Objetivou-se com este estudo comparar diferentes métodos de determinação de carboidratos solúveis (CS) em cana-de-açúcar com o intuito de predizer valor nutritivo da forragem: conteúdo de sólidos solúveis (BRIX), conteúdo aparente de sacarose (POL), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), carboidratos solúveis em extrato aquoso (CSA) e carboidratos solúveis em extrato alcoólico (CSOH). Foram conduzidos dois experimentos envolvendo amostras da fração colmo e planta inteira. O primeiro avaliou o valor nutritivo da variedade IAC 86-2480 (terceiro corte) em resposta a dois métodos de colheita: colheita manual (MAN) e colheita mecânica (MEC) durante as fases de cultivo: 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330 e 360 dias após colheita (DAC). As estimativas do CS, composição bromatológica (MS, CP, FDN, FDA, DIVMS e DIVMO), assim como da relação FDN/CS foram similares (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos, exceto para CSOH e FDN/CSOH para a fração colmo, e FDN/POL (P<0,05) para a planta inteira. O conteúdo de CS da planta inteira representou aproximadamente 80% do teor observado na fração colmo. Foram identificados três padrões de acúmulo de CS: a) POL e CSOH, b) BRIX, c) CNF. O modelo logístico não ajustou na predição de CSA. Até os 240 e 270 DAC, as relações entre FDN/BRIX e FDN/POL seguiram a mesma tendência para os métodos MAN e MEC respectivamente. Relações entre FDN/CS foram altamente correlacionadas com a digestibilidade da forragem, especialmente a relação FDN/CNF (r>0,8). A análise de componentes principais provou ser ferramenta útil para selecionar variáveis com o intuito de caracterizar valor alimentar em cana-de-açúcar. De acordo com o primeiro componente principal, o valor nutritivo é uma resposta de variáveis bromatológicas da fração fibrosa (ex. FDN, FDA), correspondendo a 54,4 e 64% da variância total da fração colmo e planta inteira respectivamente. No segundo experimento, foram avaliadas possíveis relações entre medidas morfológicas e químicas da planta visando explicar o acúmulo de CS e o valor nutricional da cana-de-açúcar (variedade IAC 93-3046), estabelecida sob dois níveis de adubação no plantio (NPK e NPK associada com esterco 120 kg N ha-1) ao longo da fase de maturação da planta em cana de primeiro corte. As amostras foram colhidas manualmente durante os períodos de 300, 360, 420 e 540 dias após plantio (DAP). Não houve efeito (P>0,05) da adubação na concentração de CS, a exceção das folhas secas (FS), CSA e minerais, na fração colmo. Três padrões de acúmulo de CS foram identificados nas duas frações morfológicas da planta: a) BRIX e CSOH; b) CNF E c) CSA. Embora POL não fosse considerada nesse experimento, as análises das curvas de CS (BRIX e CSOH) confirmaram que a cana atingiu a maturidade no mês de setembro como reportado na literatura. Regressões simples e múltiplas foram consideradas para predizer o acúmulo de CS, MS e o valor nutricional (digestibilidade). O modelo univariado apenas considerou variáveis químicas na predição, exceto para o teor de BRIX. Equações do tipo stepwise melhoraram o ajuste dos modelos (R2 e RQMR) ao considerar variáveis morfológicas, sendo a mais importante nas predições, o número de nós da fração colmo (NN). As equações para MS e CSA tiveram o menor poder de predição tanto nas regressões simples quanto nas múltiplas. A fração FDA foi a principal variável que explicou o valor nutritivo em amostras de cana-deaçúcar. / The objective of this research was to compare some potentialities of soluble carbohydrate (SC) methods currently used in sugarcane for animal feeding purposes: soluble solid content (BRIX), apparent sucrose content (POL), non fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and ethanol soluble carbohydrates (EtOH). Two trials involving stalk and whole plant sugarcane samples were conducted. The first trial evaluated the nutritive value of IAC 86-2480 variety (second growth) in response to two harvesting methods: manual (MAN) and mechanical (MEC) along of crop growing phase: 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330 and 360 days after harvesting (DAH). The SC estimative, chemical composition (DM, CP, NDF, ADF, IVDDM and IVOMD) and NDF/SC relationships were similar (P>0.05) across treatments, except for EtOH and NDF/EtOH relationship at stalk and NDF/POL (P<0.05) at whole plant being MAN and MEC of those cases, respectively more advantageous for each. The whole plant SC content reached represents closer to 80% of total content observed in the stalk fraction. Were identified three typical SC accumulation patterns: a) POL and EtOH, b) BRIX, c) NFC. Until 240 (MAN) and 270 (MEC) DAH, the standardized NDF/BRIX and NDF/POL stalk relationships followed the same trend. NDF/SC relationships were highly correlated with forage digestibility, especially NDF/NFC (r > 0.8). Principal Component Analysis proved to be an useful tool to select variables in order to explain sugarcane feeding value. Therefore as described at the first principal component, the sugarcane feed value is in function of forage fibrous fraction (ex. NDF, ADF), corresponding to 54.4% (stalk) and 64.0% (whole plant) of total variance respectively. The second trial studied possible relationships established between both morphological as chemical plant measurements that could explain SC accumulation and feeding value of IAC 93- 3046 variety, under two levels of fertilisation at planting (NPK and NPK associated with cattle manure 120 kg N ha-1) along of ripening phase under plant crop conditions. Forage samples were collected manually at 300, 360, 420 and 540 days after planting (DAP). There was no effect (P>0.05) of fertilisation on SC dynamics, chemical composition and morphological crop variables, with the exception to dry leaves (DLEAF), water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and minerals (ASH), in stalk fraction (P<0.05). The age of plant was the main factor responsible of the observed variability. Three SC patterns in sugarcane during this phase were identified: a) BRIX and EtOH, b) NFC e c) WSC. Although POL was not considered in this trial, the analysis of SC curves showed that BRIX and EtOH also reached to maturity in September conforming literature. Simple and multiple (stepwise) regressions were considered to predict SC, DM accumulation and feeding value (digestibility). The univariate models only considered chemical variables to prediction, except to BRIX. Stepwise equations have account also morphological crop variables to improve statistical prediction (R2, RMSE), being the most important: number of nodes (NN). Predictions of DM and WSC had the lowest power performed through simple and multiple equations. ADF fraction best fitted to feeding value prediction (IVDMD, IVOMD) in sugarcane samples.

Foram conduzidos três experimentos no confinamento experimental do Departamento de Zootecnia da ESALQ/USP com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos de diferentes aditivos em rações para bovinos terminados em confinamento. No experimento 1 foram utilizados 100 bovinos machos Nelore castrados (392 kg), distribuídos em 20 baias, por 60 dias. As rações continham 41% de sorgo moído, 40% de polpa cítrica peletizada e 15% de silagem de cana-de-açúcar. Os tratamentos foram: (1) controle, (2) monesina sódica Rumensin (MON1), (3) monensina sódica Rumenfort (MON2), levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yea-Sacc 1026 (LEV1) e levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biosaf SC47 (LEV2). A IMS foi reduzida pelo tratamento MON1 (P<0,05), quando comparada ao tratamento controle. O GPD dos animais não foi afetado pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). A EA dos animais não foi afetada pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). O tratamento MON2 apresentou um menor rendimento de carcaça (P<0,05) e o tratamento MON 1 apresentou uma maior AOL (P<0,05). No experimento 2 foram utilizados 96 tourinhos Nelore não castrados (396 kg), distribuídos em 16 baias por 95 dias. Os tratamentos foram: (1) Controle, (2) levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biosaf SC47 (LEV), (3) combinação de levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae e bactérias probióticas na dose de 1g /bovino/dia (PROB1) e (4) combinação de levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae e bactérias probióticas na dose de 3g/bovino/dia (PROB2). As rações continham 59% de polpa cítrica peletizada, 35% de farelo de glúten de milho úmido e 5% de feno de tifton 65. A adição dos aditivos levedura (Saccharomyces cerevisae) e a combinação de leveduras e bactérias probióticas não afetou a IMS o GPD e a EA dos animais (P>0,05). A energia líquida de manutenção e de ganho das rações também não foi afetada pelos tratamentos (P>0,05), assim como os dados de carcaça. No experimento 3, que avaliou a digestibilidade das rações, foram utilizados 20 tourinhos Nelore, alocados em 20 baias individuais durante 15 dias, sendo 10 dias de adaptação ao marcador e 5 dias de coleta de fezes. A ração foi a mesma utilizada no experimento 2, e o marcador utilizado foi o óxido de cromo. Os tramentos utilizados foram: (1) Controle, (2) monensina sódica Rumenfort (MON), (3) levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biosaf SC47 (LEV), (4) combinação de levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae e bactérias probióticas na dose de 1g /bovino/dia (PROB1) e (5) combinação de levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae e bactérias probióticas na dose de 3g/bovino/dia (PROB2). Os aditivos testados não afetaram as digestibilidades da MS, da MO, da FDN e da PB das rações (P>0,05). Com os resultados obtidos é possível afirmar que bovinos Nelore, castrados ou não, confinados com rações com altos teores de concentrado ricos em co-produtos como polpa cítrica e farelo de glúten de milho úmido não apresentam melhor desempenho nem melhor digestibilidade dos nutrientes quando suplementados com monensina sódica ou com micorganismos probióticos. / Three trials were conducted at the ESALQ/USP Animal Sciences Department experimental feedlot to evaluate the effects of different feed additives in feedlot finished cattle. On trial 1 100 Nellore steers (392kg) were allocated to 20 pens for 60 days. Experimental rations had 41% ground milo, 40% dried citrus pulp and 15% sugarcane silage. Treatments were: (1) control, (2) sodium monensin Rumensin (MON1), (3) sodium monensin Rumenfort (MON2), (4) yeast culture Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yea-Sacc 1026 (LEV1) and (5) yeast culture Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biosaf SC47 (LEV2). DMI was reduced by MON1 trestment (P<0,05) in relation to control. WDG was not affected by treatments (P>0,05). Treatments did not affect FE (P>0,05). Animals on treatment MON2 showed the lowest dressing percentage (DP) and those on MON1 showed the highest rib eye area (REA) (P<0,05). Trial 2 used 96 young Nellore bulls (396kg), allocated to 16 pens for 95 days. Treatments were: (1) control, (2) Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biosaf SC47 (LEV), (3) Saccharomyces cerevisiae and probiotic bacteria mix at 1g /animal/day dose (PROB1) and (4) Saccharomyces cerevisiae probiotic bacteria mix at 3g/animal/day dose (PROB2). Rations contained 59% dried citrus pulp, 35% wet corn gluten feed and 5% Tifton 65 hay. Treatments didnt affect DMI, WDG and FE (P>0,05). Rations net energy for maintenance and gain were also not affect by treatments (P>0,05), well as carcass data. Trial 3 utilized 20 young Nellore bulls allocated to individual pens for 15 days (10 days for adaptation to marker and 5 days for data collection) to evaluate rations digestibility. Experimental ration was the same utilized on trial 2, with chromium oxide as an external marker. Treatments were (1) control, (2) sodium monensin Rumenfort (MON1), (3) yeast culture Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biosaf SC47 (LEV), (4) Saccharomyces cerevisiae and probiotic bacteria mix at 1g /animal/day dose (PROB1) and (5) Saccharomyces cerevisiae probiotic bacteria mix at 3g/animal/day dose (PROB2). Treatments did not affect rations DM, OM, NDF and CP digestibilities (P>0,05). Results show that Nellore cattle, castrated or not, feedlot finished receiving rations with high levels of byproducts such as dried citrus pulp and wet corn gluten feed dont have higher performance nor better nutrients digestibility when supplemented with sodium monensin or probiotic microorganisms.

As pastagens ocupam uma grande extensão territorial no Brasil constituindo a principal fonte de alimento para os ruminantes. Entretanto, seu manejo, ainda é frequentemente realizado de forma extensiva e extrativista, tornando a atividade pouco competitiva. O estudo de estratégias de manejo do pastejo sob lotação contínua contribui para a diversificação e intensificação dos sistemas de produção de ruminantes baseados em pastagens. O objetivo foi descrever e explicar diferenças no potencial produtivo e nas características qualitativas, através de atributos estruturais e químico-bromatológicos da Brachiaria híbrida (Brachiaria ssp.) Convert HD 364 em resposta ao manejo do pastejo sob lotação contínua mimetizada e taxa de lotação variável. O experimento foi conduzido em Piracicaba, no verão de 2013. Foram testadas três intensidades de desfolhação determinadas por alturas de manejo de dossel (10, 25 e 40 cm) em combinação com dois ritmos de crescimento (50 e 250 kg N ha-1 ano-1) num arranjo fatorial (3 x 2) e delineamento em blocos completos casualizados. Variáveis-resposta medidas incluíram massa, acúmulo e taxa de acúmulo de forragem, IAF, composição morfológica e valor nutritivo (Proteína bruta - PB, Fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro- FDN, Digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica - DIVMO) da forragem. Os maiores valores de acúmulo e taxa de acúmulo foram registrados para os dosséis mantidos a 40 cm de altura (12650 kg MS ha-1ano-1 e 110 kg MS ha-1 dia-1, respectivamente) e para dosséis adubados com 250 kg N ha-1(13974 kg MS ha-1ano-1 e 126 kg MS ha-1dia-1, respectivamente). Esse mesmo tratamento apresentou os maiores valores de IAFs (8,1). A massa de forragem não sofreu influência do N, mas respondeu ao aumento da altura e foi maior para os pastos mantidos a 40 cm (14650 kg MS ha-1). Mais N (250 kg ha-1) resultou em maior proporção de folhas (26 %). Maior proporção de colmo (40%) ocorreu no dosséis de 40 cm e adubados com 50 kg N ha-1 e proporções de material morto foram maiores (49%) nos tratamentos de 10 cm de altura e 50 kg de N ha-1. Dosséis de 10 cm adubados com 50 kg N ha-1, embora com menor produtividade, resultaram em maior DIVMO (670 g kg-1) e PB (153 g kg-1 e 165 g kg-1, para 10 cm e 250 kg N ha-1, respectivamente). O teor de FDN foi maior para 40 cm (545g kg-1) e com 50 kg N ha-1(550 g kg-1). A adubação nitrogenada promove ganhos em produtividade e resulta em forragem com melhor valor nutritivo, enquanto que incrementos em altura do dossel promovem maior acúmulo total e taxa média de acúmulo de forragem, até o ponto em que ocorre estabilidade da produção (25 cm), sendo assim o tratamento que apresentou melhor eficiência produtiva aliada a um bom valor nutritivo foi o com 25 cm de altura do dossel e 250 kg ha-1 de N. / Pastures occupy a large area in Brazil and are key to the country\'s livestock industry, which is almost exclusively forage-based. Grazing management, however, is largely empirical in the country, and technical guidelines for managing specific grasses are either scarce or poorly adopted, which hinders the competitiveness of the activity. Establishing sound management guidelines for key grasses can improve animal output and profitability of the livestock enterprise. The objective was to describe and explain differences in the productive potential and the qualitative traits of Convert HD 364 brachiariagrass through the characterization of agronomic and sward structural attributes as well as forage nutritive in response to three grazing intensities and under two growth rates under continuous stocking and variable stocking rate in a mob-grazing experimental protocol. The study was conducted in Piracicaba, in summer of 2013. Experimental paddocks received treatments corresponding to all possible combinations among three sward heights (10, 25, and 45 cm) and two growth rates generated by two N rates (50 and 250 kg N ha-1) split-applied monthly during the experimental period. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a factorial arrangement. Response variables included forage accumulation and accumulation rate, LAI, plant-part composition of forage on offer, as well as plant-part composition and nutritive value (crude protein - CP, neutral detergent insoluble fiber - NDF digestibility in vitro organic matter - IVDMD) of forage. The highest values of forage accumulation and accumulation rate were recorded for swards kept at 40 cm (12650 kg DM ha-1 yr-1 and 110 kg ha-1 d-1, respectively) and for swards fertilized with 250 kg N ha-1 (13974 kg DM ha-1 yr-1 and 126 kg DM ha-1 day-1, respectively). This same combination resulted the highest LAI (8.1). Forage mass was affected by sward height but not by N rates being higher for 40-cm (14650 kg DM ha-1). Treatments with higher N (250 kg ha-1) resulted in forage with a higher proportion of leaf (26%). Higher percentages of stem (40%) were measured in swards grazed at 40 cm and fertilized with 50 kg N ha-1 while the proportion of dead material was higher (49%) in 10-cm swards receiving 50 kg N ha-1 of N. Swards kept at 10 cm and receiving 50 kg N ha-1, although less productive, resulted in forage with higher IVOMD (670 g kg-1). Forage in 10-cm swards had 153 g kg-1 crude protein and that from swards receiving 250 kg N ha-1 had 165 g kg-1. Neutral detergent fiber concentration was higher in forage from 40-cm swards (545 g kg-1) and from those receiving 50 kg N ha-1 (550 g kg-1), which is also associated with the maturity of the tissues at the time of harvest. Nitrogen fertilization promotes gains in productivity and results in forage with better nutritive value, whereas increases in canopy height promote higher total accumulation and rate of herbage accumulation, up to 25 cm. The treatment that combines high productivity with high nutritive value is 25 cm canopy height and 250 kg ha-1.

O uso de aditivos em dietas tem sido recomendado para controlar os problemas relacionados ao desmame precoce e melhorar o desempenho dos leitões. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os efeitos da inclusão do sorbitol em dietas complexas de leitões recémdesmamados sobre o desempenho, a frequência de diarreia, a digestibilidade aparente de nutrientes, a morfometria dos órgãos e a viabilidade econômica. Foram utilizados 120 leitões recém-desmamados (6,22 ± 0,28 kg) em um experimento em blocos completos casualizados (definidos pelo peso inicial e sexo), com cinco tratamentos, oito repetições (blocos) por tratamento e três animais por unidade experimental (baia). Os tratamentos foram: dieta basal com 120 ppm de clorohidroxiquinolina e dieta basal com 0, 1, 1,5 ou 2% de sorbitol. Para a determinação da digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e da energia, foi utilizado o método da coleta parcial de fezes. Ao final do experimento, foi abatido um animal de cada baia para avaliação da morfometria dos órgãos. De maneira geral, a inclusão de até 2,0% de sorbitol em dietas complexas de leitões recém-desmamados não afeta (P>0,05) o desempenho dos animais, a ocorrência de diarreia, a morfometria dos órgãos, a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e a viabilidade econômica, enquanto que o uso do antimicrobiano clorohidroxiquinolina prejudica o desempenho (P<0,05) e aumenta (P<0,01) o custo de produção dos leitões em fase de creche. / Feed additives have been recommended to overcome early weaning problems and to improve pig performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate growth performance, frequency of diarrhea, apparent digestibility of nutrients, organs morphometry and economic feasibility of weanling pigs fed complex diets containing sorbitol. One hundred and twenty weanling pigs (6.22 ± 0.28 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design experiment with five treatments, eight replications (blocks) per treatment and three pigs per experimental unit (pen). The treatments were: basal diet with 120 ppm of chlorhydroxyquinoline or basal diet with 0, 1, 1.5 or 2% of sorbitol. The marker method was used in digestibility assay. At the end of experimental period, one animal per experimental unit was slaughtered to evaluate of organs morphometry. Overall, dietary added sorbitol up to 2.0% in weanling pig complex diet does not affect (P>0.05) growth performance, frequency of diarrhea, apparent digestibility of nutrients, organs morphometry and economic feasibility, while the antimicrobial agent chlorhydroxyquinoline depresses (P<0.05) growth performance and increases (P<0.01) the cost per kilogram of weight gain of weanling pig.

Orientador: Alessandra Melchert / Resumo: O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a preferência alimentar e as dietas oferecidas a tatus de nove bandas mantidos sob cuidados humanos, enfatizando a ação das dietas sobre o desempenho, avaliação clínica e metabolismo animal, assim como o aproveitamento dos nutrientes de cada dieta. Foram utilizados para a avaliação da preferência alimentar 10 tatus de nove bandas (D. novemcinctus) adultos, sendo oito machos e duas fêmeas; seis tatus de nove bandas (D. novemcinctus) adultos, sendo cinco machos e uma fêmea, para o ensaio de digestibilidade; e oito tatus de nove bandas (D. novemcinctus) adultos machos para a avaliação clínica e metabólica. Para o teste de preferência alimentar foram testadas quatro dietas que diferiram quanto ao seu teor de proteínas e inclusão de frutos em sua composição. Para o ensaio de digestibilidade e avaliação clínica e metabólica foram testadas duas dietas com ou sem inclusão de frutos em sua composição. O teste de preferência alimentar foi conduzido utilizando a observação em três pontos: frequência de consumo, ingestão alimentar e razão da ingestão. O ensaio de digestibilidade foi realizado após 70 dias de tratamento. A avaliação clínica e metabólica ocorreu antes e ao final de 90 dias de fornecimento de cada uma das dietas, sendo que 60 dias antes do fornecimento de cada dieta foi realizado um período preparatório. Durante o período preparatório os animais receberam uma dieta constituída por ração canina e carne, para que ao início dos tratamentos ap... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aims of the study was to evaluate the dietary preference and the diets offered to the nine-banded armadillos kept under human care, emphasizing the action of the diets on the animal performance, as well as the use of the nutrients of each diet. Ten adult nine-banded armadillos (D. novemcinctus) were used for the evaluation of the food preference, being eight males and two females; and six adults nine-banded armadillos (D. novemcinctus), being five males and one female, for digestibility assay. and eight males adults nine-banded armadillos (D. novemcinctus) for clinical and metabolic evaluation. Food preference test, tested four diets that differed in their protein content and fruit inclusion in their composition. For the digestibility assay and clinical and metabolic evaluation were tested two diets with or without fruit inclusion in its composition. The food preference test was conducted using three-point observation: consumption frequency, food intake and intake ratio. The digestibility assay was performed after 70 days of treatment. Clinical and metabolic evaluation occurred before and the end of 90 days of supply of each diet, and 60 days before the supply of each diet a preparatory period was performed. During the preparatory period, the animals received a diet consisting of dog food and meat, so that at the beginning of the treatments presented similar body and metabolic conditions. The diet with the highest protein inclusion, obtained the highest preference in all ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as hyaluronan (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) are important, natural polysaccharides which occur in biological (connective) tissues and have various biotechnological and medical applications. Additionally, there is increasing evidence that chemically (over)sulfated GAGs possess promising properties and are useful as implant coatings. Unfortunately, a detailed characterization of these GAGs is challenging: although mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the most powerful tools to elucidate the structures of (poly)saccharides, MS is not applicable to high mass polysaccharides, but characteristic oligosaccharides are needed. These oligosaccharides are normally generated by enzymatic digestion. However, chemically modified (particularly sulfated) GAGs are extremely refractive to enzymatic digestion. This study focuses on the investigation of the digestibility of GAGs with different degrees of sulfation by bovine testicular hyaluronidase (BTH). It will be shown by using an adapted spectrophotometric assay that all investigated GAGs can be basically digested if the reaction conditions are carefully adjusted. However, the oligosaccharide yield correlates reciprocally with the number of sulfate residues per polymer repeating unit. Finally, matrix-laser desorption and ionization (MALDI) MS will be used to study the released oligosaccharides and their sulfation patterns.

Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar as farinhas de sangue representando as classes de processamento em tambor (FST), convencional (FSC) e atomização da fração celular do sangue (FCSA). As amostras das farinhas de sangue foram submetidas ao processo de extração e fracionamento da proteína para determinação do perfil do tamanho molecular, que foi comparado com o padrão obtido a partir de sangue bovino "in natura". Nas diferentes amostras foram realizadas análises da digestibilidade in vitro da proteína, submetidas ou não ao processo de desengorduramento, para avaliar a qualidade da proteína e efeito do método de análise. Foram utilizados juvenis de tilápia do Nilo com peso médio inicial de 100,0 5,0g, submetidos aos tratamentos, num delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e 10 peixes por unidade experimental. Foram feitas quatro rações, sendo uma sem a suplemetação de farinha de sangue, usada como ração controle (purificada), servindo como referência para determinação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes in vivo. As rações testes foram formuladas de maneira que cada uma das farinhas de sangue em estudo substituísse 30% da ração purificada. O processamento afetou a estrutura protéica original do sangue in natura em condições de alta temperatura e tempo prolongado, efeito traduzido pela alta proporção de peptídeos de baixo peso molecular e aminoácidos livres, correspondendo a baixos valores de digestibilidade da proteína da farinha de sangue em testes in vivo e in vitro. A FCSA e FST são eficientemente utilizadas pela tilápia-do-Nilo, sendo a FSC a proteína com valor biológico inferior ao das outras duas farinhas testadas. Dentre os aminoácidos, deve ser considerada a isoleucina como primeiro limitante na formulação de dietas para a tilápia-do-Nilo com o uso de farinha de sangue, seguida pela metionina+cistina, arginina e treonina... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: An experiment was conducted to evaluate three kinds of blood meal coming from different processing conditions, spray-dried bovine blood cells (SDBC), drum-dried blood meal (DDBM) and vat-dried blood meal (VDBM). Protein extraction and fractionation was done on each blood meal type to determine the molecular weight profile of the protein. These profiles were compared to a standard obtained from bovine blood "in natura". An "in vitro" digestibility analysis of the protein in the diets, with normal fat content or fat extracted, was carried out to evaluate the protein quality and the effect of the method used in the analysis. To determine the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of the blood meal nutrients "in vivo", Nile-tilapia juveniles, 100.00l5.0g/fish average weight, were held in 250 liters tanks that were randomly assigned to each experimental unit. Four replicates with 10 fish per experimental unit were used in a randomized block design. The ADC were determined using a reference diet (purified) with chromic oxide as indicator and the test diet that contained 70% reference diet, by weight, and 30% of the blood meal being evaluated. Results of this study show that protein structure of the blood "in natura" is affected by high temperature and length of time of processing, resulting in an increase in the amount of low molecular weight peptides, and free amino acids, corresponding to low values of blood meal protein digestibility, both in- vivo and in- vitro tests. SDBC and DDBM are efficiently used by the Nile-tilapia, indicating that VDBM has a lower protein value than those of the two other blood meal types. Isoleucine is the first limiting amino acid in diets that use blood meal as a source of proteins to feed Nile-tilapia, followed by methionine + cystine, arginine, and threonine, which are found in critical levels for this specie, mainly in the VDBM. / Orientador: Antonio Celso Pezzato / Coorientador: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato / Coorientador: Margarida Maria Barros / Banca: Wilson Massamitu Furuya / Banca: Osmar Ângelo Cantelmo / Banca: José Roberto Sartori / Banca: Dirlei Antonio Berto / Doutor

Thesis ( (M.Sc. Agriculture (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / A lack of energy and water in livestock production limit the performance of the animal. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of spineless cactus as a source of energy and water on feed intake, feed digestibility and milk production of Holstein cows. Cactus serves as fresh forage or stored as silage for later feeding in livestock. However, there is limited information about cactus nutrients, their proportions in different species and the variability of these proportions with season. A total of four multiparous lactating Holstein cows with an average of 650 ± 80kg live weight were used and assigned to four dietary treatments with four replicates. Each animal was used four times. A cross-over design was used. The four dietary treatments were 0%, 4%, 8% and 12% of spineless cactus meal inclusion levels. The study period was 21 days of adaptation period and 6 days of collection period. Higher digestibility and energy supply (P<0.05) were observed with spineless forage diets compared to the control diet. Inclusion of spineless in the diets improved (P<0.05) diet intake and milk production in Holstein cows. However, an improved performance in milk production was observed with spineless cactus meal inclusion levels of 4%, 8% and 12%. Amongst the diets, 0% inclusion level had lower dry matter intake of 22.7kg (P<0.05) compared to those which had spineless cactus meal. High dry matter intake resulted in higher (P<0.05) milk production of 22.7, 24.7, 23.4 and 23.8 litres for 0, 4, 8 and 12% spineless cactus meal inclusion levels, respectively. However, cows on 4% inclusion level had higher milk yield than the other diets. Milk quality (butter fat, protein, lactose, somatic cell count and milk nitrogen urea) of Holstein cows was not (P>0.05) affected by the level of spineless cactus meal inclusion in the diet. Dry matter intake, neutral detergent fibre intake, acid detergent fibre intake and metabolisble energy intake of the cows were optimized at different spineless cactus meal inclusion levels of 19.427% (r2 = 0.992), 16.375% (r2 = 0.974), 14.0% (r2 = 0.984) and 22.909% (r2 = 0.994), respectively. Spineless cactus meal inclusion had no effect (P>0.05) on ADF intake and crude protein intake. Apparent digestibility values (0.73, 0.76 and 0.76) were not significantly different at 4%, 8% and 12% of spineless cactus meal inclusion levels, respectively. v It is concluded that spineless cactus meal inclusion level in the diet affected (P<0.05) diet intake and milk production of the Holstein cows. However, these variables were optimized at different spineless cactus meal inclusion levels. It could be recommended that spineless cactus can fit perfectly in livestock rations with attention given to their low crude protein content. These opuntia species can be fed to livestock mainly cattle and sheep during any season but are needed the most during drought as supplements when forages are scarce or expensive to feed. It is, therefore, concluded that 8% of spineless cactus inclusion level can be used to maintain productivity of the animals. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

Two experiments were conducted with caged layer waste. In the first experiment fresh waste was treated with: no additive, 2% formaldehyde, 3% sodium metabisulfite, 1% formaldehyde and 2% propionic acid, 3% formic and 2% propionic acids and stored in polyethylene lined 208 liter metal drums. In experiment II waste treated with 2% formaldehyde, 1 % formaldehyde and 2% prop ionic, 3 % formic and 2% propionic (w/w), stored for at least 42 d, used in a metabolism trial as N supplements to a basal diet fed to sheep. The formaldehyde, formaldehyde/propionic and formic/propionic treatments eliminated the bacterial decomposition of the waste and no undesirable fermentation was observed on the stored material. Waste treated with no additive or sodium metabisulfite underwent putrefaction. Nitrogen supplementation of a basal diet with treated caged layer wastes improved apparent digestibility of crude protein and N retention in sheep fed these diets. Supplementation of a basal diet with chemically treated caged layer waste improves the nutritional value of the diet which suggests that caged layer waste is efficiently utilized as a N source by ruminants when used as a protein supplement. / Master of Science

[ES] El principal objetivo de esta tesis fue evaluar el valor nutritivo de la pulpa granulada de remolacha (PR) producida en diferentes zonas azucareras de España. Inicialmente se caracterizó la composición química de PR procedentes del norte y sur de España, cosechadas en invierno y verano, respectivamente. Se compararon la composición química y el contenido de ácidos grasos y aminoácidos de 12 muestras de PR, agrupadas según su procedencia. La composición de la materia seca (MS) de la PR, se caracteriza por un bajo contenido en proteína cruda (8.7%), dentro del 62% de la fibra neutro detergente (FND), pero rica en FND (39.4%) y fibra soluble en detergente neutro (45.7%), y bajo en grasa bruta (1.2%) y almidón (0.9%). El análisis de componentes principales (CP) de los principales principios inmediatos indicó que ya los dos primeros CP explican el 62% de la variabilidad en la composición de la PR. Los valores de los autovectores de los CP indicaron un importante peso del contenido en almidón y FND en el primer CP y del contenido en cenizas en el segundo CP. Posteriormente se determinó la digestibilidad de un pienso control con sustitución de 20% de PR de cinco orígenes distintos, y su posible efecto en el valor nutritivo de estas PR para conejos de engorde. Se utilizaron 90 conejos de 42 días de edad con 1.49 ± 0.208 kg de peso vivo, alojados en jaulas metabólicas individuales y con alimentación ad libitum. La digestibilidad de los componentes de los piensos se determinó por el método convencional in vivo de recolección fecal total. La digestibilidad de cada una de las pulpas de remolacha se determinó mediante el método de sustitución. No se apreció efecto de la sustitución de componentes del pienso control por el 20% de PR de diferentes procedencias en el consumo voluntario de los conejos. La inclusión de PR en las dietas aumentó la digestibilidad de materia seca (MS), materia orgánica, energía bruta y de todas las fracciones fibrosas, y disminuyó la digestibilidad de la proteína bruta. Respecto al efecto de la procedencia, se observaron diferencias significativas (P<0.05) en la digestibilidad de todas las fracciones fibrosas, siendo la PR recolectada en verano la de mayor digestibilidad. El origen de la PR también afectó su valor nutritivo, con valores de energía digestible entre 11.8 y 14.5 MJ/kg MS y de proteína digestible entre 38 y 66 g/kg MS. Finalmente, para evaluar el efecto del nivel de inclusión de pulpa de remolacha, con o sin melaza, sobre el rendimiento del crecimiento, se utilizaron un total de 470 conejos de 28 días de edad, con 612.2 ± 103.4 gr. de peso vivo. Los animales fueron asignados aleatoriamente a cinco tratamientos dietéticos: Control, sin pulpa de remolacha; PR20 y PR40, con 20 y 40% de pulpa de remolacha sin melaza, respectivamente; y PRM20 y PRM40, con 20 y 40% de pulpa de remolacha con melaza, respectivamente. El consumo diario de alimento (CDA) y la ganancia media diaria (GMD) se controlaron a los 28, 49 y 59 días de edad. También se determinaron las características de la canal y del tracto digestivo a los 59 días de edad. La mortalidad y la morbilidad fueron controladas diariamente. La mortalidad durante el período de crecimiento fue mayor en los grupos PRM que en los PR (+9.2%; P<0,05). A mayor inclusión de PR, con o sin melaza, menor CDA y GMD de los animales, así como el rendimiento a la canal, la proporción de hígado y el porcentaje de grasa disecable de sus canales. Sin embargo, la mejor eficiencia alimenticia durante los últimos 10 días se obtuvo con el grupo PRM40. Respecto a los parámetros digestivos, cuanto mayor fue la inclusión de pulpa de remolacha, con o sin melaza, mayor el peso del tracto gastrointestinal vacío y ciego. De hecho, una mayor inclusión de pulpa de remolacha disminuyó el pH y la materia seca, y disminuyó el contenido total de ácidos grasos volátiles del ciego, más rico en ácido acético, pero más pobre en propiónico, isobutirico, isovalérico y valérico. / [CA] L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi era avaluar el valor nutritiu de la polpa granulada de remolatxa (PR) produïda en diferents zones de sucre d'Espanya. La composició química de PR del nord i del sud d'Espanya, recol·lectada a l'hivern i l'estiu, respectivament. Es va comparar la composició química i el contingut d'àcids grassos i aminoàcids de 12 mostres de PR, agrupades segons el seu origen. La matèria seca (MS) del PR es caracteritza per un baix contingut de proteïna crua (8,7%), dins del 62% de la fibra detergent neutra (FND), però ric en FND (39,4%) i fibra soluble en detergent neutre (45,7%) i baix en greixos bruts (1,2%) i midó (0,9%). L'anàlisi principal de components (CP) dels principals principis immediats va indicar que els dos primers CP ja expliquen el 62% de la variabilitat en la composició del PR. Els valors autovector CP van indicar un pes important del contingut de midó i FND al primer CP i del contingut de cendra al segon CP. Posteriorment, la digestibilitat d'un aliment de control es va determinar amb una substitució del 20% de PR de cinc orígens diferents i el seu possible efecte sobre el valor nutritiu d'aquests PR per engreixar conills. Es van utilitzar conills de 90 42 dies amb 1,49 ± 0,208 kg de pes corporal, allotjats en gàbies metabòliques individuals i amb alimentació ad libitum. La digestibilitat dels components dels pinsos va ser determinada pel mètode in vivo convencional de recol·lecció fecal total. La digestibilitat de cadascuna de les púlps de remolatxa es va determinar mitjançant el mètode de substitució. No hi va haver cap efecte apreciat de substituir els components de l'alimentació de control per un 20% de PR de diferents fonts sobre el consum voluntari de conills. La inclusió de PR en dietes va augmentar la digestibilitat de la matèria seca (MS), la matèria orgànica, l'energia crua i totes les fraccions fibroses i va disminuir la digestibilitat de la proteïna crua. Pel que fa a l'efecte de l'origen, es van observar diferències significatives (P < 0,05) en la digestibilitat de totes les fraccions fibroses, i el PR recollit a l'estiu és el que té la màxima digestibilitat. L'origen del PR també va afectar el seu valor nutritiu, amb valors d'energia digeribles entre 11,8 i 14,5 MJ / kg MS i proteïna digestible entre 38 i 66 g / kg MS. Finalment, sobre el rendiment del creixement, es van utilitzar un total de 470 conills de 28 dies, amb 612,2 ± 103,4 gr. de pes viu. Els animals van ser assignats aleatòriament a cinc tractaments dietètics: control, sense polpa de remolatxa; PR20 i PR40, amb polpa de remolatxa 20 i 40% sense melassa, respectivament; i PRM20 i PRM40, amb polpa de remolatxa de melassa del 20 i del 40%, respectivament. El consum diari d'aliments (CDA) i el benefici mitjà diari (GMD) es van controlar als 28, 49 i 59 dies d'edat. També es van determinar les característiques del canal i del tracte digestiu als 59 dies d'edat. La mortalitat i la morbiditat es controlaven diàriament. La mortalitat durant el període de creixement va ser superior als grups PRM que a la PR (+ 9,2%; P < 0,05). Com més gran sigui la inclusió de PR, amb o sense melassa, el CDA inferior i el GMD dels animals, així com el rendiment al canal, la proporció de fetge i el percentatge de greixos dissecables als vostres canals. Tanmateix, la millor eficiència alimentària durant els darrers deu dies es va obtenir amb el grup PRM40. Pel que fa als paràmetres digestius, com més gran sigui la inclusió de la polpa de remolatxa, amb o sense melassa, més gran sigui el pes del tracte gastrointestinal buit i cec. De fet, una major inclusió de la polpa de remolatxa va disminuir el pH i la matèria seca i va disminuir el contingut total d'àcids grassos volàtils al cec, més ric en àcid acètic, però més pobre en propionic, isobutiric, isoval I valeric, independentment de la temporada, proporciona un alt contingut de fibra, soluble i insoluble, tot i que no és una font important de proteïnes, aminoàcids o àcids grassos. / [EN] The main objective of this thesis was to evaluate the nutritional value of granulated beet pulp (PR) produced in different sugar-growing areas of Spain. Initially the chemical composition of PR from the north and south of Spain, harvested in winter and summer, respectively, was characterized. The chemical composition and fatty acid and amino acid content of 12 PR samples, grouped according to their origin, were compared. The composition of the dry matter (DM) of the PR is characterized by a low crude protein content (8.7%), within 62% of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), but rich in NDF (39.4%) and fiber. soluble in neutral detergent (45.7%), and low in crude fat (1.2%) and starch (0.9%). The analysis of principal components (PC) of the main immediate principles indicated that the first two PCs already explain 62% of the variability in the composition of the PR. The values of the CP eigenvectors indicated an important weight of the starch and NDF content in the first CP and the ash content in the second CP. Subsequently, the digestibility of a control feed with 20% replacement of PR from five different origins was determined, and its possible effect on the nutritional value of these PR for fattening rabbits. Ninety 42-day-old rabbits with 1.49 ± 0.208 kg live weight were used, housed in individual metabolic cages and fed ad libitum. The digestibility of feed components was determined by the conventional in vivo method of total fecal collection. The digestibility of each of the beet pulps was determined using the substitution method. No effect was seen of replacing components of the control feed with 20% PR from different sources on the voluntary consumption of the rabbits. The inclusion of PR in the diets increased the digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter, gross energy and all fibrous fractions, and decreased the digestibility of crude protein. Regarding the effect of origin, significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in the digestibility of all fibrous fractions, with the PR collected in summer being the one with the highest digestibility. The origin of PR also affected its nutritional value, with digestible energy values between 11.8 and 14.5 MJ/kg DM and digestible protein between 38 and 66 g/kg DM. Finally, to evaluate the effect of the level of inclusion of beet pulp, with or without molasses, on growth performance, a total of 470 rabbits of 28 days of age were used, with 612.2 ± 103.4 gr. live weight. The animals were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments: Control, without beet pulp; PR20 and PR40, with 20 and 40% beet pulp without molasses, respectively; and PRM20 and PRM40, with 20 and 40% beet pulp with molasses, respectively. Daily feed intake (DAI) and average daily gain (ADG) were monitored at 28, 49 and 59 days of age. The characteristics of the carcass and digestive tract were also determined at 59 days of age. Mortality and morbidity were monitored daily. Mortality during the growth period was higher in the PRM than in the PR groups (+9.2%; P<0.05). The greater the inclusion of PR, with or without molasses, the lower the ADC and ADG of the animals, as well as the carcass yield, the proportion of liver and the percentage of dissectable fat in their carcasses. However, the best feed efficiency during the last 10 days was obtained with the PRM40 group. Regarding the digestive parameters, the greater the inclusion of beet pulp, with or without molasses, the greater the weight of the empty and blind gastrointestinal tract. In fact a greater inclusion of beet pulp decreased the pH and dry matter, and decreased the total content of volatile fatty acids of the caecum, richer in acetic acid, but poorer in propionic, isobutyric, isovaleric and valeric acids. Regarding the effect of the harvest season on the chemical characteristics of granulated sugar beet pulp, regardless of the season, it provides high fiber content, soluble and insoluble, although it is not an important source of protein / Arce Cabrera, ON. (2024). Utilización de pulpa granulada de remolacha en la alimentación de conejos en cebo [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/206201