Distracted driving is a dangerous activity that continues to claim lives on roadways throughout the United States. A goal of this research was to collect distracted driving behavior data through observation in the field. A methodological approach was devised to keep data collection consistent across the observation periods. Analysis of the data provided information regarding trends in distraction type or driving behavior while engaging in a secondary activity. In combination with the observational portion of this research, another key component to understanding distracted driving was the crash report narrative key word search. By searching through the crash reports, it was determined which key words have high discriminating powers that indicate distraction was a key component to a crash. Additionally, the key word search demonstrated how accurately distraction related crashes are reported via the crash report form. This research contributed to the existing literature regarding distracted driving and also expanded the methods of research that are currently in use.

The aim of the study was to investigate the association between working memory capacity and golf performance in a dual-task paradigm. Twenty-eight golfers with ages varying from 19-58 participated in the study. The participants were instructed to, after assessing their working memory capacity with digit span tests, hit ten golf putts from varying distances in two different conditions, one single-task condition (just performing the golf putts) and one dual-task condition (golf putts plus a working memory task). In the dual-task condition the participants were given an address (including street name, postal code and city) to remember while hitting all ten putts. After hitting the putts in each condition the participants reported their perceived mental effort. Results from the study showed that participants with higher working memory capacity performed better than participants with lower working memory capacity in general, but especially in the distracted condition. Results also showed that participants with higher working memory capacity perceived less mental effort compared to participants with lower working memory capacity, especially in the distracted condition. The findings from this study indicate that working memory capacity is related to performance and mental effort exerted during performance, especially in a distracted condition.

The diploma thesis deals with the analyses of food consumption influence on driver´s perception reaction time. It describes the food and drink consumption while driving, factors influencing driver´s performance, activities disturbing the driver, foreign researches and studies aimed at distracting stimuli. Practical part of the thesis is focused on driving tests of chosen driver of certain age group in current traffic, interpretation and evaluation of reaction times while driving with no distracting stimuli comparing to driving influenced by food consumption. All the data are concluded in the summary where it´s confirmed that reaction times are significantly prolonged when drivers have a snack while driving a vehicle.

The dissertation thesis focuses on the problem of driver inattention as one of the main factors contributing to the traffic accidents occurrence. The importance of this topic has been introduce on the basis of the literature review. The theoretical analysis includes terminology in the field of accident analysis related to the topic of this dissertation thesis. Existing methods for driver behavior analysis have been introduced as well as the selected resuls of existing research studies focused on the driver inattention. Research gaps have been identified on the basis of the research review, on some of them has been focused this work. The defined problem situation points to the need to find and verify the relevant modern methods for analysis of driver inattention, respectivaly influence of selected distracting stimuli on the stages of driver information processing. The series of measurements also provides quantified data, especially with regard to the perception duration of selected distracting stimuli.

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ABSTRACT Background For children it’s common to be scared of medical procedures. Pain and anxiety are a sensory feeling of discomfort that are strongly related to one another. There are non-pharmacological alternatives for reducing pain and anxiety in children one example is distraction. Distraction is used to divert the child’s focus from the pain and anxiety during the medical procedure.    Aim To investigate the effect of distraction as a non-pharmacological alternative to reduce children’s procedural pain and anxiety. Method Literature review with descriptive design, the databases used to select articles was PubMed and Cinahl. The result is based on 12 original article that have a quantitative approach. Results The result shows that distraction is an effective alternative of non-pharmacological pain relief. Distraction reduces the procedure-related pain and anxiety in children between the ages of two and thirteen who undergo a needle-related procedure. The result of the most effective distraction method vary between the different studies. No distraction method caused children more pain and anxiety. Conclusion Distraction (both active and passive) are effective methods for the nurse to use in the care to reduce the procedural pain and anxiety in children. It's difficult to draw any conclusions on which distraction method that are the most effective. The results describe different distraction methods and their effect, which can help nurses get better knowledge to use in their clinical work to reduce children's procedural pain and anxiety in needle-related procedures.

The thesis deals with the influence of the elements in surrounding the road on the traffic safety, focusing on visual distraction of the driver. Within the theoretical part are characterized transport system and its individual components (driver, environment and road, means of transportation and transport infrastructure) with emphasis on aspects affecting traffic safety and visual perception of the driver. The analytical part draws from video records with driving tests provided by the Institute of Forensic Engineering of Brno University of Technology. They were processed and the data were evaluated to determine mainly the length of individual driver’s gazes on particular elements in surrounding the road and their comparison with the time dedicated to driving. The conclusion of this part is intended for the studies of advertising signs as they are the elements with significant influence on driver’s distraction. Interpretation of the results followed by designing their applications to increase traffic safety is included in the last chapter.

Data collected from a survey questionnaire disseminated to college students was used to examine the relationship between humor in the mass media on audience attitude. This research study attempted to link the comedic nature of media with a heightened tolerance toward unpopular messages by looking specifically at the show Will & Grace. Results supported the hypothesized positive relationship between humor on attitudes toward the show, as well as attitudes toward real life homosexuals. In addition, distraction and interpersonal communication served as mediators between humor and attitudes. Results supported positive relationships between humor and both distraction and interpersonal communication, and supported the mediated path involving distraction. But the interpersonal communication mediated path was negative. Results, implications, and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka åsikter lärare på en skola har om iPad i undervisningen och hur det påverkade eleverna. I denna studie användes en kombination av intervjuer och observationer för att få tillgång till den data som var nödvändig. Semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio lärare utfördes och flertal observationer under lektionstid genomfördes. Studien grundade sig på tre teman: inlärning, distraktion och mående. Resultaten visade att lärarna var överens om att iPaden distraherade eleverna men var oense i frågor om hur iPaden påverkade elevers inlärning och mående. De som tyckte att iPaden bland annat bidrog till kreativitet, hade det svårare att se sambandet mellan psykisk ohälsa och iPaden. Andra lärare ansåg att iPaden bidrog till att fler elever blev isolerade och att inlärningen hämmades eftersom eleverna inte behövde anstränga sig som förr för att söka information. Resultaten diskuteras i ljuset av iPadens vara eller icke-vara som läromedel i klassrummet / The purpose of the study was to investigate what opinions teachers at a school had about the iPad in teaching and how it affected students. This study used a combination of interviews and observations to access the data that was necessary. Semi-structured interviews with ten teachers were conducted and several observations were made during lesson time. The study was based on three themes: learning, distraction, and mood. The results showed that the teachers did agree that the iPad did distract the students but disagreed on questions about how the iPad affected students' learning and mood. Those who were in favor thought that the iPad, among other things, contributed to creativity and found it more difficult to see a connection between mental illness and the iPad. Other teachers considered that the iPad contributed to more students being isolated and that learning was hampered because the students did not have to make an effort as before to seek information. The results are discussed in the light of the iPad's being or non-being as a teaching aid in the classroom.

Bakgrund: Det är vanligt att barn upplever smärta och ångest i samband med venösa stick. Virtuell verklighet, VR, kan användas som en distraktionsmetod under omvårdnadsprocedurer för att reducera smärta och ångest. Att få en samlad och ökad kunskap om användning av VR under venösa stick kan bidra till att minska barns lidande under proceduren. Syfte: Att undersöka användandet av VR som distraktion för att minska smärta och ångest hos barn som får venösa stick.  Metod: Artikelsökningar har gjorts i databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. I studien inkluderades 10 empiriska kvantitativa artiklar som har kvalitetsgranskats, analyserats och sammanställts. Resultat: VR som distraktionsmetod i samband med venösa stick kan minska barns upplevda smärta och ångest. Av de 10 studierna kunde 8 identifiera en signifikant lägre nivå av upplevd smärta. Även barnens upplevda ångest under proceduren minskade. Konklusion: Oavsett vilken typ av VR som använts eller i vilken vårdmiljö det venösa sticket skett har VR haft positiva effekter för barn mellan 4–18 år. Vidare forskning på ämnet är nödvändigt för att visa hur VR kan användas som distraktionsmetod i praktiken. / Background: It is normal for children to experience pain and anxiety during venipuncture. Virtual Reality, VR can be used to distract children from pain and anxiety during caring procedures. Summarizing these studies and increased knowledge of how VR can be used during venipuncture could help relieve children from the experience of pain and anxiety. Aim: To examine the use of VR as a distraction from pain and anxiety during venipuncture. Methods: The article search was conducted in the databases Cinahl and PubMed. 10 quantitative empirical studies were quality controlled, analysed and compiled. Result: VR as a distraction during venipuncture can relieve children of experienced pain and anxiety. 8 out of 10 studies showed a significant decrease in pain. Children’s experienced anxiety were also significantly decreased. Conclusion: Positive effects for children ages 4-18 can be seen in all studied care environments and with all studied types of VR. More research is needed to show how VR can be used in a practical setting.