeeding expressed on parent oriented websites on the Internet. Method: Data consisting of users posts corresponding to the aim of the study were collected from two parent oriented websites on the Internet. Data collecting started at the 16th of September 2014 and continued until data saturation was obtained. A total of 933 posts were included. Data were analyzed using inductive qualitative content analysis. Results: Breastfeeding was a sensitive subject to many women and it evoked strong emotions among both the women and the social surroundings. Due to lack of prior knowledge regarding breastfeeding and insufficient and inadequate support from the social surroundings in particular from health care personnel, breastfeeding became problematic and difficult to obtain. Conclusions: To promote women’s and children’s health it´s important that information about breastfeeding and formula given by health care personnel is evidence based. The women also need increased information about breastfeeding and formula during pregnancy and continual follow-ups after the baby is born. / Bakgrund: Kvinnor rekommenderas att helamma i sex månader, trots detta sjunker amningsfrekvensen i Sverige. Studier påvisar att attityder kring amning och upplevda svårigheter kring amning påverkar initiering och upprätthållande av amning. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka vilka attityder till amning och upplevda svårigheter kring amning kvinnor uttryckte på föräldraforum. Metod: Data i form av inlägg som svarade mot studiens syfte samlades in från två föräldraforum på internet. Insamlandet påbörjades den 16/9-2014 och pågick tills datamättnad var uppnådd. Totalt inkluderades 933 inlägg. Data analyserades genom en induktiv kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Amning var ett känsligt ämne som väckte starka känslor hos ammande kvinnor och omgivningen. Brist på förkunskaper hos kvinnan samt otillräckligt och felaktigt stöd från omgivningen och framförallt vårdpersonal gjorde amningen problematisk och svår att upprätthålla. Slutsats: För att främja barns och kvinnors hälsa är det av stor vikt att hälso-och sjukvårdspersonal ger stöd och råd kring amning och ersättning baserad på evidensbaserad kunskap. Vidare behöver även kvinnorna ges möjlighet till utökad information kring amning och ersättning redan under graviditet med kontinuerlig uppföljning efter förlossning.