This paper examines the professional role of the music journalist and how it has been affected by the expansion of the Internet. The study aims to examine  the profession's outlook and how professional music journalists are working to reach the public with interesting information, despite the fact that the audience of today often can be first to deliver the news. Through qualitative research interviews with three current music journalists the professional role and its development is examined. Based on theories and previous research on journalism, how the media communicates and its importance to society, what it is to be a music journalist and the spread of digitization and the impact of file sharing the results are analyzed. The conclusions of the study are that it isn’t a profession that is disappearing but rather a profession that is working towards a new future. The wide range of social media and the ability to stream music via the music service Spotify, for example, is expanding the field of music and more music lovers can make their voices heard. The role of the music journalist is no longer to be first with the latest in the music world but to convey information best. / Denna uppsats undersöker musikjournalisternas yrkesroll och hur den har påverkats av internets expansion. Studiens syfte är att ta reda på yrkets framtidsutsikt och hur yrkesverksamma musikjournalister arbetar för att nå ut med intressant information, trots att dagens publik många gånger kan vara först med nyheterna. Genom kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer med tre aktuella musikjournalister undersöks yrkesrollen och dess utveckling. Med utgångspunkt från teorier och tidigare forskning om journalistyrket, hur medier kommunicerar och dess betydelse för samhället, hur det är att vara musikjournalist samt digitaliseringens utbredning och fildelningens konsekvenser analyseras resultatet. Slutsatserna för studien är att det inte är ett yrke som håller på att försvinna utan ett yrke som går mot en ny framtid. Det stora utbudet av sociala medier och möjligheten att lyssna på strömmad musik via exempelvis musiktjänsten Spotify breddar musikområdet och fler musikintresserade kan göra sin röst hörd. Musikjournalisternas roll handlar inte längre om att vara först med det senaste inom musikvärlden utan om att förmedla informationen bäst.

Due to the research on cosmic-rays in the 1930's, the Carnegie Institute in Washington DC instigated the construction of cosmic-ray observation centers around the world. Cosmic-ray activity was recorded using the model C cosmic-ray ionization chamber which uses a Lindemann electrometer. The shadow of the electrometer needle was projected onto a continuously moving strip of 60 mm photographic paper. Hour markers were recorded by dimming the lamp for three minutes at the start of each hour, while also grounding the ionization chamber. By grounding the ionization chamber the electrometer needle was returned to the zero position. Six ionization chambers were built and installed at six stations around the world. Approximately 114 station-years of data were recorded. Photographic paper moved about 25 mm an hour giving approximately a 25 km strip of photographic record. It is important to digitize these recordings in order to preserve them for further study of cosmic-rays from this time period. The digitizing of cosmic-ray recordings involves the process of transforming the recording image into numbers. Binarizing these recordings will also preserve it in a clear format enabling future research. This study is an attempt to prove that these historic cosmic-ray recordings can be digitized by using image processing techniques. Each foreground element of the recordings; the hour markers, calibration lines and data sequence is segmented. By using these segmented images, the recordings are digitized into meaningful numbers. The study begins with a brief introduction on cosmic-rays as they are recorded today, and how they were recorded before the 1950's. Important events in the area of cosmicrays, ground level enhancements (GLE's), are also introduced. Four of these GLE's were only recorded by the old model C cosmic ray ionization chambers. To show that it is indeed possible to digitize the historic cosmic-ray recordings, two research methodologies are used: A literature study of image processing techniques thought to be helpful in segmenting the foreground elements of the recordings and experimentation with these techniques. Experimentation is the primary research methodology. Existing techniques are used and adapted to segment the foreground elements of the recordings. New techniques are also developed. The iterative experimental phase is discussed in detail as an algorithm is formed to successfully digitize the historic cosmic-ray recordings. The study concludes with an interpretation of the results obtained in the experimental phase. The success of the algorithm is measured and future studies are introduced. In the end it is indeed shown that historic cosmic-ray recordings can be digitized by implementing image processing techniques. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Computer Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Due to the research on cosmic-rays in the 1930's, the Carnegie Institute in Washington DC instigated the construction of cosmic-ray observation centers around the world. Cosmic-ray activity was recorded using the model C cosmic-ray ionization chamber which uses a Lindemann electrometer. The shadow of the electrometer needle was projected onto a continuously moving strip of 60 mm photographic paper. Hour markers were recorded by dimming the lamp for three minutes at the start of each hour, while also grounding the ionization chamber. By grounding the ionization chamber the electrometer needle was returned to the zero position. Six ionization chambers were built and installed at six stations around the world. Approximately 114 station-years of data were recorded. Photographic paper moved about 25 mm an hour giving approximately a 25 km strip of photographic record. It is important to digitize these recordings in order to preserve them for further study of cosmic-rays from this time period. The digitizing of cosmic-ray recordings involves the process of transforming the recording image into numbers. Binarizing these recordings will also preserve it in a clear format enabling future research. This study is an attempt to prove that these historic cosmic-ray recordings can be digitized by using image processing techniques. Each foreground element of the recordings; the hour markers, calibration lines and data sequence is segmented. By using these segmented images, the recordings are digitized into meaningful numbers. The study begins with a brief introduction on cosmic-rays as they are recorded today, and how they were recorded before the 1950's. Important events in the area of cosmicrays, ground level enhancements (GLE's), are also introduced. Four of these GLE's were only recorded by the old model C cosmic ray ionization chambers. To show that it is indeed possible to digitize the historic cosmic-ray recordings, two research methodologies are used: A literature study of image processing techniques thought to be helpful in segmenting the foreground elements of the recordings and experimentation with these techniques. Experimentation is the primary research methodology. Existing techniques are used and adapted to segment the foreground elements of the recordings. New techniques are also developed. The iterative experimental phase is discussed in detail as an algorithm is formed to successfully digitize the historic cosmic-ray recordings. The study concludes with an interpretation of the results obtained in the experimental phase. The success of the algorithm is measured and future studies are introduced. In the end it is indeed shown that historic cosmic-ray recordings can be digitized by implementing image processing techniques. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Computer Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

When investigating the construction industry's lack of digitization, it is often explained that it is because of a conservative culture. The purpose of this study has been to problematize the labelling as conservative and to study a company in the industry to gain a deeper understanding of what other problems that may exist. Based on this, three research questions were identified which the study had as a goal to answer. These are: how the construction industry can be said to be conservative, how the conservatism is expressed, and what other barriers that exists that cannot be said to be derived from conservatism. The study has been conducted through a case study at Skanska Sverige AB with Region Hus Norr as a delimitation. Furthermore, it has been divided into two phases where semi-structural interviews and a document review have been used as the basis for a description of the current situation. The result shows that it is not a representative state of the construction industry to say that it is conservative, and during the case study no underlying expressions of conservatism was observed. On the other hand, there are several other areas that are considered as the reason for a slow development. The conclusions drawn is that the way the Swedish Public Procurement Act is conducted today is one of the reasons for this. An accelerated change process where some steps in the change management models are skipped is also seen as a reason. Furthermore, there are signs of that the current processes not always support efficient digitization, which indicates that the work in some cases only move from an analog to a digital state. Lastly, an indication of a stove pipe structure in the development area has been observed during the study, which can affect the efficiency and target improvement in a negative way. / När byggbranschens uteblivna digitalisering undersöks förklaras det ofta med att det är på grund av en konservativ kultur. Syftet med denna studie har varit att problematisera stämplingen som konservativ och genom att studera ett företag verksamt inom branschen få en djupare förståelse för vilka andra problem som kan finnas. Utifrån detta fastställdes tre frågeställningar vilka studien haft som mål att besvara. Dessa behandlar på vilket sätt byggbranschen kan sägas vara konservativ, hur konservatismen tar sig uttryck samt vilka andra hinder som finns som inte kan sägas härstamma från konservatism. Studien har genomförts via en fallstudie på Skanska Sverige AB med Region Hus Norr som avgränsat område. Vidare har den varit uppdelad i två olika faser där semi-strukturella intervjuer och en dokumentgranskning använts som grund för en nulägesbeskrivning. Resultatet visar att det inte är en representativ bild av byggbranschen att den idag kallas för konservativ och under fallstudien iakttogs inga uttryck för konservatism. Däremot framkommer det flera andra områden som anses ligga till grund för en långsam utveckling. Slutsatsen som dras är att lagen om offentlig upphandling är en av anledningarna till att viss utveckling inom branschen förhindrats. Även en påskyndad förändringsprocess, där vissa steg i för- och avslutningsfasen inom förändringsledning hoppas över, ses som en anledning till detta. Det påvisas även att de processer som finns inte alltid stödjer en effektiv digitalisering, vilket tyder på att det i vissa fall enbart sker en förflyttning av arbetet från analogt till digitalt. Avslutningsvis har en antydan till en stuprörsstruktur observerats under studien vad gäller utvecklingsfrågor, vilket i stor uträckning kan påverka effektiviteten och den eftersträvade förbättringen negativt.

We live in an increasingly digital world, and as of 2018 this will also be mirrored in the revised curriculum for Swedish preschools, which will include the concept of digitization. Digitization is a much discussed topic in current politics and debate in Sweden, but it seems somewhat unclear how the concept should be understood; is it a mere matter of providing the preschools with iPads and computers, or is further action required for a successful implementation? The aim of this essay is to examine the attitudes and views of preschool staff concerning the concept of digitization in the preschool curriculum, comparing the views of a sub-group that has been educated in digitization to one that has not. It also seeks to identify the participants’ long- and short-term hopes and concerns regarding digitization, and to examine what role prior education in digitization plays in the participant’s understanding of the concept of digitization. The study isvconducted through a digital survey, with open-ended questions. Both a content analysis, with thevuse of a superlative word cloud-model, and a phenomenographic theoretical approach have been utilized for the purposes of the study. The findings include a surprising lack of education concerning digitization among current preschool teacher students, which might conflict with the ambition to offer every preschooler equal opportunities now and for the future. Other findings deal with the duality of time—that is, time,which is at once seen as both a scarce commodity and something to be gained through the means offered by digitization—as well as issues surrounding educational possibilities for positively changing participants’ perceptions of digitization so that digitization is seen as broad and empowering, where focus is on the child here-and-now.

When investigating the construction industry's lack of digitization, it is often explained that it is because of a conservative culture. The purpose of this study has been to problematize the labelling as conservative and to study a company in the industry to gain a deeper understanding of what other problems that may exist. Based on this, three research questions were identified which the study had as a goal to answer. These are: how the construction industry can be said to be conservative, how the conservatism is expressed, and what other barriers that exists that cannot be said to be derived from conservatism. The study has been conducted through a case study at Skanska Sverige AB with Region Hus Norr as a delimitation. Furthermore, it has been divided into two phases where semi-structural interviews and a document review have been used as the basis for a description of the current situation. The result shows that it is not a representative state of the construction industry to say that it is conservative, and during the case study no underlying expressions of conservatism was observed. On the other hand, there are several other areas that are considered as the reason for a slow development. The conclusions drawn is that the way the Swedish Public Procurement Act is conducted today is one of the reasons for this. An accelerated change process where some steps in the change management models are skipped is also seen as a reason. Furthermore, there are signs of that the current processes not always support efficient digitization, which indicates that the work in some cases only move from an analog to a digital state. Lastly, an indication of a stove pipe structure in the development area has been observed during the study, which can affect the efficiency and target improvement in a negative way. / När byggbranschens uteblivna digitalisering undersöks förklaras det ofta med att det är på grund av en konservativ kultur. Syftet med denna studie har varit att problematisera stämplingen som konservativ och genom att studera ett företag verksamt inom branschen få en djupare förståelse för vilka andra problem som kan finnas. Utifrån detta fastställdes tre frågeställningar vilka studien haft som mål att besvara. Dessa behandlar på vilket sätt byggbranschen kan sägas vara konservativ, hur konservatismen tar sig uttryck samt vilka andra hinder som finns som inte kan sägas härstamma från konservatism. Studien har genomförts via en fallstudie på Skanska Sverige AB med Region Hus Norr som avgränsat område. Vidare har den varit uppdelad i två olika faser där semi-strukturella intervjuer och en dokumentgranskning använts som grund för en nulägesbeskrivning. Resultatet visar att det inte är en representativ bild av byggbranschen att den idag kallas för konservativ och under fallstudien iakttogs inga uttryck för konservatism. Däremot framkommer det flera andra områden som anses ligga till grund för en långsam utveckling. Slutsatsen som dras är att lagen om offentlig upphandling är en av anledningarna till att viss utveckling inom branschen förhindrats. Även en påskyndad förändringsprocess, där vissa steg i för- och avslutningsfasen inom förändringsledning hoppas över, ses som en anledning till detta. Det påvisas även att de processer som finns inte alltid stödjer en effektiv digitalisering, vilket tyder på att det i vissa fall enbart sker en förflyttning av arbetet från analogt till digitalt. Avslutningsvis har en antydan till en stuprörsstruktur observerats under studien vad gäller utvecklingsfrågor, vilket i stor uträckning kan påverka effektiviteten och den eftersträvade förbättringen negativt.

Este trabalho propõe uma discussão em torno dos impactos da digitalização sobre sistemas militares de comando e controle. A hipótese central é que o emprego intensivo de tecnologias digitais está associado a um maior risco de sobrecarga informacional nesses sistemas. Isso se aplica em especial às forças militares que adotaram doutrinas de viés tecnocrático, como a guerra centrada em redes. No primeiro capítulo, discutimos o contexto no qual nosso tema de pesquisa se insere, fazendo uma breve retrospectiva do processo de digitalização e também definindo alguns conceitos-chave. No segundo capítulo, em formato de artigo, apresentamos o modelo computacional que foi desenvolvido para simular o funcionamento de um sistema de comando e controle sob a condição de sobrecarga informacional. O artigo também reúne uma revisão crítica das abordagens sobre comando e controle, com ênfase na literatura sobre guerra centrada em redes. O terceiro e último capítulo traz algumas conclusões sobre o emprego da modelagem computacional como metodologia de pesquisa e o estado atual do debate sobre guerra centrada e redes. / This work proposes a discussion on the impacts of digitization over military command and control systems. The central hypothesis is that the intensive deployment of digital technologies is associated to a greater risk of informational overload in those systems. This applies especially to military forces that have adopted doctrines with a technocratic bias, such as the network-centric warfare. In the first chapter, we discuss the context that encompass our research topic, making a brief retrospective of the process of digitization and defining some key concepts. In the second chapter, in form of article, we present the computational model developed for simulating the operation of a command and control system under the condition of informational overload. The article also contains a critical review on the command and control approaches, with emphasis on the literature about network-centric warfare. The third and last chapter brings out some conclusions regarding the use of computational modeling as a research method and the current state of the debate on network-centric warfare.

abstract: The Arizona State University Herbarium began in 1896 when Professor Fredrick Irish collected the first recorded Arizona specimen for what was then called the Tempe Normal School - a Parkinsonia microphylla. Since then, the collection has grown to approximately 400,000 specimens of vascular plants and lichens. The most recent project includes the digitization - both the imaging and databasing - of approximately 55,000 vascular plant specimens from Latin America. To accomplish this efficiently, possibilities in non-traditional methods, including both new and existing technologies, were explored. SALIX (semi-automatic label information extraction) was developed as the central tool to handle automatic parsing, along with BarcodeRenamer (BCR) to automate image file renaming by barcode. These two developments, combined with existing technologies, make up the SALIX Method. The SALIX Method provides a way to digitize herbarium specimens more efficiently than the traditional approach of entering data solely through keystroking. Using digital imaging, optical character recognition, and automatic parsing, I found that the SALIX Method processes data at an average rate that is 30% faster than typing. Data entry speed is dependent on user proficiency, label quality, and to a lesser degree, label length. This method is used to capture full specimen records, including close-up images where applicable. Access to biodiversity data is limited by the time and resources required to digitize, but I have found that it is possible to do so at a rate that is faster than typing. Finally, I experiment with the use of digital field guides in advancing access to biodiversity data, to stimulate public engagement in natural history collections. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Plant Biology 2012

Digital Transformation is an on-going process in the logistics industry. Every day, innovative and new technology is developed to streamline products to the customer as fast as they want it. The purpose of our study is to investigate how digital transformation and customer behaviour has affected the business model(s) of smaller companies compared to well established multinational companies in the logistics industry. The authors look and found the aspects of the business model that were impacted and if there should be adjustments made to better suite either the large or small organizations.

Problemställning: Genom digitaliseringen går det att identifiera möjligheter i såväl företags kunskapshantering som affärsrelationer. Dessa består bland annat av möjligheter till mer data- och informationsunderlag och nya sätt att kommunicera på. Samtidigt innebär det även utmaningar i form av högre krav på hantering, anpassning och kunskap för att realisera möjligheterna. Vidare kan företag genom att digitalisera sig anta ekonomiska fördelar och digitaliseringen kan ses som nödvändig att hänga med i för att överleva på marknaden. Detta pekar på dilemmat och relevansen för företag att utnyttja digitaliseringen till sin fördel. Att undersöka vad dessa möjligheter och utmaningar består av, ter sig därmed aktuellt att studera i samband med kunskapshantering och affärsrelationer. Forskningsfrågor: 1. Hur gestaltar sig de huvudsakliga digitala förändringarna, och vilka möjligheter respektive utmaningar upplever anställda med dessa? 2. Vilka upplevs som de huvudsakliga möjligheterna respektive utmaningarna som digitaliseringens effekter har bidragit till gällande kunskapshantering inom företag? 3. Vilka upplevs som de huvudsakliga möjligheterna respektive utmaningarna som digitaliseringens effekter har bidragit till gällande hanteringen och upprätthållandet av affärsrelationer för företag? Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att få en ökad förståelse för de möjligheter och utmaningar som anställda på kunskapsintensiva B2B-företag upplever som effekt av digitaliseringen. Detta undersöks ur två huvudsakliga områden; kunskapshantering och affärsrelationer. Upplevda möjligheter och utmaningar kopplat till digitaliseringen som en förändring i företag studeras också och är det som inleder studien. Resultat: Det som vissa respondenter upplever som möjligheter upplevs som utmaningar av andra. Sett till digitaliseringen upplevs möjligheter till tidsbesparing och arbete med andra uppgifter, parallellt med en utmaning i samband med ökad hantering och stress. Investeringar upplevs riskera att inte besvara behovsbilden och synkronisering ses som utmanande, samtidigt som det beskrivs som en möjlighet ifall detta uppnås. Vid kunskapshantering visar sig möjligheter till såväl ökad som minskad motivation. Även sett till kommunikation internt och långsiktigt externt relationsbyggande samt tillit, kan digitaliseringen verka åt båda håll. Lagar, regleringar och bestämmelser visar sig vara en utmaning som flera respondenter upplever. Digitala verktyg upplevs kunna gynna kommunikation och kunskapsspridning, men även tiden framställs som en utmaning i detta sammanhang Kunskapsbidrag: Studien bidrar till att öka förståelsen för vilka huvudsakliga möjligheter och utmaningar som anställda på kunskapsintensiva B2B-företag upplever som effekt av digitaliseringen. Denna förståelse är värdefull för företag som möter denna förändring; en medvetenhet kring möjligheter och en identifiering av utmaningar kan stärka arbetet. / Problematization: With the digitization, opportunities in knowledge management as well as in business relations are identified. These consist of, for example, opportunities in more data as well as information in decision making, but also new ways to communicate. Simultaneously, challenges in increasing demands on management, adaptation and knowledge occur to take advantage of the opportunities. Moreover, enterprises can realize economic benefits and the digitization can also be seen as something that they have to keep up with in order to survive on the market. This shows the dilemma, as well as the importance, for enterprises to take advantage of the digitization. Therefore, it is of interest to examine what these opportunities and challenges consist of, focusing on knowledge management and business relations. Research questions: 1. How are the main digitization changes shown, and which are experienced as the main opportunities and challenges? 2.Which are experienced as the main opportunities and challenges that the effects of the digitization have contributed to, focusing on enterprises’ knowledge management? 3. Which are experienced as the main opportunities and challenges that the effects of the digitization have contributed to, focusing on the management and maintenance of business relations in enterprises? Purpose: The study aims to reach a deeper understanding of the opportunities and challenges that workers in knowledge intensive B2B-enterprises experience as an effect of the digitization. These are being examined focusing on two main areas: knowledge management and business relations. Experienced opportunities and challenges with the digitization as a change in enterprises is also examined and begins the study. Result: Aspects that some respondents expressed as opportunities, others experienced as challenges. Digitization is described as an opportunity to make time savings that can be invested in other tasks, as well as it is experienced as a challenge in increasing work with management and stress, as a result. IT-investments are associated with the risk of not fulfilling the needs and synchronization is described as a challenge, as well as an opportunity if it is achieved. Correlated to knowledge management, digitization can increase as well as decrease the motivation. In internal communication, long term business relations and trust, the digitization is experienced as affecting in different directions. Laws and regulations turned out to be a challenge according to several respondents. Digital tools are experienced as being able to promote communication and knowledge management, but the time is expressed as a challenge in this aspect as well. Contribution: The study contributes to an increasing understanding of the main opportunities and challenges that workers in knowledge intensive B2B-enterprises experience as an effect of the digitization. This understanding is valuable to enterprises in digital changes thanks to an increasing ability to identify opportunities and reinforce them, as well as to identify challenges and handle them.