Bakgrund: När barn besöker sjukhus är det vanligt att nålrelaterade procedurer genomförs. Barn kan uppleva procedurerna obehagliga och smärtsamma. Det finns olika metoder för att minskaobehaget och smärtan, exempelvis med hjälp av trygghetsfaktorer, distraktionsmetoder och lokalsmärtlindring. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att studera effekter av omvårdnadsåtgärder i samband mednålprocedurer för att lindra procedurrelaterad smärta hos barn. Metod: En litteraturstudie där åtta kvantitativa experimentella studier med kontrollgruppundersöktes. Sökningar gjordes i databaserna Cinahl och Pubmed. Effektmåttet beskrevs medCohen’s d. Resultat: Samtliga åtta studier visade god effekt gällande distraktionsmetoder. Såpbubblor,distraktionskort samt kyla kombinerat med vibration hade hög effekt medan lokalbedövandekräm och föräldrars närvaro hade medelhög effekt. Konklusion: Ett effektivt sätt att förebygga smärta var med lokalbedövande kräm, kyla kombineratmed vibration samt distraktionsmetoder. Föräldrars närvaro och sjuksköterskans information införproceduren underlättade situationen. / Background: Children visiting hospital are often undergoing various procedures including needles. Children may experience the procedures as painful and unpleasant. There are differenttypes of measures to relieve the pain and discomfort. With topical anesthesia, safety factors anddistraction methods the pain can be relief. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of nursing measures in relation withneedle procedures to relieve procedural pain in children. Methods: A literature study in which eight quantitative experimental studies with a controlgroupwere examined. Searches were performed in Cinahl and Pubmed. The power measure wasdescribed with Cohen’s d. Results: All eight studies showed a good effect regarding distraction methods. Soap bubbles,distractioncards and cold combined with vibration had a high effect, while local anesthetic creamand parents' presence had a medium effect. Conclusion: An effective way to reduce procedural pain was to use local anesthetic cream, coldcombined with vibration and distraction methods. Parents’ presence and information from the nursebefore the procedure facilitated the situation.

The conceptual model of emotion regulation (ER) of Gross and Thompson (2007) introduces families of ER strategies ordered on a temporal scale. This scale has been attributed implications both for the grouping strategies but also for the neurocognitive processing. The two event-related potential (ERP) studies of emotional regulation presented here focus on emotional regulation at different temporal distances, as well as, different stages of cognitive processing. Trying to discern if various neural processes could be disentangled by looking at different stages of the late positive potential (LPP). The theoretical background begins with the neurocognitive science of emotionality and visits cognitive processing at both early and late stages before summating results of the contemporary research of emotional regulation. 39 participants were enrolled within the two experiments aiming to compare the efficiency of different strategies in reducing negative social emotion induced by photographs of angry faces. Technical difficulties discourage conclusions about how temporal distancing is most effectively adapted. Results suggest self-focused distancing strategies are more effective than situation-focused reappraisal and could be preferred for therapeutic purposes based on greater observed LPP effect.

Airway travel is an easy and accessible form of transportation that allows billions of people to travel the world each year. Many passengers are however not perfectly comfortable on flights, with stressful flight-related anxieties or phobias being common. These issues are all sources of various negative emotions and can be difficult to circumvent or tone down when on long flights. Previous research has shown that controlled breathing techniques and distraction from the situation are good approaches when dealing with the body's physiological stress responses, but both techniques have seldom been used in conjunction.    This thesis is targeting In-Flight Entertainment (IFE) systems used onboard modern aeroplanes to provide passengers with a serious game for alleviating stressful emotions during flights. The study aims to determine whether guided breathing combined with gameplay distraction can help passengers with various flight-related anxieties to relax and regain a calm state of mind. This was done in comparison to a standard breathing exercise. The data was collected from user testing involving Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) for happy and sad moods and the Strait-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to evaluate participants' emotional states. Heart rate measurements were used to analyse correlations between stress and heart rate. Finally, the game itself was evaluated for its intrinsic value, effectiveness for stress relief and the participants' intention to engage with it.  The results of the study could however not draw any conclusions that indicate that the serious game was any more effective than standard breathing exercises in most aspects, with both having a similar influence overall. A few components, namely immersion, enjoyment, entertainment, concentration and usability did however show a significant increase indicating that the serious game is a more enjoyable experience while remaining effective for relaxation and stress relief.  In conclusion, having a larger number of participants would have enabled the results to make more accurate and reliable findings. Heart rate was also found to be a poor predictor of stress, with more appropriate sensors being an area of improvement for future studies. Using both breathing techniques and distraction can however be considered to be a useful way to provide stress relief as both components were found to complement each other well.

Stress and parenting often go hand in hand, with high physical and emotional demands from children often coupled with pressures and responsibilities adults bear from work, school, and other involvements outside the home. Parents often prioritize their children's needs above their own physical, emotional, and social needs. While current literature addresses stress in mothers, it has yet to understand under what circumstances her children may modify her stress levels and whether her stress response, in turn, affects cognition. This study seeks to investigate the impact of such a taxing environment on mothers' stress and cognition using a challenging mnemonic discrimination paradigm. It was hypothesized that the auditory distraction of a mother's own children during the task would impair her ability to encode and retrieve images and also increase her physiological stress response. Prior research has outlined how irrelevant noise and induced stress modify behavioral outcomes, and how mnemonic discrimination of emotional stimuli differs from that of neutral stimuli. However, to our knowledge, there have been no tests in any group using distracting noise (a type of induced stress) during emotionally valenced mnemonic discrimination tasks. This led to the development of our task in order to better understand stress and distraction coupled with valenced imagery. Encoding was divided into two blocks, with one block occurring during the presentation of white noise and the alternate block occurring during the presentation of noise from children, either live audio feed to a mother's own children (experimental condition) or prerecorded audio of a group of children (control condition). We found that retrieval did decrease as a result of child noise, and that memory performance for neutral stimuli was greater than for negative or positive stimuli. Physiological measurements (electrodermal activity and heart rate) were also obtained to view the stress response, but only electrodermal activity showed significance. A significant relationship was found between electrodermal activity and behavioral scores in the experimental group. Our results also suggest that perceived and induced stress coupled with distraction leads to lower memory performance and increased physiological stress responses.

Simultaneously listening to music whilst doing other tasks has become more common with the development of mobile technology and the rise of streaming platforms, but what affect does listening to music have on task performance? There have been several theories on this both advocating for and against the effects of music. This study has two primary questions to answer. Does background noise (condition 1: no music, condition 2: music with words, condition 3: same music without words) influence reading comprehension, and does how well individuals perform on complex tasks correlate with individual differences particularly their ability to media multitask and their boredom proneness. The findings are generally in-line with the consensus of prior research that music does have a negative impact on complex tasks when compared to performing them without auditory stimuli. Although there are differences depending on what stimuli is used. A correlation was found that has not been extensively studied by prior research to my knowledge. It pertains to the relationship of media multitasking and boredom proneness. It seems like the higher an individual’s MM score is the lower their BP score will be, on average. What implications this might have for the larger attention research field needs to be further explored before any inference can be made. The ANOVA and regression results for the other variables showed no significant correlations. / Att lyssna på musik samtidigt som man utför andra uppgifter har blivit allt vanligare med utvecklingen av mobil teknik och uppkomsten av streamingplattformar, men vilken påverkan har egentligen musiklyssnande på uppgiftprestanda. Det har funnits flera teorier om detta som förespråkande för och emot effekterna av musik. Denna studie har primärt två frågor att svara på. Påverkar bakgrundsljud (villkor 1: ingen musik, villkor 2: musik med ord, villkor 3: samma musik utan ord) läsförståelsen, och finns det ett samband mellan hur bra en individ utför en komplex uppgift, och individuella skillnader, särskilt förmågan för "media multitasking" och deras "boredom proneness". Resultaten är allmänt i linje med konsensusen från tidigare forskning att musik har en negativ inverkan på komplexa uppgifter jämfört med att utföra dem utan auditivt stimuli. Även om det finns skillnader i inverkan beroende på vilka stimuli som används. En korrelation hittades som inte har undersökts noggrant genom tidigare forskning, enligt min vetskap. Det avser förhållandet mellan "media multitasking" och "boredom proneness". Det verkar som att ju högre en individs MM-poäng är desto lägre blir deras BP-poäng. Vilka konsekvenser detta kan ha för forskningsfältet i stort är svårt att säga och måste undersökas ytterligare innan någon slutsats kan göras. Resultaten från utförd ANOVA och regressionsanalys påvisade inga andra signifikanta korrelationer mellan de andra variablerna i insamlade data.

Incorporation of more sophisticated human factors (HF) in mathematical models for driving behavior has become an increasingly popular and important research direction in the last few years. Such models enable us to simulate under which conditions perception errors and risk-taking lead to interactions that result in unsafe traffic conditions and ultimately accidents. In this paper, we present a generic multi-level microscopic traffic modelling and simulation framework that supports this important line of research. In this framework, the driving task is modeled in a multi-layered fashion. At the highest level, we have idealized (collision-free) models for car following and other driving tasks. These models typically contain HF parameters that exogenously “govern the human factor”, such as reaction time, sensitivities to stimuli, desired speed, etc. At the lowest level, we define HF variables (task demand and capacity, awareness) with which we maintain what the information processing costs are of performing driving tasks as well as non-driving related tasks such as distractions. We model these costs using so-called fundamental diagrams of task demand. In between, we define functions that govern the dynamics of the high-level HF parameters with these HF variables as inputs. When total task demand increases beyond task capacity, first awareness may deteriorate, where we use Endsley's three-level awareness construct to differentiate between effects on perception, comprehension, anticipation and reaction time. Secondly, drivers may adapt their response in line with Fullers risk allostasis theory to reduce risk to acceptable levels. This framework can be viewed as a meta model, that provides the analyst possibilities to combine and mix a wide variety of microscopic models for driving behavior at different levels of sophistication, depending on which HF are studied, and which phenomena need to be reproduced. We illustrate the framework with a distraction (rubbernecking) case. Our results show that the framework results in endogenous mechanisms for inter- and intra-driver differences in driving behavior and can generate multiple plausible HF mechanisms to explain the same observable traffic phenomena and congestion patterns that arise due to the distraction. We believe our framework can serve as a valuable tool in testing hypotheses related to the effects of HF on traffic efficiency and traffic safety in a systematic way for both the traffic flow and HF community.

These days, everything revolves around technology, and we have instantaneous access to all information. To stay up to date on current events, we get notifications on our smart devices when relevant articles or messages become available. Displays and other forms of technology are ubiquitous in today's car interiors to both enhance the driving experience and keep the driver in touch with the information they provide. However, depending on the situation and task at hand, these notifications can elicit a variety of reactions from us when they appear at an inconvenient time. The problem statement of this research was that there was very little amount of research done on the connection between drivers with different personality traits and how the incoming in-vehicle notifications affect them in various cognitive load scenarios. This study put participants in a practical research where they have been doing a primary task while interacting with notifications as a side task. The tasks at hand have been divided based on the user's cognitive load, or the amount of focus required for that activity, like different driving scenarios in real life. We have collected sufficient data through practical research in which participants have been placed in a scenario of performing a primary task while interacting with incoming notifications. Prior to that, the personality traits of the participants have been determined using a survey, which assisted us in connecting the similarities and differences among the various personality trait groups. In the practical part of the study, a screen was used on which the participant performed a primary task in the form of a video game, as well as a screen beside him, mimicking an infotainment screen, with incoming notifications with which he had to interact. This provided us with accurate data based on its similarity to an actual everyday scenario, such as while driving a car. The findings aided in establishing a clear link between personality traits, levels of cognitive load, and notifications in general, and how they are interlinked.

Mobile phones have become a natural part in our lives and with them, challenges and concerns rise. Mobile phones are designed to catch our attention, which equals unwanted distractions in many situations. Previous research is ambiguous as to in what situations mobile phones harm our attention and cause distraction. Therefore, the aim of this experiment was to examine whether the mere presence of a mobile phone or a mobile phone receiving a notification harms our attention while performing the Stroop Task Test. The experiment involved 19 participants, comprising 4 males and 15 females of various ages (M=38,84). A within-subject design experiment was used and the participants that took part in the experiment were exposed to three different conditions as they completed four rounds of the Stroop Task Test. The first and last condition was without a mobile phone, the second condition had a silent mobile phone laying in their field of vision, and in the third condition that same mobile phone received a text message notification. In order to examine the degree of distraction, this study looked at eye gaze towards the mobile phone, in addition to the response times during the test. Contrary to previous research the results of this study showed no significant difference in the participants' performance on the Stroop Task Test and eye gaze during the mobile phone conditions. This indicates that it is possible to maintain focus and attention on a cognitively demanding task for a limited time, despite the presence of someone else’s mobile phone receiving a notification. / Mobiltelefoner har blivit en naturlig del i våra liv och med dem följer även utmaningar och problematik. Mobiltelefoner är designade för att fånga vår uppmärksamhet, vilket leder till oönskade distraktioner i vissa situationer. Tidigare forskning är tvetydig om i vilka situationer mobiltelefoner påverkar vår uppmärksamhet negativt och orsakar distraktion. Därför var syftet med detta experiment att undersöka om blotta närvaron av en mobiltelefon eller en mobiltelefon som får en sms-avisering påverkar vår uppmärksamhet negativt när vi utför Stroop-testet. Experimentet involverade 19 deltagare, bestående av 4 män och 15 kvinnor i olika åldrar (M=38,84). En inomgruppsdesign användes och deltagarna som deltog i experimentet exponerades för tre olika betingelser när de genomförde fyra omgångar av Stroop-testet. Den första och sista betingelsen var utan mobiltelefon, den andra betingelsen hade en tyst mobiltelefon liggande i deras synfält, och under den tredje betingelsen fick samma mobiltelefon en sms-avisering. För att undersöka graden av distraktion undersöktes om deltagarnas ögonrörelser drogs mot mobiltelefonen, samt reaktionstiderna i Stroop-testet. I motsats till tidigare forskning visade resultaten av denna studie ingen signifikant skillnad i deltagarnas prestation i Stroop-testet och ögonrörelser under mobiltelefonbetingelserna. Detta indikerar att det är möjligt att behålla fokus och uppmärksamhet på en kognitivt krävande uppgift under en begränsad tid, trots närvaron av någon annans mobiltelefon som får en sms-avisering.

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Inledning: Distraktioner under läkemedelshantering medför risker som kan påverka patientsäkerheten. En tiondel av alla vårdskador som sker inom svensk hälso- och sjukvård är läkemedelsrelaterade. Medvetenheten om risker och konsekvenser i samband med läkemedelshantering kan vara ett steg i att minska förekomsten av dessa vårdskador. Sammantaget kan detta bidra till kortare vårdtider och en minskad kostnad för samhället.  Syfte: Studiens syfte var att beskriva distraherande händelser intensivvårdssjuksköterskan utsätts för under läkemedelsprocessen  Metod: En kvalitativ studie har genomförts med deltagande observation som datainsamlingsmetod. Totalt 60 observationer analyserades utifrån kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Händelser som distraherade intensivvårdssjuksköterskan under läkemedelsprocessen kunde sammanställas i två huvudkategorier, arbetsmiljö och patientens tillstånd. I arbetsmiljön observerades distraherande händelser bero på samtal, trängsel och avsaknad av material samt omvårdnad. Här lyftes även vikten av en lugn omgivning. Patientens tillstånd observerades distrahera när denne blev instabil eller vid larm från medicinteknisk utrustning.  Slutsats: En ökad patientsäkerhet kan uppnås genom att ge intensivvårdssjuksköterskor goda förutsättningar under läkemedelsprocessen. Att öka medvetenheten om distraherande händelser och dess konsekvenser kan även bidra till ökad patientsäkerhet. Vidare forskning inom ämnet kan med fördel göras för att få en ökad förståelse och utveckla rutiner och åtgärder för att förhindra att fel i läkemedelshanteringen uppstår. / 1.      Introduction: Distractions during the medication process induces risks that can potentially impact patient safety. In Sweden, one tenth out of all injuries caused by given care are related to medication errors. Knowledge of the risks and consequences associated with managing medication can be one step forward to reduce the incidence of injuries caused by given care. This may over all contribute to shorter care admissions and a decreased cost for the Swedish society. Aim: To describe distracting events the intensive care nurse was exposed to during the medication process. Method: A qualitative study has been made with participant observation as method for data collection. A total of 60 observations was analyzed through qualitative content analysis.  Result: Events in which the intensive care nurse was distracted during the medication process could be compiled into two main categories, work environment and patient condition. Occurring events observed in the work environment was due to conversations, crowding and lack of material and also patient care. The importance of calm and work privacy was also raised. Distractions due to patient condition was observed in critical situations where the patient became unstable or when medical device equipment alerted.  Conclusion: Increased patient safety can be obtained by giving intensive care nurses better conditions during the medication process. Raising the knowledge of distractive events and their consequences can also contribute with an increase in patient safety. Further research can be beneficial in order to increase understanding as well as development of routine procedures and plans of action to prevent errors in the medication process.