This study investigated the effects of animation for a technology-assisted German grammar presentation on modal verbs. The premise was that many intangible concepts of dynamic grammar involve syntactic components that possess visuo–spatial characteristics. It was further speculated that these characteristics could be more effectively represented by animated versus static instructional presentations. The supposition that animation would lend pedagogical advantage was supported by dual coding theory (Paivio, 1971, 1990), which posits two functionally separate representational systems, the verbal and the nonverbal, with dynamic mental imagery residing solely in the nonverbal system. The strength of dually coded information is that it is represented in both subsystems and, due to referential associations that cross between the two, is more easily retained and recalled. When verbal explanations are accompanied by illustrations depicting their content, it can provide external support for the learner's mental simulations of that content. Under two treatment conditions, 44 university students of beginning German (GER 101) received large-screen multimedia instruction concerning the meanings and conjugated forms of German modal auxiliary verbs, and the grammatical rules which govern sentence structure. The independent variable was the type of visualization: static or animated text. The dependent variables were participants’ total test scores as well as their individual scores on each of two task types: conjugation and word order. In addition, a posttest survey asked participants for their opinions of the instructional treatments. Participants in both treatment groups achieved high scores on the posttest with no significant difference between them; however, the posttest survey showed that the groups did differ significantly in their opinions of the treatments, with those in the animated group reporting more positive reactions to the presentation. Detailed planning and lengthy preparation of both treatments may explain the high scores for both groups, and the elementary nature of the content may also account for the resulting ceiling effect. Animation should be studied further, especially with respect to more complex tasks, as well as in concert with other aspects of multimedia, such as interactivity, user-control, practice, and feedback.

Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka potentialen av TAKK (Tecken Som Alternativ och Kompletterande Kommunikation) i undervisningen av främmande språk i den svenska skolan. Genom en kvasiexperimentell utvärdering tillämpades TAKK under en lektion i spanska där 18 elever skulle lära sig 24 nya ord om mat. Eleverna gick i åk 6 och studerade nybörjarspanska. Orden lärdes ut på ett traditionellt sätt genom att säga och skriva dem men orden 1-12 ackompanjerades dessutom av ett TAKK tecken som eleverna uppmanades att härma. Eleverna förhördes skriftligt vid tre tillfällen på en period av två veckor; glosförhör 1 bestod av 24 ord utan bilder på tecknen, glosförhör 2 bestod av 24 ord och bilder på tecknen för orden 1-12. Glosförhör 3 bestod av endast 12 bilder på tecknen för ord 1-12. Orden skulle översättas till svenska förutom vid tredje tillfället där det skulle skrivas på spanska. I ljuset av Paivios (1971) Dual Coding Theory och The Additivity Hypothesis visade resultatet på glosförhören en positiv inverkan av gesterna/tecknen på inlärningen av orden. Alla elever fick ett högre antal rätt översatta ord vid glosförhör 2. Man kan försiktigt dra slutsatsen att tecknen från TAKK bidrog till en förbättrad memorering av orden då de lagrades i vårt multimodala minne där de lämnade två interrelaterade minnesspår.

Syftet med detta examensarbete i fördjupningsämnet svenska, har varit att utforska elevers lyssläsning i jämförelse med läsning med ögonen i relation till läsförståelse. Följande frågeställningar har fokuserats: Hur upplever elever att det är att lyssläsa jämfört med att läsa med ögonen? Hur påverkas elevers läsförståelse av att lyssläsa jämfört med att enbart läsa med ögonen? För att besvara syftet och frågeställningarna har en explorativ studie genomförts bestående av ett kvasiexperiment med två läsförståelsetester (lyssläsa respektive ögonläsa), enkätfrågor och semistrukturerade intervjuer. Sammanlagt har 13 elever i årskurs 2 deltagit i studien varav 6 intervjuades. Resultatet har analyserats utifrån forskning kring lyssnande, lyssläsning och stöttning samt ”Dual Coding Theory”. Följande slutsatser har dragits: Lyssläsning bidrog till utveckling av ordförrådet. Det agerade stötta för ökad förståelse och bidrog med en högre grad av förståelse i jämförelse med att läsa med ögonen. En viktig faktor för att lyssläsandet verkligen skulle stötta, handlade om rätt hastighet på talrösten. Eleverna i studien hann läsa längre textstycken när de lyssläste i jämförelse med när de läste med ögonen. I och med själva jämförelsen uppstod även metakognitiva reflektioner hos eleverna. Trots att studiens resultat inte är generaliserbart är det relevant då det indikerar att lyssläsning påverkar elevers läsförståelse och engagemang i positiv bemärkelse. / The purpose of this student essay has been to explore reading while listening in comparison to reading with the eyes, in relation to reading comprehension. The questions at issue were: How do young learners experience reading while listening in comparison to reading with the eyes? How do reading while listening effect young learners reading comprehension in comparison to reading with the eyes? An exploratory study has been done to meet the purpose and to answer the research questions via a quasiexperiment and semi structured interviews. All in all 13 students in 2nd grade has participated in the study in which 6 were interviewed. The results of the study have been analyzed from research concerning listening, reading while listening, scaffolding and Dual Coding Theory. A number of conclusions have been made. Reading while listening contributes to the development of vocabulary as well as a higher grade of understanding. It scaffolds reading comprehension and the speaking rate of the voice reading the text is of utmost importance. The students in the study were also able to read longer passages of text when reading while listening in comparison to reading with the eyes. Because of the comparison made between reading while listening and reading with the eyes, the students made metacognitive reflections, which supported understanding. Even though the result of the study cannot be generalized, it is relevant since it indicates that reading while listening effect students reading comprehension and engagement in a positive way.

Studien är både kvalitativ genom klassrumsanteckningar och semistrukturerade intervjuersamt kvantitativt genom läs- och hörförståelsetester. Syftet med examensarbetet är attbelysa elevers upplevelse av högläsning och egen tyst läsning i årskurs 4 och 5 inomsvenskämnet i grundskolan. Sammanlagt har 37 elever medverkat i läs- ochhörförståelsetestet varav åtta elever intervjuades. Analysen tar stöd av den kognitivateorin “Dual Coding Theory”, läs- och hörförståelsetest och elevintervjuer. Eftersomempirin har ursprung i olika forskningsmetoder som kopplats samman blevforskningsansatsen triangulering. Slutresultatet är följande; Högläsningen har en positivinverkan på läsförståelsen och förmågan att förstå nya ord och begrepp. Hörförståelse,läsförståelse och de inre bilder som elever skapar utgör tillsammans ett multimodaltverktyg och förstärker deras kunskap kring texten. Elevnära texter skapar tillsammansmed lässtrategier en glädje, motivation och förståelse kring en text.

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Researchers have studied memory recall of crisis-oriented or emotional events in non-educational settings. However, within the health care field, there has been a limited study of the the concept of recall of crisis oriented or emotional events in& health care education. Crisis-oriented events such as natural disasters, acts of bioterroism, and industrial accidents, have been reported to impact memory. Patient safety is a primary focus in anesthesia education, appropriate crisis management is imperative to quality anesthesia care. Due to the critical nature of anesthesia delivery, there is a strong, constant need to develop methods that will enhance, support, and improve current anesthesia practices that impact patient safety. Educational methodologies used by both clinical and didactic instructors that will improve teaching effectiveness need to be investigated to ensure that patient safety content is being delivered to nurse anesthesia students in a manner consistent with the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists (AANAs) Council on Accreditation's COAs) standards of care. Utilizing a simulated anesthesia crisis situation, this study compared the differences in cognitive imprinting and application to practice between two content delivery methods, the written case study and patient safety vignettes, in nurse anesthesia students. The control group was given a written case study which is considered a traditional method of content delivery. The treatment groups studied vignettes, which are short, realistic, simulated audio-visual videos that demonstrate content to be relayed. The research hypothesis studied the use of anesthesia crisis oriented vignettes as an educational tool to impact memory recall, thus potentially improving application to clinical practice. Hypotheses for the study were: Hypothesis 1 (Hl): Student anesthetists exposed to audio-visual vignettes will exhibit superior clinical performance during simulated apparatus-related crisis events, evidenced by higher group mean demonstration scores, when compared to a matched group exposed to written case studies. Hypothesis 2 (H2): Student anesthetists exposed to audio-visual vignettes will exhibit superior recall of apparatus related material, evidenced by higher group mean post-test scores, when compared to a matched group exposed to written case studies. Using the paired samples t-test and analysis of variance procedure (ANOVA), statistical findings were evaluated for significance. The different teaching methodologies were represented in the abbreviation of the variables studied. Two different crisis oriented events were presented in vignette format, a malfunctioning unidirectional expiratory valve and a malfunctioning suctioning apparatus. Variables that were studied include: clinical performance during the anesthesia machine checkout process by recreating the stuck expiratory valve and malfunctioning suction apparatus scenarios. Statistically, mixed results were obtained. The impact that the stuck expiratory valve vignette had on student recall and clinical performance was found to be insignificant. The impact resulting from exposure to the non-functioning suction apparatus vignette was found to be significant for both student recall and clinical performance. Other recall and clinical performance measures related to the non- functioning suction apparatus were also found to be significant. Conclusions: In this research study, memory and clinical performance were impacted when the anesthesia provider incorporated the correct anesthesia apparatus checkout process and crisis management skills into their practice. This research demonstrated that under the conditions of this study, teaching methodology impacted some areas of clinical performance. Due to the small sample size and because the clinical performance measurements tools were newly designed for this particular study, findings from this study cannot be generalized to any other group or population. However, the findings from this study merit further investigation into the potential use of vignettes as an educational methodology to impact clinical practice and improve patient safety.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1999. / Title from title page screen, viewed July 24, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Margaret S. Steffensen (chair), Jeffrey P. Bakken, William C. Woodson, Charles B. Harris. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 214-240) and abstract. Also available in print.

Dual coding theory implies that engaging multiple modalities (e.g., visual, auditory) in instruction enhances learning. Presenting information via 3D images and 3D animations appears to improve student performance but the results are inconsistent across multiple studies. The present study investigated the effect of the Sensavis visual learning tool, a 3D educational software, on performance in chemistry among students in a Swedish elementary school. Thirty-seven students from grades 7 and 9 received training involving a 3D animation on chemical bonds while nineteen students in grade 8 had traditional instruction. ANCOVA results controlling for age and average chemistry grade revealed a statistically significant difference in the posttest performance with the control group outperforming both experimental groups. These results indicate that the Sensavis tool did not have a positive effect on learning chemistry compared to traditional instruction. Interpretation of the results is presented in discussion. / Enligt “dual coding theory” hjälper det att kombinera flera sätt att inta information (t.ex. visuellt, verbalt) inom lärandet. Presentation av information genom 3D-bilder och 3D-animationer verkar förbättra prestation bland elever, men resultaten är inkonsekventa i flera studier. Denna studie undersökte effekten av ett visuellt verktyg från Sensavis, en  pedagogisk programvara med 3D-animationer, på prestation inom kemi bland elever i en svensk grundskola. Trettiosju elever från årskurs 7 och 9 använde en 3D-animering om kemisk bindning förutom föreläsningar, medan nitton elever i årskurs 8 fick traditionell undervisning. ANCOVA-resultat som kontrollerade för ålder och kemibetyg visade att kontrollgruppen presterade bättre än bägge experimentgrupperna. Dessa resultat tyder på att Sensavis-verktyget inte hade en positiv effekt på lärande i kemi jämfört med traditionell undervisning. Tolkningen av resultaten presenteras i diskussion.

PowerPoint is a popular presentation software that is often used in educational settings, however, there is a need for further instruction on how to use the software effectively to facilitate learning. Prior research on the use of PowerPoint in education has been inconclusive as it has been focused on the presence or lack of presence in the classroom, rather than its practical implementation. The current study aims to investigate teachers’ beliefs of using PowerPoint in the classroom, for what purpose they use colors, and image in text in PowerPoint, and to what extent their reported design choices are in line with learning theories related to color, and image and text. To do this, we have interviewed four Swedish ESL teachers and conducted a complimentary survey with 47 ESL teachers. The results show that both survey participants and interviewees considered PowerPoint to be a useful digital tool in the classroom. The survey participants used PowerPoint for language instruction while the interviewees used it for content knowledge. Even if both the survey and interview participants reported practices partially corresponded with current research, it seemed like their design choices were based on instinctive or implicit understanding. With an explicit knowledge of how to design PowerPoint to facilitate learning, teachers could use PowerPoint as a pedagogical tool.

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