Tras el estreno de la película animada de Mulan en 1998 hasta su live action del 2020, Disney nos ha presentado a sus protagonistas, Fa Mulan y Hua Mulan, como mujeres fuertes, hábiles y valientes. Sin embargo, en el camino de ambos personajes encontramos actos y frases, basados en estereotipos de género, que minimizan el valor de la heroína e influyen en su toma de decisiones. Si bien Disney cada cierto tiempo nos presenta princesas nuevas y diferentes entre sí, en su intento por empoderar a la mujer, cada vez evidencia su sexismo y machismo oculto. Desde la mirada audiovisual, el presente trabajo de investigación analiza cómo, después de 22 años de diferencia, las películas de Mulan continúan presentando estereotipos de género y cómo estos influyen en el desarrollo de sus protagonistas. Para ello se realizará un estudio de método cualitativo e interpretativo, mediante el análisis de contenido de las películas de Mulan de 1998 y 2020 y será representado mediante tablas comparativas. Además, se consultará a fuentes verídicas de autores sobre la construcción del personaje, así como, de los estereotipos de roles de género presentes en las películas de princesas, animadas y Live-action, de Disney. / After the premiere of the animated film Mulan in 1998 until its live action in 2020, Disney has introduced us to its protagonists, Fa Mulan and Hua Mulan, as strong, skilled and courageous women. However, in the path of both characters we find acts and phrases, based on gender stereotypes, that minimize the value of the heroine and influence her decision making. Although Disney every so often shows us new and different princesses, in its attempt to empower women, increasingly it shows its hidden sexism and machismo. From an audiovisual perspective, this research work analyzes how, after 22 years of difference, Mulan’s films continue to present gender stereotypes and how these influence the development of their protagonists. For this, a qualitative and interpretative method study will be carried out through the content analysis of Mulan’s films from 1998 and 2020 and will be represented by comparative tables. In addition, veridical sources of authors will be consulted on the construction of character, as well as the stereotypes of gender roles present in Disney princesses, animated and live-action films. / Trabajo de investigación

Uppsatsen analyserar och komparerar H.C. Andersens verk Den lilla flickan med svavelstickorna och dess animerade adaption av Walt Disney Animation Studios The Little Matchgirl. Syftet med analysen är att undersöka hur tematik från Den lilla flickan med svavelstickorna förmedlas i en animerad adaption och utifrån vilka medel. Uppsatsen utgår från Linda Hutcheons adaptionsteori samt semiotik baserat på Gunter Kress och Theo Van Leeuwens visuella grammatik. Analysen visar på att adaptionens tematik överlag överensstämmer med originalets och de förändringar som gjorts har varit för sentimentala skäl eller på grund av de begränsningar eller möjligheter som det visuella mediet har som framställningsform. Analysen visar på att adaptionen använder både ljus- och färgmodalitetstecken för att effektivt kunna representera Andersens originella sentimentalitet i en ny medial framställning.

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Fairy tales are adapted to fit the needs of each generation, reflecting the unique challenges of that society. In the 1980s and 1990s of the United States, issues of what constituted a family circulated as divorce increased and fatherhood was debated. At this time, Disney released two animated films featuring a father and daughter: The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast. Both films are adaptations of fairy tales, and they incorporate changes that specifically reflect concerns of the United States in the late-twentieth century. In the original narrative of "The Little Mermaid" the heroine is primarily raised by her grandmother and wants an immortal soul more than the love of the prince. The tale ends with her death and expectation that after 300 years of service, she can obtain an immortal soul. Disney changes the story, however, by removing the grandmother and placing Triton at the head of the family. His overbearing nature pushes Ariel away as she struggles to gain her independence and win Eric's love. Before the story concludes, Triton, Ariel, and Eric work together to defeat the sea witch and achieve the film's happy ending--the creation of a traditional family. The fairy tale of "Beauty and the Beast" begins with a father who is educated, respected, and wealthy before hardship strikes. Beauty's request for a rose is what starts the adventure as she must learn to love the Beast to save him from an enchanted curse. Disney's alterations to the narrative make Maurice an ineffectual father whose inadequacies bring Belle to the Beast's castle, and the modified curse on the Beast makes both him and Belle need to fall in love, founding their relationship on equality. The tale concludes with the jubilant hope that the couple will form a family together. Both animated features proved popular with the public, suggesting that the films' resolutions are considered desirable endings. The films can then be interpreted as expressing the hope that from the single-parent homes of the late-twentieth century, a new generation of stronger nuclear families can arise if these homes base their relationships on unified efforts and equal partnerships.

Disney's Hercules is an apt modern reception of the ancient mythology of Herakles, acknowledging ancient and modern sources surrounding three types of classical hero: the archetypal hero, influenced by the ideas of Joseph Campbell; the Pan-Hellenic hero, distilled from ancient Greek exempla of heroism from epic and other genres of ancient literature; and the tragic hero, inspired by the heroic criteria presented in Aristotle's Poetics. By adapting these heroic types from their traditional ancient source myths, Disney's Hercules produces a new, contemporary definition of heroism—one informed by modern, Western family values. This adaptation renews the power of the myth of Herakles for a modern era, whose image and characteristics have been changed and adapted since ancient times to suit each receiving culture's conception of true heroism.

The study examines how children act as audiences, which needs are fulfilled through their consumption of Disney films and how children receive messages about cultural representations in animated films. Furthermore, how children relate to Disney's characters and their understanding of what is real and made-up in Disney's films is examined. The hope is to contribute with insights into how children create meaning based on Disney's ethnic and cultural representations, as well as how these can have significance for children's identification processes. Uses and gratification along with reception and representation theory are applied as theoretical starting points. The material was collected through semi-structured and sensory interviews with children aged 10-11 and then analyzed through a thematic analysis. The results showed that the children mainly have a ritual media use and watch Disney films with the motive of social interaction with parents. Thus, children's opportunities to be an active audience can be somewhat limited, as adults can control the children's media use to a certain extent. Both internal and external characteristics matter when children identify themselves and others with Disney characters. The children were also able to distinguish ethnic and cultural elements in Disney's films which helped them to create an understanding of the films' characters and messages. In addition, the results showed that children put Disney's stereotypical depictions in relation to reality, which can affect how children see themselves and others. Finally, the results showed that the children in the study assume that the Disney films are based on fantasy, even though they understand that the films' message may have a connection to reality.

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Este trabalho de pesquisa estuda um autor - Renato Canini - que construiu uma trajetória peculiar ao desenvolver uma narrativa de histórias em quadrinhos com um traço bastante pessoal apesar de inserida nas de estruturas de produção massivas. Envolve a articulação da CETPA Cooperativa Editora de Trabalhos de Porto Alegre - que pretendia publicar histórias em quadrinhos brasileiras para fazer frente à avassaladora presença de material importado , estrutura onde Canini realizou com as tiras de Zé Candango seus primeiros ensaios de uma linguagem brasileira de quadrinhos. E porque parte dessas tiras foi publicada no Jornal do Brasil, sua atuação pode ser vista dentro da construção de um sistema massivo de produção e distribuição no país. Este trabalho vai além ao abordar a seminal passagem deste autor pelas publicações Disney por meio da Editora Abril - desenhando as aventuras do personagem Zé Carioca. Deste período resultará uma obra que encontra grande significado por conseguir superar as contradições e os limites de uma estrutura caracterizada por uma rígida divisão de trabalho, dilatando os limites da questão autoral dentro da grande indústria e trazendo amplos questionamentos quanto aos elementos formadores de uma pretensa identidade nacional. / This research deals with the study of the artist Renato Canini, who managed to build a very peculiar way to develop a narrative of comics with a very personal style, although included in the structures of mass production. This period includes the articulation of CETPA (Cooperative Publishing Works of Porto Alegre), which intended to publish Brazilian comics to face the huge presence of imported material. That was when Canini drew his strips of Zé Candango its first steps of a language of Brazilian comics. And because of part of these strips were published in Jornal do Brasil, this work can be seen within the perspective of building a massive system of production and distribution. This work goes beyond by researching the important work done by Renato Canini at Disney publications - by Editora Abril - drawing the adventures of the character Zé Carioca. Not forgetting a significant formal research developed by him on the pages of the Recreio magazine. This period will result in a workforce that is able to overcome significant contradictions and limits of a structure known by being rigid with the labor division and also by extending the limits of copyright issue within the major industry issues and bringing extensive discussion on the elements of an alleged national identity.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:26:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ressuelen.doc: 22528 bytes, checksum: 1412fe27f33beced1816cea08634f2a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-31 / This essay aims at investigating how is the construction and representation of the female protagonist in Disney s animated film "The Princess and the Frog" (2009). In order to accomplish the main objectives, I take as reference theoretical concepts from different areas of knowledge, emphasizing on the genres of speech, intertextuality and polyphony, in accordance with Bakhtin and his Circle, besides focusing on the notions of stereotype and gender as a cultural category linked to the feminist criticism critique. This work is divided into two chapters. In the first one I present the theoretical framework, a brief history of fairy tales and comments about their film adaptations, from the panorama of the movie production of the nine Disney Princesses. In the second chapter, I highlight the methodology employed in the linguistic analysis and imagery from the movie "The Princess and the Frog" on the basis of what I call contextual nucleus which include the following elements: 1) time / space / family constitution, 2) economy / true love / happy ending, 3) scenario / songs / colors and traces 4) fantastic / wonderful / mysticism. I also suggest at this stage a study of Tyana´s physical and behavioral characteristics in comparison with the tale "The Frog Prince by the Grimm Brothers and, three of the "Disney Princesses": Snow White, Cinderella and Aurora. I believe that animation films and adaptations of traditional fairy tales that are directed to children, broadcast standards, values and meanings bring a great influence on the formation and construction of gender identities. Throughout the approach to cinematic language (verbal and imagery), it is possible to unveil the ideology that pervades this midia due to social interchange whereas it is an intertextual discoursive space / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo investigar de que modo ocorre a construção e a representação da personagem feminina no filme de animação A princesa e o sapo (2009), dos Estúdios Disney. Para realizar esse estudo, tomo como referencial teórico conceitos de distintas áreas do conhecimento, salientando-se os de gêneros do discurso, intertextualidade e polifonia, conforme Bakhtin e seu Círculo, além de enfocar as noções de estereótipo e de gênero, como categoria cultural, vinculados à crítica feminista. Este trabalho encontra-se dividido em dois capítulos. No primeiro, apresento o referencial teórico, um breve histórico dos contos de fadas e um comentário acerca de suas adaptações para o cinema, a partir do panorama da produção fílmica das nove princesas dos Estúdios Disney. No segundo capítulo, destaco a metodologia empregada na análise linguística e imagística do filme A princesa e o sapo com base no que denomino de núcleos contextuais , os quais compreendem os elementos seguintes: 1) tempo/espaço/constituição familiar; 2) economia/amor verdadeiro/happy end, 3) cenário fílmico/canções/cores e traços e 4) fantástico/maravilhoso/misticismo. Proponho ainda nessa etapa, um estudo das características físicas e comportamentais de Tiana, em termos comparativos com o conto O rei sapo , dos Irmãos Grimm e três das princesas Disney : Branca de Neve, Cinderela e Aurora. Acredito que os filmes de animação, adaptações de contos de fadas tradicionais, voltados para as crianças, transmitem normas, valores e significados, que influem diretamente na formação e construção de identidades de gênero. Por meio da abordagem à linguagem cinematográfica (verbal e imagística), foi possível desvelar a ideologia presente nesta mídia de intercâmbio social, enquanto espaço intertextual discursivo