In animals, the accepted model of carbohydrate digestion and absorption involves reduction of disaccharides into the simple sugars glucose, fructose and galactose. Previous studies have shown the presence of disaccharides maltose and trehalose in the blood of several crab species, the crayfish and the American lobster. In 2011, a gene for a distinct disaccharide sucrose transporter (SCRT) was first found in Drosophila melanogaster and characterized using a yeast expression system. The purpose of the current study was to identify and characterize a putative disaccharide transporter analog in crustaceans using the American lobster, Homarus americanus. Brush border membrane vesicles purified from the hepatopancreas were utilized. After identification of a sucrose transporter in the brush border membrane of the hepatopancreas, transport kinetics experiments were used to characterize it using 14C radio-labeled sucrose and a Millipore filter isolation technique. Lack of glycyl-sarcosine inhibition of sucrose uptake into vesicles indicated that the highly non-specific dipeptide transporter PEPT1 was not the functional transporter of sucrose. A more acidic pH of 4 was shown to drive sucrose transport in the absence of sodium. Sodium was then shown to also significantly stimulate sucrose uptake, which resulted in an overshoot at 1 minute over a hyperbolic potassium uptake curve, suggesting that both sodium and acidic pH were capable of driving disaccharide transport. Experiments that used a variety of monosaccharides and polysaccharides indicated that the disaccharides maltose and trehalose were the only sugars to significantly inhibit carrier-mediated sucrose transport (maltose P = 0.017, trehalose P = 0.023 using a one-way ANOVA) (Km = 0.1951 ± 0.0630 mM sucrose, Jmax = 0.5884 ± 0.0823 nmol/mg protein x 1 minute), suggesting specificity of the transporter. Sucrose in the presence of 20 mM maltose had a Km of 0.5847 ± 0.1782 mM sucrose (P = 0.030) and a Jmax of 0.6536 ± 0.1238 nmol/mg protein x 1 minute (P = 0.006). ANOVA P-values indicate the difference between the sucrose control curve and the maltose curve. The highly significant reduction between the Km values of the control sucrose curve and the maltose curve suggests competitive inhibition between the two sugars. These two disaccharides could utilize the same transporter, and are appropriate for the physiology of the animal in this case, as lobsters commonly digest glycogen and chitin, polymers of maltose and trehalose, respectively. These findings suggest there is a brush-border proton-, or sodium-dependent, hepatopancreatic carrier process, shared by sucrose, maltose, and trehalose, that may function to absorb disaccharides that occur from digestion of naturally-occurring dietary constituents.

Introdução: Os tratamentos para tumores gastrointestinais incluem procedimentos endoscópicos demorados e operações invasivas. Objetivo: Avaliação da exequibilidade e resultados da técnica de ressecção gástrica de todas as camadas da parede (FTEGR) realizada através de um grampeador linear introduzido por uma gastrostomia. Método: Foram estudados dez suínos. Primeiramente, realizou-se uma gastrostomia por punção através da qual se introduziu um trocarte laparoscópico. Suturas foram realizadas na parede gástrica, próximas à área de ressecção, para tracioná-la. Para realizar estas suturas uma câmara plástica foi acoplada à ponta distal do endoscópio, com a finalidade de aspirar a região desejada e introduzir uma agulha com um T-tag (dispositivo em \"T\") montado em um fio de nylon 2-0. Esta sutura com T-tag foi então tracionada em direção à boca do animal, formando uma tenda, incluindo todas as camadas da parede do estômago. Desacoplou-se a câmara plástica do endoscópio, o qual foi reintroduzido no estômago para se visualizar, orientar e auxiliar na ressecção. Um grampeador linear foi introduzido pela gastrostomia, colocado ao redor da base da tenda e então disparado. O espécime foi removido através da boca. O grampeador foi retirado, seguido pela retirada do trocarte. Finalmente, a gastrostomia foi fechada. Ao término do procedimento sete animais foram sacrificados e submetidos a laparotomia. Os demais três animais foram observados clinicamente por 4 semanas após o que realizou se uma endoscopia seguida da laparotomia. Resultados: FTEGR foi factível e todos os espécimes incluíram a serosa com fechamento completo da área ressecada. Foram ressecados espécimes com 8,0 cm (6-10 cm) de comprimento e 5,0 cm (4,2-6,2 cm) de largura, em média. O tempo médio dos procedimentos foi de 78 min (72-85 min.). Todos os procedimentos foram efetivos e não ocorreram complicações. Conclusão: A técnica de FTEGR em modelo suíno é exequível, não expõe a cavidade peritoneal e pode ser realizada sem complicações / Background: Treatments for gastrointestinal tumors include time-consuming endoscopic procedures and invasive surgeries. Aim: To evaluate the feasibility and results of a full-thickness endoscopic gastric resection technique (FTEGR) performed using a stapler inserted through a gastrostomy. Methods: Ten pigs were used. Firstly, a push gastrostomy was performed through which a laparoscopic trocar was inserted. Sutures were placed on the stomach wall near the resection area to hold on this area. To perform these sutures plastic chamber was assembled at the distal tip of the endoscope to aspirate the aimed region and insert a needle with an assembled T-tag mounted with a 2-0 nylon thread. This T-tag stitch was then pulled toward the animal\'s mouth to form a tent including all stomach\'s layers. The plastic chamber was then disengaged from the endoscope, which was reintroduced into the stomach to visualize, guide and aid in resection. A linear stapler was inserted through the gastrostomy, placed around the base of the tent and then utilized. The specimen was removed through the mouth. The stapler was withdrawn, followed by the withdrawal of the trocar. Finally, the gastrostomy was closed. At the end of the procedure seven animals were sacrificed and submitted to laparotomy. The other three animals were observed clinically for 4 weeks after and then it was performed an endoscopy followed by euthanasia and a laparotomy. Results: FTEGR was possible and all specimens included the serosa with complete closure of the resected area. Samples 8.0 cm (6-10 cm) long and 5.0 cm (4.2-6.2 cm) wide were resected on average. The mean time to perform FTEGR was 78 min (72-85). All procedures were feasible and there were no complications. Conclusion: The FTEGR technique in pig model is feasible, it does not expose the peritoneal cavity to the contamination and can be performed without complications

Objetivo: Investigar a deglutição em indivíduos com a Síndrome Richieri Costa-Pereira (SRCP), com o propósito de verificar a presença sintomas de disfagia por parte dos cuidadores e paciente, bem como sinais de disfagia. Casuística e Método: Estudo retrospectivo e prospectivo, no qual foram avaliados 19 indivíduos com a SRCP, entre 26 dias e 30 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos. Foram levantados sintomas de disfagia por meio de entrevista, bem como análise de prontuários, seguida de avaliação clínica e instrumental da deglutição (videoendoscopia da deglutição - VED) para investigar os sinais de disfagia. A deglutição foi classificada de acordo com a Functional Oral Intake Scale - FOIS e a Escala de Comprometimento Funcional da Deglutição - ECFD. Resultados: Todos os indivíduos maiores de 4 anos (n=12) se alimentavam por via oral exclusiva (VO), sem restrições (FOIS nível 7), assim realizaram única avaliação, apesar de constatada a presença de sinais de comprometimento da deglutição em 8 casos na ECFD. Os indivíduos menores de 3 meses de idade (n=7), com alimentação exclusiva por sonda alimentadora na primeira avaliação (FOIS nível 1), foram acompanhados por apresentarem sintomas e sinais de disfagia detectados nas avaliações clínica e instrumental. Ao longo do estudo, foi verificado o desenvolvimento de mecanismo de proteção das vias aéreas com melhora da deglutição, sendo que 4 casos passaram a se alimentar exclusivamente por VO na última avaliação. Conclusão: Sintomas de disfagia, principalmente na população infantil, estão presentes, assim como sinais de disfagia, em diferentes graus, durante toda a evolução do tratamento, mesmo na ausência de sintomas; os indivíduos com a SRCP desenvolveram mecanismo de proteção das vias aéreas realizando a deglutição de maneira adaptada e estabelecendo assim condições para a alimentação por via oral exclusiva. / Objective: To investigate swallowing in individuals with Richieri Costa-Pereira syndrome (RCPS), in order to verify the presence of dysphagia symptoms by caregivers and patients, as well as dysphagia signs. Methods: A retrospective and prospective study in which 19 subjects with RCPS, aged 26 days - 30 years, both genders, were evaluated. Data from dysphagia symptoms were collected through interviews and records analysis, followed by clinical and instrumental swallowing evaluation (Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing FEES) to investigate dysphagia signs. Swallowing was classified according to the Functional Oral Intake Scale - FOIS and Swallowing Functional Impairment Scale - SFIS. Results: A single assessment was performed in all subjects older than 4 years (n=12). They were exclusively oral fed without restrictions (FOIS level 7) although impaired swallowing signs were observed in 8 cases on the ECFD. Individuals younger than 3 months (n=7), were exclusively tube fed in the first evaluation (FOIS level 1), and were followed up for presenting dysphagia symptoms and signs detected in clinical and instrumental evaluation. The development of airway protection mechanism with swallowing improvement was verified during the study, and 4 cases (n=7) were exclusively oral fed in the last assessment. Conclusion: Dysphagia symptoms are present especially in children as well as dysphagia signs, which may vary in degrees, even when no symptoms are reported throughout treatment evolution. Individuals with RCPS developed protective airways mechanism performing adapted swallowing and thereby establishing conditions for exclusively oral feeding.

Objetivo: Avaliar o prognóstico clínico do transplante multivisceral (TMV) na vigência de trombose difusa do sistema porto-mesentérico. Introdução. O transplante hepático (TH) na vigência de cirrose e trombose difusa do sistema porto-mesentérico é controverso e muitas vezes contraindicado em muitos centros de transplante hepático. O transplante hepático utilizando técnicas alternativas como a hemitransposição portocava falha na eliminação de complicações provenientes da hipertensão portal. O TMV substitui o fígado e todo o sistema venoso porto-mesentérico. Métodos: Uma base de dados de pacientes submetidos a transplante intestinal foi mantida com análise prospectiva de resultados. O diagnóstico de trombose difusa do sistema porto-mesentérico foi estabelecido através de tomografia abdominal em fases arterial e venosa, ou por ressonância magnética com reconstrução venosa. Resultados: Vinte e cinco pacientes com trombose de porta, estádio IV, foram submetidos ao TMV. Onze pacientes receberam transplante renal concomitante. Rejeição aguda confirmada por biópsia foi notada em cinco pacientes, que foram tratados com sucesso. Com um seguimento médio de 2,8 anos, a sobrevida de enxertos e pacientes foi de 80%, 72% e 72%, respectivamente. Até a presente data, todos os sobreviventes estão com boa função de enxerto e sem nenhum sintoma ou evidência de hipertensão portal. Conclusão: O TMV deve ser considerado como opção para o tratamento de pacientes com trombose portomesentérica difusa. O transplante multivisceral é o único procedimento que reverte completamente a hipertensão portal e a doença de base com uma sobrevida superior ao TH com reconstruções vasculares alternativas / Objective: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of multivisceral transplantation (MVT) in the setting of diffuse thrombosis of the portomesenteric venous system. Background: Liver transplantation (LT) in the face of cirrhosis and diffuse portomesenteric thrombosis (DPMT) is controversial and contraindicated in many transplant centers. LT using alternative techniques such as portocaval hemitransposition fails to eliminate complications of portal hypertension. MVT replaces the liver and the thrombosed portomesenteric system. Methods: A database of intestinal transplant patients was maintained with prospective analysis of outcomes. The diagnosis of diffuse PMT was established with dual-phase abdominal computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging with venous reconstruction. Results: Twentyfive patients with grade IV DPMT received 25 MVT. Eleven patients underwent simultaneous cadaveric kidney transplantation. Biopsy proven acute cellular rejection was noted in 5 recipients, which was treated successfully. With a median follow-up of 2.8 years, patient and graft survival were 80%, 72%, and 72% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. To date, all survivors have good graft function without any signs of residual/recurrent features of portal hypertension. Conclusions: MVT can be considered as an option for the treatment of patients with diffuse DPMT. MVT is the only procedure that completely reverses portal hypertension and addresses the primary disease, while achieving superior survival results in comparison to the alternative vascular reconstructions

Introdução: O câncer de esôfago (CaE) ocorre em 22% dos casos como doença local, e a minoria dessa doença é limitada à mucosa ou à submucosa (lesões precoces). Ressecção endoscópica da mucosa (EMR), dissecção submucosa endoscópica (ESD), terapia fotodinâmica (PDT), terapia a laser e coagulação com plasma de argônio (APC) têm sido desenvolvidas como alternativas à ressecção cirúrgica de lesões precoces. Objetivos: Identificar, por meio de revisão sistemática, estudos que reportem sobrevida, sobrevida livre de doença, morbidade e mortalidade associada ao procedimento e mortalidade associada ao câncer em terapias endoscópicas e cirúrgicas no câncer de esôfago limitado à mucosa ou à submucosa (lesões precoces). Fontes de dados: Uma revisão sistemática de artigos em MEDLINE, Registro Cochrane de Ensaios Clínicos Controlados, EMBASE, EBSCO, LILACS, Biblioteca da Universidade de São Paulo e em sites de pesquisa, como BVS e SCOPE ScienceDirect. Seleção do estudo: Ensaio Controlado Aleatório, Ensaio Clínico Controlado, Ensaio Clínico e Estudos de Coorte. Critérios de seleção: Estudos que comparam estatisticamente a sobrevida e a sobrevida livre de doença, a morbidade e a mortalidade associada ao procedimento e a mortalidade associada ao câncer no tratamento endoscópico e cirúrgico para lesões precoces do câncer de esôfago. Extração de dados: Extração independente de dados de artigos por dois autores, incluindo os indicadores de qualidade dos estudos. Na busca, não foi encontrado nenhum tipo de ensaio clínico; portanto, extraímos apenas estudos comparativos retrospectivos e os resultados extraídos forma analisados estatisticamente. Limitação: Apenas estudos prospectivos, comparando as terapias endoscópicas e cirúrgicas, bem como as terapias reportadas com heterogeneidade. Resultados: Em estudos comparando as terapias cirúrgica e endoscópica na mortalidade relacionada ao procedimento, a diferença não foi significativa; nas taxas de sobrevivência após 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 anos, foram diferentes e mostraram superioridade da cirurgia ao longo do tempo, estas foram aparentemente influenciadas por vieses na população. Ao suprimir esse viés, a endoscopia é superior no controle da mortalidade relacionada ao câncer com alta taxa de recidiva da doença. Em relação à comorbidade e à mortalidade associada ao procedimento, a endoscopia apresenta melhores resultados. Conclusões e implicações: Não existem evidências reportadas de ensaios clínicos. Nesta metanálise, as terapias cirúrgicas mostraram superioridade na sobrevida, e as terapias endoscópicas apresentaram superioridade no controle da mortalidade relacionada ao câncer, mas com alta taxa de recorrência da doença, a comorbidade e a mortalidade associadas à endoscopia é menor. Ensaios controlados com volume amostral expressivo são necessários para confirmar os resultados da metanálise atual. Número de registro de revisão sistemática: CRD42014013170 / Esophageal cancer occurs in 22% of cases as a local disease, and a minority of this disease is limited to mucosa or submucosa (early lesions). Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), photodynamic therapy (PDT), laser therapy, and argon plasma coagulation (APC) have been developed as alternatives to surgical resection for early lesions. Objectives: The aim of this systematic review is to identify studies that statistically compare survival, disease-free survival, morbidity and mortality associated with the procedure, and mortality associated to cancer in the endoscopic and surgical therapies. Data sources: A systematic review of English and non-English articles using MEDLINE and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, EMBASE, EBSCO, LILACS, Library University of São Paulo, Research websites BVS and SCOPE ScienceDirect. Study selection: Randomized Controlled Trial, Controlled Clinical Trial, Clinical Trial and Cohort Study. Criteria: Studies that statistically compare survival, disease-free survival, morbidity and mortality associated with the procedure, and mortality associated to cancer in the endoscopic and surgical therapies for early lesions of esophageal cancer. Data extraction: Independent extraction of articles by two authors using predefined data fields, including study quality indicators. In the search, I did not find any type of clinical trial; therefore, I extracted only retrospective comparative studies and analyzed statistically the results extracted. Limitation: Only prospective studies comparing the endoscopy and surgery therapies with heterogeneity. Results: Studies comparing surgical and endoscopic therapies showed in the procedure-related mortality, the difference was not significant; in the survival rates after 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years were different and showed superiority of surgical therapies over time, these were apparently influenced by biases in selection of population, when this bias is removed, endoscopy is superior in control of mortality related to cancer with a high rate of disease recurrence; in regard to comorbidity and mortality associated with the procedure, endoscopy is superior. Conclusions and implications: There is no evidence from clinical trials. In these meta-analyses, surgical therapies showed superiority in survival, and endoscopic therapies showed superiority in control of mortality related to cancer with a high rate of disease recurrence; also, comorbidity and mortality associated with endoscopy are superior. Prospective, controlled trials with large sample sizes are required to confirm the results of this current meta-analysis. Systematic review registration number: CRD42014013170

INTRODUÇÃO: A recidiva de varizes é frequente após tratamento endoscópico com ligadura elástica para a profilaxia secundária de hemorragia por rotura de varizes esofágicas em pacientes com doença hepática crônica avançada. Alguns estudos relacionaram tanto recidiva quanto ressangramento de varizes com características ecoendoscópicas de vasos paraesofágicos. OBJETIVO: Relacionar avaliações ecoendoscópicas de varizes paraesofágicas, veia ázigos e ducto torácico com recidiva de varizes após erradicação com ligadura elástica em pacientes com doença hepática crônica avançada através de estudo prospectivo e observacional. MÉTODOS: A análise ecoendoscópica foi realizada antes da terapia com ligadura elástica e 1 mês após a erradicação endoscópica das varizes. Os diâmetros máximos das varizes paraesofágicas, da veia ázigos e do ducto torácico foram avaliados em localizações ecoendoscópicas prédeterminadas. Após a erradicação das varizes, os pacientes foram submetidos a endoscopias a cada 3 meses durante o período de 1 ano. Foi verificado se alguma das características ecoendoscópicas analisadas poderia predizer a recidiva das varizes. RESULTADOS: Um total de 30 pacientes completou o protocolo de seguimento por 1 ano. Dezessete (57%) pacientes apresentaram recidiva de varizes. Não houve relação entre os diâmetros máximos da veia ázigos e do ducto torácico com a recidiva de varizes. O diâmetro máximo de varizes paraesofágicas foi fator preditivo para recidiva de varizes em ambos os períodos avaliados. Os diâmetros das varizes paraesofágicas que melhor se relacionaram com recidiva de varizes foram 6,3 mm antes da ligadura elástica (sensibilidade de 52,9%, especificidade de 92,3% e área sob a curva ROC de 0,749) e 4 mm após a ligadura elástica (70,6% de sensibilidade, 84,6% de especificidade e área sob a curva ROC de 0,801). CONCLUSÃO: A medida ecoendoscópica do diâmetro das varizes paraesofágicas pode predizer a recidiva das varizes esofágicas no primeiro ano após a erradicação com ligadura elástica. O diâmetro de varizes paraesofágicas após a ligadura elástica é o melhor fator preditivo, pois apresenta menor valor de corte, maior sensibilidade e maior área sob a curva ROC / INTRODUCTION: Variceal recurrence after endoscopic band ligation for secondary prophylaxis is a frequent event. Some studies have reported a correlation between variceal recurrence and variceal re-bleeding with the endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) features of para-esophageal vessels. OBJECTIVE: A prospective observational study was conducted to correlate EUS evaluation of para-esophageal varices, azygos vein and thoracic duct with variceal recurrence after endoscopic band ligation variceal eradication in patients with in advanced chronic hepatic disease. METHODS: EUS was performed before and 1 month after endoscopic band ligation variceal eradication. Para-esophageal varices, azygos vein and thoracic duct maximum diameters were evaluated in pre-determined anatomic stations. After endoscopic band ligation variceal eradication, patients were submitted to endoscopic examinations every 3 months for 1 year. We looked for EUS features that could predict variceal recurrence. RESULTS: A total of 30 patients completed 1-year endoscopic follow-up. Seventeen (57%) patients presented variceal recurrence. There was no correlation between azygos vein and thoracic duct diameters with variceal recurrence. The maximum diameter of para-esophageal varices predicted variceal recurrence in both evaluation periods. Para-esophageal varices diameters that best correlated with variceal recurrence were 6.3 mm before endoscopic band ligation (52.9% sensitivity, 92.3% specificity, and 0.749 area under ROC curve); and 4 mm after endoscopic band ligation (70.6% sensitivity, 84.6% specificity, and 0.801 area under ROC curve). CONCLUSION: We conclude that paraesophageal varices diameter measured by EUS predicts variceal recurrence within one year after endoscopic band ligation variceal eradication. Paraesophageal diameter after variceal eradication is a better recurrence predictor, because it has lower cut-off parameter, higher sensitivity and higher area under the ROC curve

Introdução: o uso da videolaparoscopia na doença de Crohn (DC) teve seu início nos anos 90, com ressalvas à possível dificuldade técnica que a DC complexa ou recorrente poderia impor à sua realização. Diversos estudos ao longo das décadas de 90 e 2000 mostraram ser a mesma factível, quando comparada à laparoscopia para DC primária, além de demonstrarem maior benefício da laparoscopia comparada à cirurgia aberta/convencional nos casos de DC recorrente. Entretanto, não houve estudos sobre resultados cirúrgicos após repetidas ressecções laparoscópicas. Objetivo: avaliar resultados pós-operatórios em curto prazo no tratamento da DC, comparando pacientes submetidos a uma segunda ressecção intestinal laparoscópica e pacientes sem cirurgia prévia. Além disso, comparar os mesmos resultados pós-operatórios entre pacientes submetidos a uma segunda ressecção intestinal laparoscópica e pacientes sendo submetidos a laparoscopia para DC e história prévia de ressecção intestinal prévia por laparotomia. Materiais e métodos: foi realizado análise retrospectiva a partir de base de dados mantida prospectivamente de pacientes submetidos a laparoscopia para tratamento da DC no Hospital Beaujon, França, entre 2005 e 2010. Os desfechos analisados foram: conversão para cirurgia aberta, tempo operatório, taxa de enterotomias inadvertidas no intra-operatório, morbidade, necessidade de reintervenção (cirúrgica ou radiológica) e tempo total de hospitalização. Resultados: foram analisados 18 pacientes com laparoscopia prévia (grupo A), 90 pacientes sem cirurgia prévia (grupo B) e 26 pacientes com laparotomia prévia (grupo C). Em nossa análise principal, comparando os grupos A e B, vemos grupos semelhantes em relação a dados demográficos, exceto maior número de casos complexos no grupo A (83,3 vs 46,7%; p=0,005) e tipo de operação realizada (p < 0,001). Quanto aos resultados, apenas o tempo operatório foi significativamente mais longo no grupo A (180 minutos vs. 150 minutos; p=0,013). A taxa de conversão, enterotomia inadvertida, morbidade, necessidade de reintervenção e tempo de hospitalização foram similares entre os grupos. Em nossa segunda análise, entre os grupos A e C, não houve diferença significativa quanto aos mesmos resultados analisados. Conclusão: apesar de um maior tempo operatório, uma segunda ressecção laparoscópica mantém os mesmos benefícios vistos em uma ressecção intestinal laparoscópica primária. Os mesmos benefícios são vistos quando os resultados são comparados com pacientes submetidos previamente a uma ressecção intestinal por laparotomia, em especial quando nas mãos de equipe experiente / Introduction: the use of laparoscopy in Crohn\'s disease (CD) had its beginning in the 90s, despite the possible challenge of technical difficulty that the complex or recurrent CD could impose to its realization. Numerous studies over the decades of 90 and 2000 showed laparoscopy in recurrent CD to be feasible compared to laparoscopy for primary CD, and have also shown the benefits of laparoscopic compared to open conventional surgery in patients with recurrent CD. However, there were no studies on surgical outcomes after repeated laparoscopic resections. Objective: 1. to evaluate postoperative short-term results regarding surgical treatment of CD, comparing patients who underwent a second laparoscopic bowel resection and patients without prior surgery. 2. to compare the same postoperative results among patients who underwent a second laparoscopic bowel resection patients and patients undergoing laparoscopic resection with history of prior intestinal resection by laparotomy. Materials and methods: a retrospective analysis from prospectively maintained database of patients undergoing laparoscopy for treatment of CD in Hospital Beaujon, France, between 2005 and 2010, was performed. The outcomes analyzed were: conversion to open surgery, operative time, intraoperative inadvertent enterotomy, morbidity, need for re-intervention (surgical or radiological) and length of hospitalization. Results: 18 patients with previous laparoscopy (group A), 90 patients without previous surgery (group B) and 26 patients with previous laparotomy (group C) were included. In our main analysis, comparing the groups A and B, groups were similar in respect to demographic data, except number of complex cases in group A (83.3 vs 46.7%; p = 0.005) and type of surgery performed (p < 0.001). As for the results, operative time was significantly longer in group A (180 minutes vs. 150 minutes; p = 0.013). Conversion rate, inadvertent enterotomy, morbidity, need for re-intervention and hospital stay were similar between groups. In our second analysis, between groups A and C, there was no significant difference between groups regarding the same variables. Conclusion. In spite of a longer operative time, a second laparoscopic resection guarantees the same benefits seen in a primary laparoscopic bowel resection. The same benefits are kept compared to patients who underwent prior bowel resection by laparotomy, especially when in the hands of experienced staff

Submitted by Fabíola Silva (fabiola.silva@famerp.br) on 2016-09-15T14:48:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 robertoluizkaiserjr_tese.pdf: 4752393 bytes, checksum: ce4cfccd0a448075485500eb792cb826 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-15T14:48:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 robertoluizkaiserjr_tese.pdf: 4752393 bytes, checksum: ce4cfccd0a448075485500eb792cb826 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-06 / Introduction: Fecal incontinence is defined as the recurrent uncontrolled passage of stool for at least 1 month's duration in an individual with a age of at least 4 years. If conservative management fails or surgical intervention is not indicated, biofeedback therapy may be considered. Objective: To assess the influence of sphincter defect in the response to biofeedback in patients with fecal incontinence, considering manometry, electromyography and incontinence score. Patients and Methods: A total of 242 patients with fecal incontinence (mean age: 70.5 ± 14.0 years; range 10 to 100 years) underwent biofeedback were studied. Patients were evaluated using anorectal physiology tests and Cleveland Clinic Florida Fecal Incontinence score (CCF-FI) before and after biofeedback. Manometry including resting and squeeze pressures was performed before biofeedback. Electromyographic activity at resting and squeeze before and after biofeedback was recorded. Defects in the internal and external anal sphincters were detected by endoanal ultrasound. Results of physiologic tests and CCF-FI score before and after biofeedback were compared with one-sample t test (or Wilcoxon test as appropriate). A two independent sample t test (or Kruskal-Wallis test as appropriate) was used for comparison between groups with and without defect. Results: Among the 242 patients with fecal incontinence, 143(59.1%) underwent ultrasonography whose anatomical alterations in the sphincter were detected in 43(30.1%) individuals. Before biofeedback, there was no significant difference between resting and squeeze pressures in patients with and without sphincter defect. Electromyography before and after biofeedback in patients with and without sphincter defect showed no significant difference. Of the 66 individuals who responded to CCF-FI score before biofeedback, there was decrease in 45(68.2%), no alteration in 18(27.3%) and increase in 3(4.5%). Comparison between score before and after biofeedback of individuals with and without sphincter defect revealed no significant difference. After mean time of 6.1 years, of the 54 patients who responded to CCF-FI, 31(57.4%) reduced the score, 4(7.4%) remained unaltered and 19(35.2%) increased. Before and after this mean time, fecal incontinence score of patients with and without sphincter defect demonstrated a significant difference (P = 0.021) and the score in patients with defect was higher than those with no defect. Conclusions: Sphincter defect did not influenced in the response to biofeedback in patients with fecal incontinence. Manometry before biofeedback revealed that individuals with and without sphincter defect showed sufficient muscle conditions for indication of this therapy. Increase of electromyographic activity at squeeze after biofeedback indicated a satisfactory response of the sphincter musculature, independent of the presence or absence of defect. Regarding fecal incontinence score, there was a clinical improvement in most patients both immediately after biofeedback as after mean time of 6.1 years. Presence or absence of sphincter defect did not alter significantly the clinical outcome following biofeedback, however after 6.1 years better results were obtained in those with no defect. / Introdução: Incontinência fecal é definida como perda recorrente e incontrolável de material fecal por pelo menos 1 mês em um indivíduo com no mínimo 4 anos de idade. Se o tratamento conservador falha ou a correção cirúrgica não é indicada, o biofeedback pode ser opção viável. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência do defeito esfincteriano na resposta ao biofeedback em pacientes com incontinência fecal, considerando-se aspectos manométricos, eletromiográficos e referentes ao grau de incontinência. Casuística e Método: Foram estudados 242 pacientes com incontinência fecal, cuja idade variou de 10 a 100 anos (70,5 ± 14,0 anos), submetidos ao biofeedback. Pacientes foram avaliados segundo testes de fisiologia anorretal e escore de incontinência fecal (CCF-IF) antes e após biofeedback. Na manometria anorretal foram mensuradas pressões de repouso e contração antes do biofeedback. Na eletroneuromiografia anal foi medida atividade elétrica nas fases repouso e contração antes e após biofeedback. Defeitos nos esfíncteres interno e externo foram detectados por meio de ultrassonografia endoanal. Para comparação dos resultados dos testes fisiológicos e escore CCF-IF antes e após biofeedback foram utilizados testes t uniamostral ou Wilcoxon. Nas comparações entre grupos com e sem defeito foram aplicados testes t para duas amostras independentes ou Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: Do total de 242 pacientes com incontinência fecal, 143(59,1%) realizaram ultrassonografia, sendo detectadas alterações no esfíncter em 43(30,1%). Não houve diferença significativa entre valores da pressão em repouso e contração em pacientes com e sem defeito esfincteriano antes do biofeedback. Na eletromiografia o resultado da comparação antes e após biofeedback em pacientes com e sem defeito esfincteriano não foi significativo. Dos 66 pacientes que responderam ao escore CCF-IF antes do biofeedback, 45(68,2%) reduziram o escore, 18(27,3%) permaneceram inalterados e 3(4,5%) aumentaram. Comparando-se esse escore antes e após biofeedback de pacientes com e sem defeito esfincteriano, não houve diferença significativa. Após tempo médio de 6,1 anos, dos 54 pacientes que responderam ao CCF-IF, 31(57,4%) reduziram o escore, 4(7,4%) permaneceram inalterados e 19(35,2%) aumentaram. Analisando escore antes e após esse tempo médio de pacientes com e sem defeito esfincteriano, a diferença foi significativa (P = 0,021), sendo o escore em pacientes com defeito maior em relação àqueles sem defeito. Conclusões: Não houve influência do defeito esfincteriano na resposta ao BF em pacientes com incontinência fecal. Achados manométricos antes do biofeedback revelaram que pacientes com e sem defeito esfincteriano apresentaram condições musculares suficientes para indicação desse tipo de tratamento. Na eletromiografia o aumento da atividade elétrica na fase de contração após biofeedback indicou resposta satisfatória da musculatura esfincteriana, independente da presença ou ausência de defeito esfincteriano. Na avaliação do grau de incontinência fecal, houve melhora clínica na maioria dos pacientes tanto imediatamente após biofeedback como após tempo médio de 6,1 anos. Presença ou não de defeito esfincteriano não alterou significativamente a melhora clínica após biofeedback, porém após 6,1 anos resultados melhores foram obtidos naqueles sem defeito esfincteriano.

Weaning is one of the most critical periods in pig production due to a high susceptibility to gut disorders and infections induced by psychological, social, environmental and dietary stresses interfering with gut development and adaptation. This period was managed for decades by incorporating antibiotics in the diet. However, the European Union implemented a full ban on in-feed antibiotics since 1 January 2006. In this context, many alternatives are studied. We chose to study bovine colostrum for its richness in essential nutrients but also in bioactive peptides known for their growth promoting and antimicrobial properties in the calf but also in other species (poultry, pig, human). It was also selected for its high disponibility (Banque de colostrum, CER, Marloie, Belgium). The objective of this thesis is to investigate the potential of the use of bovine colostrum in the newly-weaned piglet diet and its mechanism of action. This thesis is composed of two parts : In the first part, the effects of bovine colostrum on growth performances, feed intake and physiological parameters were studied in two experiments. In the first experiment, 24 newly weaned piglets were fed daily a diet supplemented with 0, 1 or 5 g of defatted bovine colostrum. Our measures on the immune system showed that bovine colostrum could influence the development of the IgA response by potentiating a Th2 response in the ileal Peyer patch. In the digestive tract, no effects were shown on the morphology of the intestinal wall but a local anti-colostral immunisation was observed. In a second experiment, we demonstrated the efficiency of a 2 % bovine colostrum whey supplementation in weaning piglet diet to reduce the post-weaning growth check and undernutrition. The blood parameters showed a systemic IgA response, confirming previous results, and a higher IGF-I level in the colostrum-fed piglets the first week post-weaning. No effects on the faecal E. coli population were recorded. In the second part of this thesis, different ways to make the use of bovine colostrum more cost-effective for pig production were studied. It was shown that it was possible to maintain the same efficiency while reducing the dose of supplementation from 2 to 1 % and the period of administration from 28 to 10 days and replacing bovine colostrum whey by defatted bovine colostrum, a product 50 % less expensive to produce. Le sevrage est une des périodes les plus critiques en production porcine à cause d'une plus forte sensibilité des animaux aux problèmes intestinaux et aux infections suite aux stress psychologique, social, environnemental et alimentaire interférant avec le développement du tube digestif. Cette période délicate a été maîtrisée durant des décennies par l'incorporation d'antibiotiques dans l'aliment. Cependant, depuis le 1er Janvier 2006, cette pratique est totalement interdite dans l'Union Européenne. Dans ce contexte, de nombreuses alternatives sont étudiées. Nous avons choisi le colostrum bovin pour sa richesse en éléments essentiels et surtout en peptides bioactifs connus pour leurs propriétés promotrices de croissance et antimicrobiennes chez le bovin mais également chez d'autres espèces (poulet, porc, homme). Il a également été retenu pour sa grande disponibilité (banque de colostrum, CER, Marloie, Belgique). L'objectif de cette thèse est d'évaluer l'intérêt d'utiliser du colostrum bovin dans l'alimentation du porcelet au sevrage et d'étudier son mécanisme d'action. La thèse se compose de deux parties : Dans la première partie, les effets d'une supplémentation en colostrum bovin sur les performances, l'ingestion et certains paramètres physiologiques ont été étudiés au cours de deux expériences. Au cours d'une première expérience, un aliment supplémenté quotidiennement avec 0, 1 ou 5 g de colostrum bovin dégraissé a été testé. Au niveau immunitaire, nos mesures ont montré une influence du colostrum bovin sur le développement de la réponse en IgA en induisant une réponse de type Th2 au niveau de la plaque de Peyer iléale. Dans le tube digestif, aucun effet n'a été observé sur la morphologie de la paroi intestinale, mais une immunisation locale anti-colostrale a été mise en évidence. Une seconde expérience a démontré l'efficacité d'une supplémentation de 2 % de sérum de colostrum dans l'aliment pour réduire la perte de poids et la sous-alimentation provoquées par le sevrage. Les paramètres sanguins ont montré une augmentation des IgA, confirmant nos résultats précédents, et un taux en IGF-I plus important chez les porcelets recevant le colostrum. Par contre, aucun effet n'a été observé sur la population d'E. Coli fécale. Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, différents moyens de réduire le coût de la supplémentation en colostrum bovin ont été étudiés. Il a été démontré qu'il était possible de maintenir l'efficacité du colostrum tout en réduisant la dose (de 2 % à 1 %) et la durée de supplémentation (de 28 à 10 jours) et en remplaçant le sérum de colostrum par du colostrum dégraissé, un produit 50 % moins cher.

5-Aminolevulinic acid synthase-1 (ALAS-1) is the first and normally rate-controlling enzyme for hepatic heme biosynthesis. ALAS-1 is highly inducible, especially in liver, in response to changes in nutritional status, and to drugs that induce cytochrome P-450. The critical biochemical abnormality of the acute porphyrias, a group of disorders of heme synthesis, is an uncontrolled up-regulation of ALAS-1. High intakes of glucose or other metabolizable sugars and intravenous heme are the cornerstones of therapy for acute attacks of porphyrias and both repress the over-expression ALAS-1, although their mechanisms of action have not been fully characterized. In this work, the chick hepatoma cell line, LMH, was characterized with respect to its usefulness in studies of heme biosynthesis and compared with chick embryo liver cells (CELCs), a widely used model for studies of heme metabolism. The inducibility of ALAS-1 mRNA and enzyme activity and accumulation of porphyrins by chemicals were used to evaluate heme biosynthesis in LMH cells. Repression of ALAS-1 mRNA and induced activity by exogenous heme (20 μM) was shown to occur in LMH cells as in CELCs. In addition, a synergistic induction of ALAS-1 enzyme activity was observed in LMH cells, as shown previously in CELCs, by treatment with a barbiturate-like chemical, Glutethimide (Glut), in combination with an inhibitor of heme synthesis, 4,6-dioxoheptanoic acid (DHA). This induction of ALAS-1 enzyme activity is analogous to what occurs in patients with acute hepatic porphyrias and LMH cells were used to further characterize effects of Glut, DHA, glucose, and heme on ALAS-1. A "glucose effect" to decrease Glut and DHA-induced ALAS-1 enzyme activity was obtained in LMH cells and CELCs in the absence of serum or hormones. This "glucose effect" was further characterized in LMH cells using a construct containing approximately 9.1 kb of chick ALAS-1 5'- flanking and 5' -UTR region attached to a luciferase/reporter gene (pGcALAS9.1-Luc). Glut (50 μM) and DHA (250 μM) synergistically induced luciferase activity (5-fold) in LMH cells transiently transfected with pGcALAS9.l-Luc. Addition of glucose (11 or 33 mM), in a dose-dependent manner, decreased the Glut+DHA up-regulation of pGcALAS9.1-Luc activity. Gluconeogenic or glycolytic substrates such as fructose, galactose, glycerol and lactate, but not the non-metabolizable sugar sorbitol, also down-regulated pGcALAS9.1-Luc in LMH cells. The cAMP analog 8-CPT-cAMP, augmented Glut induction of ALAS-1, indicating that the glucose effect may be partly mediated by changes in cAMP levels. The remaining studies focused on delineating the synergistic effect of Glut and DHA, and heme-dependent repression of ALAS-1. The 9.1 kb construct was compared with a construct containing the first 3.5 kb (pGcALAS3.5-Luc). The drug and heme effects were shown to be separate as drug induction was present in -3.4 to +0.082 kb region while the heme responsiveness was present in the -9.1 to -3.4 kb region. Using computer sequence analysis, several consensus activator protein-1 (AP-1) sites were found in the 9.1 kb ALAS-1 sequence but no consensus direct repeat (DR)-4 or DR-5 type recognition sequences for nuclear receptors were identified in the drug-responsive 3.5 kb region. Deletion constructs containing +0.082 to -7.6 kb (pGcALAS7.6-Luc) and +0.082 to -6.2 kb (pGcALAS6.3-Luc) cALAS 5'- flanking and 5' - UTR region were generated and tested and pGcALAS6.3-Luc was shown to have heme-dependent repression of basal and Glut and DHA-induced activity. A recently identified 167 bp chick ALAS-1 drug responsive enhancer (DRE) was PCR amplified and inserted upstream of the 9.1 kb (pGcALAS9.1+DRE), a 0.399 kb (+0.082 to -0.317) (pGcALAS0.3+DRE), and pGL3SV40 construct (pGL3SV40+DRE). DRE mediated the up-regulation of pGL3SV40+DRE construct by Glut was ~ 15-30 fold but interestingly only 3.2 and 3.7-fold for pGcALAS9.l +DRE and pGcALAS0.3+DRE constructs, respectively. In summary, in LMH cells drugs up-regulate ALAS-1 through non-DRE element(s) in the first 3.5 kb of ALAS-1 5'-flanking and 5'-UTR region and heme down-regulates ALAS-1 and determines the extent of the drug response through element(s) in the -6.3 to -3.5 kb region of ALAS-1 5'- flanking region.