No description available.

The Tugaloo terrane in the eastern Blue Ridge, located in the high-grade southern Appalachian crystalline core,contains small internal basement massifs, the Neoproterozoic Tallulah Falls Formation, and Paleozoic granitoid plutons. Detailed geologic mapping in the Lake Toxaway and eastern Big Ridge quadrangles was done to better understand the regional tectonic history. Whole-rock geochemistry was used to determine similarities between the augen phase of the 1.15 Ga Toxaway Gneiss and the 1.15 Ga Wiley Gneiss of northeastern Georgia. The study found that all eastern Blue Ridge orthogneisses are similar and probably share a source. The previously identified Whiteside, Looking Glass, and Pink Beds plutons, and the newly identified Horseshoe Rock and Round Mountain plutons were also characterized. All plutons are low-K, catazonal granodiorites and trondhjemites that plot as volcanic arc or syncollisional granites on tectonic discrimination diagrams. The Looking Glass, Pink Beds, and Round Mountain plutons were dated using U-Pb SHRIMP zircon geochronology, and their ages are 333 + 16 Ma, 371.3 + 4.2 Ma, and 342.5 + 2.4 Ma, respectively. Zircon saturation temperature estimates for these plutons, and a Whitney and Stormer two-feldspar estimate for the Round Mountain pluton, indicate that they intruded at 700-800° C. Whole-rock geochemistry was used to constrain the origin of amphibolites and hornblende gneisses around the Toxaway dome. One sample was a metabasalt with MORB composition, like other eastern Blue Ridge samples. Two other samples have a metasedimentary protolith . Migmatitic aureoles found in the amphibolite facies rocks around the Whiteside, Looking Glass, and Horseshoe Rock plutons are syn-intrusional and represent a zone of contact metasomatism. The new pluton ages constrain the regional deformation history. At least 6 deformations are recognized in the eastern Blue Ridge. Dominant regional foliation is traditionally attributed to the second event (~466 Ma). However, foliations measured within all plutons are identical to foliations measured in the surrounding rock, indicating that foliations had to form after the youngest pluton intruded (~333 Ma), and that Alleghanian deformation was dominant in this region. These observations do not explain cross-cutting relationships observed around older plutons and raise new questions about southern Appalachian tectonics.

National Swedish environmental objectives and detailed development plans A good built environment - a change of perspectives The aim of this paper is to analyze if the environmental quality objectives ‘a good built environment’ can be implemented in the municipal detailed plans and/or how it is done today. In addition to a number of interviews with people within the academy and government, a document analysis of detailed development plans has been done. As of today, you can not completely do planning based entirely on the environmental objectives and it is perhaps not desirable. In the study it emerges that there are uncertainties in what the environmental quality objectives really are and how they should be used, therefore, is also the implementation of the objectives to some extent different in the detailed development plans (if they are used at all). Within the environmental objective ‘a good built environment’ and its sub-goals one can find both concrete and more unsolid goals, as part of this, goal conflicts arise and problems with implementing the various goals within detailed development plans. Some conclusions are that short-term economic goals stands in the way for a change in perspectives that is needed, if goal achievement should be reached.

No description available.

This study aim is to look closer on how municipalities utilize the citizens and creatin a dialog between the two parties as a tool to achieve a more sustainable development. To answer this question this study looks closer on the municipality of Umeå and their work with the process and dialog together with the citizens to create a detailed development plan for the area of Tomtebo gård. Through analysis of document used as a basis for the creation of the detailed development plan for Tomtebo gård. The conclusion is if the municipality of Umeå have done enough work to get the citizens involved in the process or if they are using the process as a tool to increase the legitimacy in their decisions

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(文学) / 甲第21491号 / 文博第796号 / 新制||文||672(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院文学研究科行動文化学専攻 / (主査)教授 蘆田 宏, 教授 Anderson James Russell, 教授 Emmanuel MANALO / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Letters / Kyoto University / DGAM

Biophysically detailed representations of neural network models provide substantial insight to underlying neural processing mechanisms in the auditory systems of the brain. For simple biological systems the behavior can be represented by simple equations or flow charts. But for complex systems, more detailed descriptions of individual neurons and their synaptic connectivity are typically required. Creating extensive network models allows us to test hypotheses, apply specific manipulations that cannot be done experimentally and provide supporting evidence for experimental results. Several studies have been made on establishing realistic models of the cochlear nucleus (Manis and Campagnola, 2018; Eager et al., 2004), the part of the brainstem where sound signals enter the brain, both on individual neuron and networked structure levels. These models are based on both in vitro and in vivo physiological data, and they successfully demonstrate certain aspects of the neural processing of sound signals. Even though these models have been tested with tone bursts and isolated phonemes, the representation of speech in the cochlear nucleus and how it may support robust speech intelligibility remains to be explored with these detailed biophysical models. In this study, the basis of creating a biophysically detailed model of microcircuits in the cochlear nucleus is formed following the approach of Manis and Campagnola (2018). The focus of this thesis is more on bushy cell microcircuits. We have updated Manis and Campagnola (2018) model to take inputs from the new phenomenological auditory periphery model of Bruce et al. (2018). Different cell types in the cochlear nucleus are modelled by detailed cell models of Rothman and Manis (2003c) and updated Manis and Campagnola (2018) cell models. Networked structures are built out of them according to published anatomical and physiological data. The outputs of these networked structures are used to create post-stimulus-time-histograms (PSTH) and response maps to investigate the representation of tone bursts and average localized synchronized rate (ALSR) of phoneme 'e' and are compared to published physiological data (Blackburn and Sachs, 1990). / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

I arbetet studerades vad som kan orsaka hög detaljeringsgrad i detaljplaner. Samt vilka konsekvenser som hög detaljeringsgrad kan resultera i. Litteraturstudien visade att hög detaljeringsgrad sannolikt inte berodde enbart på lagstiftning, utan även på mänskligt beteende och vanor. Därför nyttjades teorin Institutional theory för att bidra med en ram och skapa förståelse för hur och varför det ser ut som det gör och hur detaljplanerna har blivit som de är idag. Utöver det användes även fjärilseffekten och kaosteorin för att bidra med en förståelse för det alternativa amplifierande av effekter och hur sammanlagda små handlingar och effekter kan resultera i konsekvenser. Studien utfördes genom en djupdykande litteraturstudie och 9 semi-strukturerade intervjuer från ett brett utbud av respondenter från såväl den offentliga som privata sidan. På grund av det kunde en helhetsbild skapas av situationen och inte enbart en synvinkel på marknaden. Eftersom ämnet är något postmodernistiskt fick respondenterna frågor som stimulerade diskussion med dem själva och de kunde därför komma med förklaringar, förslag och insikter. För att kunna tolka materialet från intervjuerna och exkludera partiskhet och irrationella tankar så kategoriserades respondenterna och deras svar analyserades efter vardera gruppering. Initialt identifierades de alternativa orsakerna bakom hög detaljeringsgrad och de utvärderades därefter med hjälp av en modell över hur vi människor fungerar och arbetar enligt Institutional theory. Varav det visade sig att det framstår mycket sannolikt att detaljplanen ser ut som den gör idag på grund av kulturella normer, beteendemönster med mera. Vilket i det här fallet fokuserades mest på hur detaljplanerna generellt påverkas och inte hur lagstiftningen har påverkats. Alternativa konsekvenser och effekter identifierades därefter genom respondenternas alternativa fördelar och nackdelar med situationen. Dessa effekter analyserades efter vilka effekter de kan resultera i vad gäller exempelvis tid, kostnader samt påverkan på sociala och ekologiska faktorer. Därefter kunde dessa fyllas i en modell av fjärilseffekten för att bidra med en visuell översikt över situationen.  Baserat på modellen framstår det kunna innebära större konsekvenser om detaljplaner har hög detaljeringsgrad i stor utsträckning. Enligt modellen kan det exempelvis potentiellt ha en påverkan på byggtakten. Varav om så är fallet, så kan det även ha en påverkan på landets ekonomiska tillväxt. / In this work it was studied what can cause a high level of detail in detailed plans. As well as what consequences a high level of detail can result in.The literature study showed that a high level of detail probably was due not only to legislation, but also to human behavior and habits. Therefore, the Institutional theory was used to contribute with a framework and create an understanding of how and why it is the way it is and how the detailed plans have become what they are today.In addition, the butterfly effect and chaos theory were also used to contribute with an understanding of the alternative amplification of effects and how small actions and effects combined can result in consequences.The study was conducted through an in-depth literature study and 9 semi-structured interviews from a wide range of respondents from both the public and private sectors. Due to this, an overall picture could be created of the situation and not just a single point of view from the market. Since the subject is somewhat postmodern, the respondents were asked questions that stimulated discussion with themselves and they could therefore provide explanations, suggestions and insights.In order to be able to interpret the material from the interviews and exclude bias and irrational thoughts, the respondents were categorized and their answers were analyzed according to each grouping. Initially, the alternative causes behind a high level of detail were identified and they were then evaluated using a model of how us humans function and work according to institutional theory. From which it turned out that it seems very likely that the detailed plan is what it is today due to cultural norms, behavioral patterns and more. Which in this case was mostly focused on how the detailed plans are generally affected, and not how the legislation has been affected. Alternative consequences and effects were then identified through the respondents' alternative advantages and disadvantages of the situation. These effects were analyzed according to the effects they can result in in terms of, for example, time, costs and the impact on social and ecological factors. Then these could be inserted into a model of the butterfly effect to contribute with a visual overview of the situation. Based on the model, it appears that this could have major consequences if detailed plans have a high level of detail to a great extent. According to the model for example, it can potentially have an impact on the rate of construction. Of which if this is the case, it can also have an impact on the country's economic growth.

En lagändring trädde i kraft i plan- och bygglagen den 1 januari 2015 för att förenkla och effektivisera detaljplaneprocessen. Lagändringen innefattade en ny roll för lantmäterimyndigheten i planprocessen samt nya regler för exploateringsavtal. Studiens syfte var att beskriva hur samverkan mellan kommun, lantmäterimyndighet och exploatör fungerar gällande exploateringsavtal samt hur lagändringen i plan- och bygglagen angående exploateringsavtal påverkat dessa parter. För att besvara studiens frågeställningar sändes en webbenkät till Sveriges alla kommuner för att erhålla en överskådlig bild av lagändringens påverkan över landet. Det genomfördes även semistrukturerade telefonintervjuer i fem kommuner med antagna riktlinjer för exploateringsavtal. Exploateringsingenjörer, lantmäterichefer och exploatörer intervjuades för att erhålla olika perspektiv på samverkan och hur lagändringen påverkat dessa parter. Studiens resultat visade att förhandlingen mellan kommun och exploatör gällande exploateringsavtal har påbörjats tidigare i processen efter lagändringen i plan- och bygglagen. Kommunen måste även efter lagändringen betala ersättning när de tar mark i anspråk för allmän plats. Lantmäterimyndighetens mer aktiva roll har bidragit till att oklarheter och brister kan korrigeras i exploateringsavtalen. Emellertid har det gått för kort tid för att helt kunna avgöra vad lantmäterimyndighetens roll bidragit till i exploateringsavtalen. Exploatörerna har fått större möjligheter att påverka exploateringsavtalen. Samarbetet mellan kommun, lantmäterimyndighet och exploatör har blivit tydligare och till viss del förbättrats, men i det stora hela är uppfattningen att samarbetet är oförändrat. På sikt finns det möjlighet till en förbättring. / On January 1st 2015 an amendment passed in the Planning and Building Act in order to simplify and rationalize the detailed development plan process. The amendment includes a new part for cadastral authority in the plan process and new rules for development agreement. The municipalities should adopt guidelines for these agreements. The aim of this study was to describe how the collaboration between municipality, cadastral authority and developer works when it comes to development agreement and how the amendment in the Planning and Building Act concerning the development agreement has affected these participants. To answer the thesis a web survey was sent to all municipalities in Sweden to get an overview of how the amendment has influenced the country. Semi-structured telephone interviews were also performed in five municipalities that have adopted guidelines for the development agreements. The interviews were performed with land development engineers, cadastral supervisors and developers to receive their perspective of the collaboration and how the amendment has affected them. The results of the study have shown that negotiations have started earlier between municipalities and developers after the amendment in the Planning and Building Act passed. The municipalities also need to pay compensation when they take land for public places after the amendment. The cadastral authority’s more active part has contributed to assure that ambiguities and shortcomings might be solved in the development agreement. However, it is still too early to tell what the cadastral authorities part has contributed in the development agreements. The developer has got a major opportunity to influence the development agreements. The collaboration between municipalities, cadastral authorities and developers has become clearer and improved but overall it is unchanged. There are opportunities for improvement in the long term.

Due to the popularity of settlement in coastal areas, measures need to be taken in the form of rules and guidelines for construction close to beaches in order to achieve a more ecologically sustainable construction and contribute to sustainable social development.In Sweden, shore protection is used, which aims to protect the public's access to shores, which the right public advocates according to Chapter 2. Section 15, The form of government. Today, shore protection is regulated in the Environmental Code (MB), and a general rule is that it must not be built within 100 meters from the shoreline on land and in water according to MB.A municipality can revoke shore protection if one of the particular reasons in chap-ter 7. Section 18c of the MB is fulfilled. Municipalities' decision on cancellation can be appealed to the County Administrative Board, then to the Land and Environment Court (MMD) and then to the Land and Environment Court of Appeal (MOD).The purpose of the study is to investigate what is considered valid and invalid rea-sons for cancelling shore protection in a detailed development plan, this through a legal case study. The goal is that this study will lead to more equitable and fair man-agement when repealing shore protection within the detailed development plan.A quantitative and qualitative analysis forms the basis of the results presented in this study. The quantitative method consists of categorization of detailed plans that are examined. Through this categorization, it can be deduced which reasons municipali-ties with different population conditions demand when cancelling shore protection within the detailed development plan. The detailed development plan study was de-limited to Ostergotland County at the beginning, after which the study was supple-mented with Kalmar County. It's because Ostergotland did not fill up the quota for the requested number of detailed plans. The qualitative method of the case study makes it possible for a report to clarify which reasons are legally sustainable based on the judgments that are being studied.The results highlighted by the study have shown that there are differences between the interval sizes, that is, that the municipalities interpret and handle the shore pro-tection legislation differently in connection with the shore protection being repealed within the detailed development plan. Thus, the County Administrative Board should check the municipalities more closely, as their task is to monitor the objec-tives of the shore protection. / På grund av den popularitet som råder vad gäller bosättning i strandnära områden behöver åtgärder vidtas i form av regler och riktlinjer vid byggnation nära stränder för att uppnå ett mer ekologiskt hållbart byggande och bidra till en hållbar samhälls-utveckling.I Sverige används strandskydd som syftar till att skydda allmänhetens tillgång till stränder vilket allemansrätten förespråkar enligt 2 kap. 15 § Regeringsformen. Idag regleras strandskydd i miljöbalken (MB) och en generell regel är att det inte får byggas inom 100 meter från strandlinjen på land och i vatten enligt MB.En kommun kan upphäva strandskydd om ett av de särskilda skälen i 7 kap. 18c § i MB är uppfyllda. Kommuners beslut om upphävande kan överklagas hos länsstyrel-sen, därefter vidare till mark- och miljödomstolen (MMD) och sedan till mark- och miljödomstolen (MÖD).Syftet med studien är att undersöka vad som anses vara giltiga och ogiltiga skäl till att upphäva strandskydd i en detaljplan, detta med hjälp av en rättsfallsstudie. Målet är att denna studie ska leda till en mer jämlik och rättvis hantering vid upphävande av strandskydd inom detaljplan.En kvantitativ- och kvalitativ analys ligger till grund för de resultat som presenteras i denna studie. Den kvantitativa metoden består av en kategorisering av detaljplaner som granskas. Genom denna kategorisering kan det utläsas vilka skäl kommuner med olika befolkningsförutsättningar yrkar på vid upphävande av strandskydd inom detaljplan. Detaljplanestudien avgränsades till Östergötlands län till en början, där-efter kompletterades studien med Kalmar län. Detta eftersom att Östergötland inte fyllde upp kvoten för det efterfrågade antalet detaljplaner. Den kvalitativa metoden av rättsfallsstudien möjliggör för en redogörelse som ska klargöra vilka skäl som är juridiskt hållbara utifrån de domslut som studeras.Det resultat som framhålls av studien har visat att det förekommer skillnader sinse-mellan intervallstorlekarna, det vill säga att kommunerna tolkar samt hanterar strandskyddslagstiftningen olika i samband med att strandskydd upphävs inom detalj-plan. Därmed bör Länsstyrelsen kontrollera kommunerna noggrannare eftersom att deras uppgift är att bevaka strandskyddets syften.