Les enfants ayant un Trouble du Déficit de l’attention avec ou sans hyperactivité (TDAH) présentent plusieurs caractéristiques distinctives, dont le fait d’avoir de moins bonnes performances à certaines tâches cognitives, et de faire davantage de vagabondage de l’esprit que les individus sans TDAH. Le vagabondage de l’esprit a été associé à deux principales fonctions cognitives chez des adultes en bonne santé (contrôle exécutif et vigilance). Toutefois, aucune étude n’a, à notre connaissance, évalué la relation entre le vagabondage de l’esprit et le contrôle exécutif ainsi que la vigilance chez les individus ayant un TDAH. La présente étude a donc pour objectif d’évaluer la présence d’une relation entre le vagabondage de l'esprit et le contrôle exécutif ainsi qu’entre le vagabondage de l’esprit et la vigilance chez les enfants avec un TDAH. L’objectif secondaire est de comparer la force de cette association pour chacune des deux fonctions cognitives. Pour ce faire, deux méthodes d’investigation sont utilisées : 1) évaluer les relations entre les variables avant intervention; 2) évaluer les relations entre les degrés de changement des variables suite à une intervention de pleine conscience (PC). Les résultats indiquent une absence de relation entre les variables avant l’intervention. Ils indiquent également que l’intervention de PC permet effectivement de moduler le vagabondage de l’esprit. Après l’intervention, aucune relation entre la vigilance et le vagabondage de l’esprit n’est identifiée alors qu’une relation marginalement significative et modérée avec le contrôle exécutif est présente. Les résultats ont des implications méthodologiques puisqu’il s’agit de la première étude à avoir adapté une tâche de vagabondage de l’esprit en contexte de méditation pour les enfants. Elle a également des implications cliniques puisqu’elle révèle une réduction du vagabondage de l’esprit suite à un programme de PC. Enfin, elle a des implications théoriques. Elle permet notamment d’appuyer le modèle d’échec du contrôle exécutif en relation avec le vagabondage de l’esprit et réfute en partie les arguments avancés par la théorie du découplage.

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The present Research Topic “It's irrelevant for the task but interesting!—How children process and attend to task-irrelevant information” comprises two aspects of cognitive control from a developmental point of view. The first aspect includes the development of children's attention control in different contexts such as emotion processing or novelty processing. The second aspect focuses on the development of children's ability to inhibit actions. The Research Topic addresses research with healthy children and with children suffering from the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). It brings together different perspectives on the development of attention control during infancy, childhood, and adolescence. This combination can contribute to new perspectives for future research and can enhance our knowledge about the development of cognitive functions, particularly about the developmental pathway of mechanisms of attention control.

Driver distraction is a major contributor to car crashes, and visual distraction caused by using invehicle infotainment systems (IVIS) degrades driving performance and increases crash risk. Air gesture interfaces were developed to mitigate for driver distraction, and using auditory displays showed a decrease in off-road glances and an improved perceived workload. However, the design of auditory displays was not fully investigated. This thesis presents directional research in the design of auditory displays for air-gesture IVIS through two dual-task experiments of driving a simulator and air-gesture menu navigation. Experiment 1 with 32 participants employed a 2x4 mixed-model design, and explored the effect of four auditory display conditions (auditory icon, earcon, spearcon, and no-sound) and two menu-generation interfaces (fixed and adaptive) on driving performance, eye glance behavior, secondary task performance and subjective perception. Each auditory display (within-subjects) was tested with both a fixed and adaptive menu-generation interface (between-subjects). Results from Experiment 1 demonstrated that spearcon provided the least visual distraction, least workload, best system usability and was favored by participants; and that fixed menu generation outperformed adaptive menu generation in driving safety and secondary task performance. Experiment 2 with 24 participants utilized the best interface to emerge from Experiment 1 to further explore the auditory display with the most potential: spearcon. 70% spearcon and 40% spearcon were compared to text-to-speech (TTS) and no audio conditions. Results from Experiment 2 showed that 70% spearcon induced less visual distraction than 40% spearcon, and that 70% spearcon resulted in the most accurate but slowest secondary task selections. Experimental results are discussed in the context of the multiple resource theory and the working memory model, design guidelines are proposed, and future work is discussed. / Master of Science / Driver distraction is a major cause of car accidents, and using in-vehicle infotainment systems (IVIS) while driving can distract drivers and increase the risk of crashes. Air gesture interfaces and auditory displays were created to help reduce driver distraction, and using auditory displays has been shown to decrease the number of times a driver looks away from the road and to improve the perceived workload of the driver. However, the design of auditory displays has not been thoroughly studied. This study examined the design of auditory displays for air gesture IVIS through two experiments in which participants drove a simulator and used air gesture menus while navigating. The first experiment, which included 32 participants, looked at the effect of four different types of auditory displays (auditory icon, earcon, spearcon, and no sound) and two different types of menu-generation interfaces (fixed and adaptive) on driving performance, eye glance behavior, secondary task performance, and subjective perception. The second experiment, which included 24 participants, compared the use of 70% and 40% spearcon displays to text-to-speech and no audio conditions. The results of these experiments showed that using spearcon displays resulted in the least visual distraction and workload, the best system usability, and the most accurate but slowest secondary task selections. These findings are discussed in relation to existing theories of how the brain processes multiple tasks, and design guidelines for auditory displays are proposed for future research.

The ability to shield against distraction while focusing on a task requires the operation of executive functions and is essential for successful learning. We investigated the short-term dynamics of distraction control in a data set of 269 children aged 4– 10 years and 51 adults pooled from three studies using multilevel models. Participants performed a visual categorization task while a task-irrelevant sequence of sounds was presented which consisted of frequently repeated standard sounds and rarely interspersed novel sounds. On average, participants responded slower in the categorization task after novel sounds. This distraction effect was more pronounced in children. Throughout the experiment, the initially strong distraction effects declined to the level of adults in the groups of 6- to 10-year-olds. Such a decline was neither observed in the groups of the 4- and 5-year-olds, who consistently showed a high level of distraction, nor in adults, who showed a constantly low level of distraction throughout the experimental session. Results indicate that distraction control is a highly dynamic process that qualitatively and quantitatively differs between age groups.We conclude that the analysis of short-term dynamics provides valuable insights into the development of attention control and might explain inconsistent findings regarding distraction control in middle childhood. In addition, models of attention control need to be refined to account for age-dependent rapid learning mechanisms. Our findings have implications for the design of learning situations and provide an additional source of information for the diagnosis and treatment of children with attention deficit disorders.

Bakgrund: Nålrädsla hos barn är vanligt och barnets tidigare erfarenheter har stor betydelse för om barnet är rädd och hur rädslan hanteras. Rädslan för nålstick kan minskas eller undvikas helt med bra förberedelse och distraktion. Det är viktigt att barn får information och blir förberedda inför ett nålstick, detta för att även göra upplevelsen bättre. Om barnet vet och förstår vad som ska hända får barnet en känsla av kontroll över situationen. Motiv: Förberedelse och distraktion bidrar båda till minskad rädsla och en bättre upplevelse för barnet. Tidigare studier visar dock att det finns anledningar till att förberedelser eller distraktion inte används.  Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa barnsjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att använda förberedelser och distraktion i samband med nålstick på barn.  Metod: En kvalitativ metod har använts. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med semistrukturerade individuella intervjuer. Åtta barnsjuksköterskor som arbetar på en barnavdelning deltog i studien. Datamaterialet analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys.  Resultat: Fyra huvudkategorier och nio underkategorier framkom av dataanalysen. Huvudkategorin Användning av förberedelser inför nålstick resulterade i tre underkategorier, den andra huvudkategorin Användning av distraktioner under nålstick resulterade i två underkategorier, den tredje huvudkategorin Föräldrarnas roll för barnet under nålstick resulterade i två underkategorier och den sista huvudkategorin Vikten av att anpassa proceduren utifrån varje barn resulterade i två underkategorier.  Konklusion: Det finns flera olika tekniker som används i både förberedelse och distraktion. Det är av stor vikt att anpassa förberedelser och distraktion utifrån varje enskilt barns behov, önskemål, ålder och tidigare erfarenheter. Barnets föräldrar behöver vara införstådda i situationen för att kunna ge trygghet till sitt barn. Resultatet kan bidra till ökad kunskap om strategier som kan användas för att ge barnet en så bra upplevelse som möjligt. / Background: Needlefear in children is common and previous experiences have major impact on the child’s needlefear and on how they will react during needlesticks. Fear of needles can be reduced with good preparation before the procedure and with distraction during. It’s important that children receive information and preparation before needlesticks to make the experience more bearable. If children know what’s about to happen they will feel more in control. Motive: Preparation and distraction can both contribute to reduce fear and to make it more bearable for children. Earlier research show that there are multiple reasons not to use preparation or distraction.  Aim: The purpose of this study was to illuminate pediatric nurses’ experiences of using preparation and distraction during needlesticks.   Methods: A qualitive descriptive approach was used in this study. The data was collected through individual semi-structured interviews. Eight pediatric nurses participated in this study. The data was analysed using a qualitive content analysis. Result: Four main categories and nine subcategories was identified. The main category The use of preparation before needlesticks resulted in three subcategories, the second main category The use of distractions during needlesticks resulted in two subcategories, the third main category Parents role during needlesticks resulted in two subcategories and the fourth main category Importance of adaption to each individual child resulted in two subcategories. Conclusion: There are different ways to prepare and distract children during needlesticks. It is important to adapt preparations and distraction to each individual child's needs, wishes, age and earlier experiences. Parents need information to be able to support their child. The result can contribute with knowledge that can be used to make the needlesticks as bearable as possible.

During cancer treatment children are required to undergo many types of invasive procedures, including venipuncture, bone marrow aspirations, and lumbar punctures. These medical procedures invoke many negative symptoms including distress, pain, anxiety, and fear. The purpose of this thesis was to determine the most effective nursing interventions to decrease negative symptoms in pediatric oncology patients during invasive procedures. This integrated literature review examined evidence regarding the effects of distraction interventions used during procedures performed on children with cancer published between 1999 and 2009. Results showed that current research on distraction interventions included using virtual reality, electronic toys, nonessential touch, music therapy, and mixed distractors. Although all of the studies showed that distraction was effective at decreasing negative symptoms in children with cancer no single form of distraction stood out above the rest. Results indicated that distraction interventions were considered beneficial by the parents, and had a favorable impact on the quality of life of pediatric cancer patients. By using evidence based distraction interventions, nurses can improve the quality of life in children undergoing invasive procedures by decreasing the occurrence of experienced distress, pain, fear, and anxiety in this patient population. This review of literature will provide nurses with recommendations for nursing practice, allowing them to make informed decisions concerning the effectiveness and safety of their patients' care.

Bakgrund: Som grundutbildad sjuksköterska kan du möta barn inom olika verksamheter utanför den typiska barnsjukvården. Venpunktion är en smärtsam procedur och ett vanligt förekommande moment i sjukvården. Smärtan kan lindras och förebyggas med farmakologiska och icke-farmakologiska metoder, exempelvis aktiva och passiva distraktionsmetoder. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att kartlägga effekten av olika distraktionsmetoder för att minska smärta hos barn (6-12 år) vid venpunktion. Metod: En kvantitativ litteraturstudie med sammanställning av 11 interventionsstudier identifierade i PubMed och Cinahl. Resultat: Nio studier visade på statistiskt signifikant smärtlindrande effekt för åtta av elva distraktionsmetoder. Tre av sex studier som undersökte dess effekt på ångest visade på statistiskt signifikant effekt. Två studier presenterade i respektive studie en distraktionsmetod med bättre effekt, en av dessa presenterade att aktiv distraktion gav bättre effekt än passiv distraktion. Konklusion: Distraktionsmetoder kan antas ha både smärtlindrande och ångestdämpande effekt vid venpunktion på barn 6-12 år. Distraktionsmetoder bör vara aktuella att integrera i rutinen för venpunktion på barn inom svensk sjukvård. Det finns dock behov av vidare forskning inom området för att stärka dess evidens. Aspekter som distraktion som tillägg till topikal anestesi, effekt på ångest samt distraktion anpassat till barnets behov och förmågor bör studeras ytterligare. / Background: A registered nurse can meet children in different healthcare departments besides the pediatric department. Phlebotomy is a common painful procedure in healthcare. This pain can be relieved and prevented with pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods, for example, active and passive distraction methods. Aim: The study aimed to collect an overview of the effects of different distraction methods to reduce pain during phlebotomy in children 6-12 years. Methods: A quantitative literature study identified and compared 11 intervention studies collected from PubMed and Cinahl. Results: Nine studies presented a statistically significant pain-relieving effect for eight of the total eleven distraction methods. Three out of six studies presented a statistically significant effect on anxiety. Two studies each presented one distraction method with better effect, one of these presented active distraction to be better than passive. Conclusion: Distraction methods present pain-relieving and anxiety-reducing effects during phlebotomy in children 6-12 years and could therefore be appropriate to integrate into the Swedish phlebotomy routine for children. There is further need for research in the field to strengthen its evidence. Aspects such as distraction in addition to topical anesthesia, the effect on anxiety and distraction based on the child's needs and abilities need further research.