Le web est devenu participatif et de nouvelles pratiques de catégorisation de l'information émergent, fondées sur des communautés d'intérêt, des stratégies collectives d'indexation des ressources en ligne et de prusage caractérise par la production collaborative de contenus par les usagers (A. Bruns). Ces nouvelles pratiques témoignent de l'évolution des approches traditionnelles de l'organisation des connaissances qui s'’inscrivent dans la lignée des grandes classifications bibliographiques. Cette recherche étudie la nouvelle pratique de partage de connaissances sur le web qu'est le socialbookmarking dans le domaine de l'éducation. Les ressources pédagogiques sont au cœur des métiers et le numérique nous oblige à définir ce qu'est un document. Nous faisons une approche instrumentale des ressources numériques orientées pour l'action. Une approche sémantique de l'indexation sociale menée à partir de l'étude d’une base de 10000 ressources pédagogiques nous permet de dégager ses potentialités et ses limites, de dessiner le paysage d’une première ontologie autour de l'éducation. En nous nous appuyant sur la théorie d'activité d'Engeström, l'étude de différentes communautés virtuelles pratiquant le socialbookmarking fait apparaitre différentes activités numériques pour celui qui indexe, utilise les ressources. Les questions de cohabitation entre «producteurs» et «consommateurs», de la légitimité des savoirs, de la dynamique entre les membres est posée. En nous appuyant sur les théories de l'apprentissage, nous montrons que ces espaces de veille peuvent être des lieux privilégiés de «personnal knowledge management», et de développement de compétences professionnelles / The web has become participatory and new practices of categorization of information are emerging, based on the communities of interest in social strategies of indexing numerical resources on line and produsage characterized by the production of collaborative contents by users (A. Bruns). The new approaches hightlight a new organization of knowledge sharing. This research studies the practice of sharing knowledge in the web with socialbookmarking in the field of education. Educational resources are at the heart of the teachers' s profession and the digital resources must be defined. We make an instrumental approach of digital resources within the theory of activity. A semantic approach of social indexing with the analyse of 10 000 educational resources allows us to establish its potentialities and its limits and we try to draw a provisional ontology in the field of education. We support in the Engeström's and the study of different virtual communities of practice in socialbookmarking allow us to define the various activities for the digital taggers and resources' s users. We determine the tensions between «producers» and «consumer» of resources, the legality of knowledge and experts and amators, the dynamic raised between the members. Building on the learning theories, we show that these environments are privileged spaces of «personal knowledge management», and development of professional skills

This graduation thesis is focused on the foreign tourism in Czechoslovakia in the seventies and the eighties of the twentieth century, it concentrates on traveling abroad of Czechoslovaks. Thesis tries to explain political conditions of foreign tourism development, its organizational structure and its importance for CSSR. This thesis also describes basic analysis of the foreign tourism. It looks for answer why and how the state supported traveling abroad and why on the other hand foreign tourism development was controlled by complicated conditions of leave Czechoslovakia for abroad. These conditions were represented by restrictions of issuance of the travel documents, customs regulations and foreign exchange regulations. The restrictions were very different for traveling to socialist countries and the other countries.

The mail goal of this thesis is to compare requirements of ISO 9001 with situation in Altran company and after that to make recommendations for improving. The theoretical part provides information about the term quality, about ISO 9000 Standards Series, incl. the last revision of ISO 9001. The practical part describes the brief characteristics of Altran and contains the comparison with each clause of this standard.

This master's degree thesis focuses on the issues of visualization formerly preprocessed business and technical metadata in a business environment. Within the process of elabora-tion and usage of the collected data in the company, it is necessary to present the data to the users in a comfortable, comprehensible and clear way. The first goal of this thesis is to describe and to specify the term of metadata in the field of theory and on the level of busi-ness, their main structure, their occurrence in a non-visual manner and related places where we can find metadata in the heterogeneous business environment. This part also includes a short introduction to the usage of metadata that is related and originates from business in-telligence and a description of Company encyclopedia that can syndicate these resources for further utilization. When defined, the sources, destinations and purpose of technical and business metadata can be used in the second part of the thesis -- this part is aimed at model-ing the use cases for the visual component that can be applied to business and technical metadata. Use cases will be focused on the roles of the users that will use this component and to discover the primary demands and requirements of these users and the functionality that will be indispensable. After the use cases are defined we can process to the next stage of visual component development -- the data must be visualized itself and we have to find proper means to achieve this with user experience being the main focus. Then we have to encapsulate the visualization with a graphical user interface that will meet the requirements and demands of the users' roles specified by the use cases section by prototyping. Lastly, the results of the previous chapters are used to prototype the visual component suitable for a web environment which is based on principles of reusability, data-driven approach, and uses modern web technologies such as framework and library D3.js, HTML5, CSS3, and SVG.

This thesis deals with shift of the functionality of office suites in the era of cloud computing. The author examines the changing concept of office application software in the time of commercial software and the time of cloud computing and concludes that office applications are shifting their functionality from simple tools replacing just a calculator or typewriter into core corporate tools that affect the way how people communicate and collaborate.

Diversos métodos têm sido desenvolvidos para a organização da crescente quantidade de documentos textuais. Esses métodos frequentemente fazem uso de algoritmos de agrupamento para organizar documentos que referem-se a um mesmo assunto em um mesmo grupo, supondo que conteúdos de documentos de um mesmo grupo são similares. Porém, existe a possibilidade de que documentos pertencentes a grupos distintos também apresentem características semelhantes. Considerando esta situação, há a necessidade de desenvolver métodos que possibilitem a organização flexível de documentos, ou seja, métodos que possibilitem que documentos sejam organizados em diferentes grupos com diferentes graus de compatibilidade. O agrupamento fuzzy de documentos textuais apresenta-se como uma técnica adequada para este tipo de organização, uma vez que algoritmos de agrupamento fuzzy consideram que um mesmo documento pode ser compatível com mais de um grupo. Embora tem-se desenvolvido algoritmos de agrupamento fuzzy que possibilitam a organização flexível de documentos, tal organização é avaliada em termos do desempenho do agrupamento de documentos. No entanto, considerando que grupos de documentos devem possuir descritores que identifiquem adequadamente os tópicos representados pelos mesmos, de maneira geral os descritores de grupos tem sido extraídos utilizando alguma heurística sobre um conjunto pequeno de documentos, realizando assim, uma avaliação simples sobre o significado dos grupos extraídos. No entanto, uma apropriada extração e avaliação de descritores de grupos é importante porque os mesmos são termos representantes da coleção que identificam os tópicos abordados nos documentos. Portanto, em aplicações em que o agrupamento fuzzy é utilizado para a organização flexível de documentos, uma descrição apropriada dos grupos obtidos é tão importante quanto um bom agrupamento, uma vez que, neste tipo de agrupamento, um mesmo descritor pode indicar o conteúdo de mais de um grupo. Essa necessidade motivou esta tese, cujo objetivo foi investigar e desenvolver métodos para a extração de descritores de grupos fuzzy para a organização flexível de documentos. Para cumprir esse objetivo desenvolveu se: i) o método SoftO-FDCL (Soft Organization - Fuzzy Description Comes Last ), pelo qual descritores de grupos fuzzy at são extraídos após o processo de agrupamento fuzzy, visando identicar tópicos da organização flexível de documentos independentemente do algoritmo de agrupamento fuzzy utilizado; ii) o método SoftO-wFDCL ( Soft Organization - weighted Fuzzy Description Comes Last ), pelo qual descritores de grupos fuzzy at também são extraídos após o processo de agrupamento fuzzy utilizando o grau de pertinência dos documentos em cada grupo, obtidos do agrupamento fuzzy, como fator de ponderação dos termos candidatos a descritores; iii) o método HSoftO-FDCL (Hierarchical Soft Organization - Fuzzy Description Comes Last ), pelo qual descritores de grupos fuzzy hierárquicos são extraídos após o processo de agrupamento hierárquico fuzzy, identificando tópicos da organização hierárquica flexível de documentos. Adicionalmente, apresenta-se nesta tese uma aplicação do método SoftO-FDCL no contexto do programa de educação médica continuada canadense, reforçando a utilidade e aplicabilidade da organização flexível de documentos / Several methods have been developed to organize the growing number of textual documents. Such methods frequently use clustering algorithms to organize documents with similar topics into clusters. However, there are situations when documents of dffierent clusters can also have similar characteristics. In order to overcome this drawback, it is necessary to develop methods that permit a soft document organization, i.e., clustering documents into different clusters according to different compatibility degrees. Among the techniques that we can use to develop methods in this sense, we highlight fuzzy clustering algorithms (FCA). By using FCA, one of the most important steps is the evaluation of the yield organization, which is performed considering that all analyzed topics are adequately identified by cluster descriptors. In general, cluster descriptors are extracted using some heuristic over a small number of documents. The adequate extraction and evaluation of cluster descriptors is important because they are terms that represent the collection and identify the topics of the documents. Therefore, an adequate description of the obtained clusters is as important as a good clustering, since the same descriptor might identify one or more clusters. Hence, the development of methods to extract descriptors from fuzzy clusters obtained for soft organization of documents motivated this thesis. Aiming at investigating such methods, we developed: i) the SoftO-FDCL (Soft Organization - Fuzzy Description Comes Last) method, in which descriptors of fuzzy clusters are extracted after clustering documents, identifying topics regardless the adopted fuzzy clustering algorithm; ii) the SoftO-wFDCL (Soft Organization - weighted Fuzzy Description Comes Last) method, in which descriptors of fuzzy clusters are also extracted after the fuzzy clustering process using the membership degrees of the documents as a weighted factor for the candidate descriptors; iii) the HSoftO-FDCL (Hierarchical Soft Organization - Fuzzy Description Comes Last) method, in which descriptors of hierarchical fuzzy clusters are extracted after the hierarchical fuzzy clustering process, identifying topics by means of a soft hierarchical organization of documents. Besides presenting these new methods, this thesis also discusses the application of the SoftO-FDCL method on documents produced by the Canadian continuing medical education program, presenting the utility and applicability of the soft organization of documents in real-world scenario

The amount of knowledge increases rapidly due to the increasing number of available data sources. However, the autonomy of data sources and the resulting heterogeneity prevent comprehensive data analysis and applications. Data integration aims to overcome heterogeneity by unifying different data sources and enriching unstructured data. The enrichment of data consists of different subtasks, amongst other the annotation process. The annotation process links document phrases to terms of a standardized vocabulary. Annotated documents enable effective retrieval methods, comparability of different documents, and comprehensive data analysis, such as finding adversarial drug effects based on patient data. A vocabulary allows the comparability using standardized terms. An ontology can also represent a vocabulary, whereas concepts, relationships, and logical constraints additionally define an ontology. The annotation process is applicable in different domains. Nevertheless, there is a difference between generic and specialized domains according to the annotation process. This thesis emphasizes the differences between the domains and addresses the identified challenges. The majority of annotation approaches focuses on the evaluation of general domains, such as Wikipedia. This thesis evaluates the developed annotation approaches with case report forms that are medical documents for examining clinical trials. The natural language provides different challenges, such as similar meanings using different phrases. The proposed annotation method, AnnoMap, considers the fuzziness of natural language. A further challenge is the reuse of verified annotations. Existing annotations represent knowledge that can be reused for further annotation processes. AnnoMap consists of a reuse strategy that utilizes verified annotations to link new documents to appropriate concepts. Due to the broad spectrum of areas in the biomedical domain, different tools exist. The tools perform differently regarding a particular domain. This thesis proposes a combination approach to unify results from different tools. The method utilizes existing tool results to build a classification model that can classify new annotations as correct or incorrect. The results show that the reuse and the machine learning-based combination improve the annotation quality compared to existing approaches focussing on the biomedical domain. A further part of data integration is entity resolution to build unified knowledge bases from different data sources. A data source consists of a set of records characterized by attributes. The goal of entity resolution is to identify records representing the same real-world entity. Many methods focus on linking data sources consisting of records being characterized by attributes. Nevertheless, only a few methods can handle graph-structured knowledge bases or consider temporal aspects. The temporal aspects are essential to identify the same entities over different time intervals since these aspects underlie certain conditions. Moreover, records can be related to other records so that a small graph structure exists for each record. These small graphs can be linked to each other if they represent the same. This thesis proposes an entity resolution approach for census data consisting of person records for different time intervals. The approach also considers the graph structure of persons given by family relationships. For achieving qualitative results, current methods apply machine-learning techniques to classify record pairs as the same entity. The classification task used a model that is generated by training data. In this case, the training data is a set of record pairs that are labeled as a duplicate or not. Nevertheless, the generation of training data is a time-consuming task so that active learning techniques are relevant for reducing the number of training examples. The entity resolution method for temporal graph-structured data shows an improvement compared to previous collective entity resolution approaches. The developed active learning approach achieves comparable results to supervised learning methods and outperforms other limited budget active learning methods. Besides the entity resolution approach, the thesis introduces the concept of evolution operators for communities. These operators can express the dynamics of communities and individuals. For instance, we can formulate that two communities merged or split over time. Moreover, the operators allow observing the history of individuals. Overall, the presented annotation approaches generate qualitative annotations for medical forms. The annotations enable comprehensive analysis across different data sources as well as accurate queries. The proposed entity resolution approaches improve existing ones so that they contribute to the generation of qualitative knowledge graphs and data analysis tasks.

Detta arbete handlar om ämnet informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) i förskolans verksamhet. Styrdokumenten har nyligen reviderats och arbetet med det digitala i förskolan har förtydligats. Det är av största vikt att alla som arbetar i förskola utvecklar sin förståelse och kunskap av digitalisering, för att kunna se vilka möjligheter och utmaningar det innebär. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur kunskapen kring IKT ser ut i förskolan utifrån förskollärares perspektiv. För att undersöka detta har data samlats in med hjälp av en webbenkät där 41 förskollärare deltog. Resultatet visar att förskollärare är positiva till att arbeta med IKT men de upplever att det finns en tvivelaktig och kritisk syn på IKT som ämne. Förskollärarna redogör för vilka möjligheter de ser med IKT och hur de kan bidra till att barn utvecklar digital kompetens. Samtidigt vittnar de om en brist på kunskap hos kollegor samt avsaknad av engagemang från ledning och kommun. Studien synliggör att förskollärare förväntar sig att styrdokumentens nya riktlinjer kommer att ge stöd och motivation att arbeta med IKT. Slutligen diskuteras vilka förutsättningar förskollärare behöver för att följa sitt uppdrag och för att kunna integrera IKT i undervisningen.

Nowadays, paper documents are still frequently used and exchanged in our daily life. To safely manage confidential paper information such as medical and financial records has increasingly become a challenge. If a patient's medical diagnosis get stolen or dumped without shredding, his or her private information would be leaked. Some companies and organizations do not pay enough attention to the problem, letting their customers suffer the loss. In the thesis, I designed a hybrid system to solve this problem effectively and economically. This hybrid system integrates physical document properties with digital security technology, which brings in a revolutionary idea for processing sensitive paper information in modern world. Based on that, I focus on different QR code sizes and versions, compare their attributes and relations, and find the best QR code size and version according to data amount in a given area. Finally I implement them in CryptoPaper word plugin, using several test cases to test the functionality of it.

Elder rights in documents of the Council of Europe The aim of this thesis is to describe documents of the Council of Europe concerning Elderly people. Documents of the Council of Europe do not contain a definition of an elderly person - like, for example, the Interamerican Union or African Union documents. We have to first find the definition of the elderly where the Council of Europe documents call a person who is over 60 years of age "elderly".The documents of the Council of Europe are a tool that is designed to help the human rights of the elderly. The aim of the documents of the Council of Europe regarding elderly people is to protect and improve the situation of the elderly who are because of their age considered a vulnerable group. The documents of the Council of Europe deal with problems like pensions, age discrimination and access to services. The most current issues that the Council of Europe have reported in their documents in 2020 and 2021 are digitalization and the coronavirus pandemic as well as the impact it has on the elderly.The documents of the Council can be divided into two types: bindng and non-binding. Binding Documents are Conventions - the most important is the European convention of human rights and European social charter. These documents offer direct protection....