Il est bien établi dans la recherche que le goût de lire est associé au succès scolaire de l’élève. Lorsque les élèves développent le goût de lire, ils démontrent un engagement envers cette activité. Or, les cercles lecture semblent justement être un moyen de parvenir à créer un tel engagement. C’est pourquoi nous avons choisi d’étudier cette activité afin de chercher à comprendre comment les expériences personnelles des élèves sont mises à profit dans la construction de sens en lecture. Pour y arriver, nous avons observé six groupes d’élèves de 6e année pendant cinq semaines consécutives lors des cercles de lecture. Nos analyses ont porté sur les relations que les élèves établissent entre le texte lu et leurs expériences passées, présentes et futures. Ces observations ont été mises en lien avec leur intérêt pour la lecture, lequel a été mesuré avant le début des cercles de lecture. Pour obtenir un portrait plus complet, une entrevue d’un des groupes de discussion a été réalisée. Au total, les références les plus fréquentes ont été faites aux expériences passées des élèves. Cela pourrait confirmer l’importance du rôle du « réservoir expérientiel » défini par Rosenblatt. En ce qui concerne la relation entre l’intérêt pour la lecture et les références aux expériences personnelles des élèves, nous avons relevé que le groupe de discussion qui est intervenu le plus grand nombre de fois au sujet d'expériences personnelles était formé de trois élèves dont les résultats au questionnaire étaient supérieurs à la moyenne de la classe.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur boken Kalle och chokladfabriken (1964) kan användas i en värdegrundsundervisning där demokrati utgör ramen och där perspektiven klass och mångkultur specificerar undersökningen. Frågeställningarna är formulerade utifrån syftet och berör bokens kopplingar till styrdokumentens värdegrundsformuleringar samt hur boken kan användas i undervisningen utifrån mål i svenska liksom läroplanens övergripande mål. Narrativanalys är den metod som används vid analyserandet av boken och de teoretiska perspektiv som intas vid undersökning är det postkoloniala samt klassperspektivet. Resultatet av bokanalysen visar att det finns en problematik i framställandet av människor från andra kulturer liksom av människor från en viss klass. Boken som sådan skapar ingen förståelse för dessa människor utan det blir lärarens uppgift att bygga en undervisning utifrån denna problematik. Dessutom öppnar boken för en diskussion kring det komplexa begreppet ironi vilket i sin tur kan leda in på frågor kring etik och moral. Andra aspekter som kan beröras i en undervisning utifrån boken är mänskliga rättigheter, förmågan att leva sig in i andra människors liv samt stärkandet av elevernas identitet. / This study aims to investigate how the book Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964) can be used in value based education. The primary focus is on the aspect of democracy and the aspects social class and multiculturalism specify the investigation. The research questions concern the book’s connections to fundamental values set by the curriculum, as well as how the book can be used in teaching based on goals defined in the Swedish syllabus. The methodology used is narrative analysis and the theoretical perspectives used are post-colonial and class. The analysis concludes that the representation of people from different cultures and certain classes found in the book raise certain problems. The book itself creates no deeper understanding for these people and therefore it is up to the teacher to create and build a teaching based on these problems. The book opens for discussions regarding the complex concept of irony which in turn can lead to discussions concerning ethical and moral issues. Other aspects involved in teaching based on the book are human rights, the ability to put yourself in another person’s shoes as well as strengthening of the students’ identities.

This chapter presents a grounded-theory-oriented analysis of central discussions of the ICMLV symposium which tries to clarify which tertia comparationis the participants referred upon. In total, nine implicitly and seven explicitly used T.C. are presented. An additional analysis yields that a meaning-oriented understanding of culture was in majority used throughout the symposium.

Purpose – The unexpected yet drastic influence of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a rapid transition of education to be conducted in digital environments. Replacing face-to-face classrooms with synchronous online learning requires a number of appropriate adjustments which were heavily restricted by the urgency of this global change taking place. With theobserved issues of student participation and involvement in online learning, the purpose ofthis research was to investigate the potential that digital collaborative tools have and if theycan improve the quality of online group discussions among students aged 12 to 16 years old. Method – This study employs a quantitative data collection approach and makes use of the Community of Inquiry framework. A close-ended questionnaire based on the Community of Inquiry survey tool was used to collect students’ impressions and attitudes after they hadparticipated in the experimental study. The experiment consisted of control and experimental groups that partook in online group discussions as part of a regularly scheduled lesson. Findings – Digital collaborative tools were found to change the way in which students experience online group discussions. The attained rates of the Community of Inquiry were overall higher among students in the experimental group. Our findings tested to be statistically significant together with the effect size falling between medium to large extent. This further supports the notion that digital collaborative tools bring in a positive difference into online group discussions and have a potential to increase the quality of online learning when implemented carefully and thoughtfully. Implications – This study emphasizes the importance of developing a clear strategy of how to implement suitable digital collaborative tools into online learning in the most optimal manner that would increase the quality of online learning. This paper can be considered as a startingpoint for future research that could construct further knowledge within the field and extend our findings by investigating other aspects that have an influence on and can have beneficial effects for younger students in online education.

This study aimed to analyse organised interaction and assigned discussions occurring between students in EFL classrooms. It was conducted in order to identify the value-added in terms of learning by using discussion groups. Secondly, this study aimed to analyse how the contribution of models and approaches from pragmatics and discourse analysis can explain what is occurring during such conversations. Lastly, the structural and linguistic similarities and differences between teacher-to-student and student-to-student talk were also discussed. These questions were answered by examining four groups enrolled in English 6 in an upper secondary school located in the south part of Sweden. The qualitative data was collected through recordings from the students' discussions when they participated in a group speaking task as a part of the module of surveillance. The analysis of the data was conducted with the help of some of the aspects of conversation analysis. The results showed that not all of the participants in the group discussions sufficiently benefitted from the speaking task since, in most of the group, the need for the teacher's support was crucial in order for the students to use the target language and develop their speaking skills. In terms of the Speech Act Theory, the illocutionary acts identified in the conversations between students were that of the directive and assertive illocutionary acts used to pass the speaking turn to the other participants or to demonstrate agreement with the views of the previous turn. The conversational exchange was initiated by an opening framing move, followed by a response, but lacked follow-up moves in the form of feedback. Finally, there were some similarities and differences between teacher-to-student and student-to-student talk. The results showed that even if some of the students appeared to adapt to the role of the facilitator, they were not able to do so due to lack of knowledge to sufficiently support all the participants in order to be more active during the conversations and use the target language during the speaking task.

The thesis focuses on discussions under news articles shared by news servers on the social network Facebook. The aim of this work is to summarize the existing understanding of the topic. Therefore, theoretical concepts connected to the topic are summarized. The thesis focuses on communication, online communication and the presence of news servers on social networks, as well as on the topic of anonymity on social networks and how anonymity can affect discussions. A chapter of the thesis focuses on the spiral of silence and its possible occurrence in discussions. Further, the thesis focuses on the freedom of speech as well as the new ways social networks are trying to fight disinformation and hate online. The empirical part focuses on how Facebook users view the use of social networks by news servers. Another part of the thesis focuses on a group of volunteers called #jsmetu. This group tries to make sure discussions are factual and are free from personal attacks and vulgarity. Three discussions are analysed - discussions #jsmetu took part in. The thesis investigates the influence #jsmetu has on discussions. Due to the topic of the thesis being a very current one, the thesis suggests more areas for further research.

Syfte Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med insikt i hur Mellanårsprogrammets (MYP) elever i språklig sårbarhet och deras lärare upplever verbala interaktioner i klassen med elevernas kamrater i Individer och samhällen (I&S), ett samhällskunskapsämne inom International Baccalaureate läroplan.  Forskningsfrågor · Hur ser MYP-lärare på den effekt kamrater har på elever i språklig sårbarhet under verbala interaktioner i klassen och hur stödjer dessa lärare elever i språklig sårbarhet under dessa interaktioner i I&S?   · How do MYP students in linguistic vulnerability experience and understand verbal in-class interactions with peers in the I&S classroom and how do they experience the support given to them by their teachers during these interactions?  Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework of this case study is based on the sociocultural perspective as seen in Vygotsky’s work (1987), which have been developed further by Säljö (2000) and Kozulin (2003). This perspective focuses on the understanding that individuals develop through the interaction with their environment and the people around them. The second theory used is Communicative Relational Perspective (KoRP). KoRP, a special education perspectives with three main intertwining processes; participation, communication and learning which predict whether or not a school has an inclusive or exclusive learning environment. Method In this case study two methods are used; observations and semi-structured interviews. Three I&S lessons in the MYP were observed at two different IB schools. The study uses the Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP). Six semi-structured interviews are also conducted; three with students in linguistic vulnerability and three with their I&S teachers. The data collected was analysed using a thematic approach. Each case was analysed separately before being cross-synthesized.  Results The results of the cases reveal two main themes: Peer Support vs. Peer Comparisons and Peer interactions – Expected or Scaffolded? Students in linguistic vulnerability either saw peers as beneficial or a hindrance to their success during verbal interactions such as group work, where students either felt helped by peers or inadequate in comparison to their peers. This led to increased or decreased levels of participation. Teachers found it challenging knowing how to best meet these issues.  Scaffolding the activities in a way that met the student’s individual needs and creating a safe place where students felt comfortable were found to be beneficial for effective group work. The case study also found that although the use of Sheltered Instructional Observation Protocol (SIOP) is advantageous as a tool, it is lacking aspects pertaining to social dynamics and the students’ individual needs.  Special Education Implications This case study shines a light on the importance of special educational needs teachers working more closely with subject specific teachers in order to make them more aware of the language expectations placed on their students during verbal interactions. This case study indicates that special educational needs teachers can use SIOP as a first step in starting a discussion with subject teachers about students in linguistic vulnerability and verbal interactions. SIOP can also be a hands-on tool to use when supporting subject teachers in the creation of more language and subject – based teaching. Nyckelord: klassrumsdiskussioner, Developmental Language Disorder, grupparbete, Individer och samhällen, International Baccalaureate, språklig sårbarhet, mellanstadiet, samhällskunskap, verbal interaktion

The purpose of the study was to contribute knowledge on how a teacher's instruction, supported by group discussions, can be planned, implemented, and evaluated to develop pupils' ability to identify messages in narrative texts. To fulfill the purpose of the study, the following research questions were answered: What are the critical aspects when educating a selected group of pupils to develop their ability to identify messages in narrative texts? What knowledge of identifying messages in narrative texts do the pupils demonstrate before and after the instruction? How can group discussions be used in instruction to develop pupils' ability to identify messages in narrative texts? The theoretical framework of the study was variation theory, and the method used was an intervention study inspired by a Learning study. A Learning study consists of cycles of implementation where instruction is planned, implemented, and evaluated. The development of instruction is analyzed with the support of pre-tests and post-tests to determine the knowledge that pupils demonstrate before and after the instruction. The critical aspects that emerged for the specific group of pupils were: The pupil should discern that the text is related to the individual. The pupil should identify the essential parts of a narrative text. The pupil should understand the concept of a message. The pupil should discern the difference between what is stated on the in the text and what is implied between the lines. The pupils showed improved results on the post-test compared to the pre-test. The use of group discussions was shown to be more beneficial for both the pupils and the teacher when there was a clear structure in the discussions.

This thesis investigates the use of metalanguage and its relation to learning outcome in group discussions. Metalanguage is defined as a language about language, a way to talk about the features of a language using a specific vocabulary with great precision. It is suggested that metalanguage is necessary in order to develop the pupils' awareness when text analyses are carried out in school. The purpose of the study is to understand how pupils take on the task presented by the teacher, how they reach consensus, if and how they make use of some kind of metalanguage, and to what degree their discussions can be regarded as learning conversations. Twelve conversations in groups were recorded on video. The pupils were in the first or the final year of upper secondary school and they all attended either Natural Science Programme or Technology Programme. The conversations took place without the teacher being present. In three groups the conversation was observed by the researcher. The task was to talk about a phishing mail using questions provided by the teacher. The three observed conversations were transcribed following principles from Conversation Analysis, CA. The rest of the conversations were transcribed following a key close to written language in order to simplify the reading. Two analyses were carried out. First, the conversations were analysed regarding how to take on the task, interaction and use of metalanguage. Secondly, the structures of the conversations were analysed using concepts from systemic functional grammar. The results show that the conversations are symmetrical and co-operative and that the pupils are focused on solving the task. No metalanguage is used by the students; the discussions are performed using colloquial speech and dramatizations and referring to experiences. The absence of metalanguage is contrasted in effectiveness by the using of terms from the field of information technology. Using experiences from texts outside school proves to be a way of dealing with the task. However, experiences and results are not abstracted into scientific terms and no learning concerning language and text seems to take place. The using of concepts from systemic functional grammar shows that the pupils are mainly concerned with interpersonal aspects of the text, somewhat concerned with ideational aspects – especially logical – and to a less degree concerned with textual aspects. It is suggested that the lower degree of textual focus is related to the absence of metalanguage. It is also shown that the pupils discuss features of the text focusing on various strata of language. Although the pupils' frequent use of experiences from text encounters should be regarded as a great potential from a pedagogical point of view, the results indicate the need of a metalanguage to achieve precision and effectiveness in discussions about texts. Also, the need of instructions guiding the pupils to make use of metalanguage is indicated. The possibility of using concepts from systemic functional grammar is pointed out and further research is suggested.

This research overview is an evaluation of knowledge and explores the impact of language linked to mathematics. This particularly in the context of conversations and discussions, on the mathematical understanding of students in the ages between ten to twelve years old. The research overview attempts to examine the role a conversation plays in a concept of learning, specifically in mathematics teaching. With this study we want to create an understanding between the relationship of a rewarding conversation and the understanding of mathematical concepts and systems. Through systematic search and analysis of scientific texts a total of 10 articles were used to gain a proper overview of the subject found through systematic searches of sources such as ERIC, EBSCO and LibSearch. The limitations set for the chosen articles were a timeframe between the years 2011 until 2023, as well as being peer-reviewed. All chosen articles and studies are written in English but originate from different places which provides a wider perspective on the subject. The results show that conversation has an essential role in students' understanding of mathematics. Through correct language that develops in mathematical conversations, a deeper understanding of the subject is created. The research overview also shows the importance of language in shaping students' mathematical knowledge, presenting it as a crucial component of their proficiency in the subject. The research overview further describes the importance of classroom conversations, the teacher's role in the classroom, and the impact of home environments on learning. An aspect related to the subject is how sociocultural thoughts about active learning in a social context reflect the present of Swedish school and its design. By delving deep into the functionality of conversation and the connection between discussion and learning, the school will be able to develop the learning offered in the classroom to better meet the students and their needs. Furthermore, our research concludes that for future educators it is a necessity to balance teacher guidance and student participation in classroom discussions.