The aim of this paper is to investigate students’ understanding of the learning requirements for grade E in English in year 9 at a secondary school in the south of Sweden. Additionally, the student’s teacher is also interviewed to provide a context and setting for the study. The student data was conducted using open-ended questionnaires while the teacher was interviewed using a semi-structured qualitative approach. In their responses to the questionnaire, the students showed different degrees of understanding of parts of the syllabus. Some students were able to answer all questions and were capable to express themselves, however some students did not answer all the questions. Furthermore, a majority of the students felt that the language in the syllabus was difficult to understand. The teacher believed that the language in Lgr11 makes it difficult for students to understand the text. Additionally, she believed that the language is difficult even for teachers.

Detta examensarbete behandlar det mål- och kriterierelaterade betygssystemet som används i svenska skolor idag. Vi har valt att undersöka hur lärare uppfattar det nuvarande betygssystemet och vilka utmaningar de möter när de betygssätter i det engelska ämnet. Intresset för ämnet fördjupades under vår slutpraktik, och efter att ha haft diskussioner tog vi beslutet att djupare granska det nuvarande betygssystemet. Ett skäl för detta var att vi ville känna oss tryggare när vi väl lämnar lärarhögskolan. Eftersom det nuvarande betygssystemet är ett redskap för lärare att arbeta med debatteras detta dagligen i skolan. Även om lärarna ger intryck av att fortfarande ha problem med det nuvarande betygssystemet, visar resultaten att majoriteten av de intervjuade har förstått systemet. Det verkar som om svårigheterna snarare är hur man ska tolka de olika styrdokumenten eftersom målen och kriterierna ofta är väldigt öppna. En allmän åsikt hos lärarna är att de inte har några svårigheter med betygssättandet i sig i det nuvarande betygssystemet, men de efterfrågar dock fler betygssteg för att bättre kunna förklara var eleverna befinner sig på betygsskalan. Vi kom slutligen fram till att lärarna anser att systemet gynnar elever såväl som lärare. Dessutom är det även nödvändigt att ständigt diskutera det nuvarande betygssystemet så att man bättre förstår vad det innebär. / This dissertation deals with the goal- and criterion-referenced grading system in use in Swedish schools today. We have chosen to investigate how teachers perceive the current grading system and what challenges they are faced with when grading in the English subject. The interest for this topic was deepened during our final in-school-practices after which we discussed the issue with each other and came to the conclusion that the grading system would be useful to delve into in order to feel more secure when leaving the teacher training college. The current grading system is debated in schools on a daily basis since it is a tool for teachers to work with. Although the teachers give the impression of still having difficulties with the current grading system, the results show that the majority of the interviewees have grasped the system. It rather seems as if the difficulty is how to interpret different policy documents due to the fact that the goals and the criteria are of a general nature at times. A general opinion among most of the teachers is that they do not have difficulties with the grading itself in the current grading system. But they do, however, request further grading steps in order to be better able to explain where the students are on the grading scale. Moreover, we concluded that the teachers believe the system to benefit the students as well as themselves. Also, that it is necessary to continuously have discussions concerning the current grading system so as to better understand what it entails.

The purpose of this dissertation is to examine and present six different texts produced by the Sweden democrats. This examination focuses its attention on the content and the technique of the arguments present in the texts. In addition, the results will be put in relation to the steering documents for the Swedish school system. The aim is to observe common features regarding content and technique present in the texts. More specifi-cally, I will examine how the texts produced by the Sweden democrats pose a problem to the Swedish school system. In this particular study, data were collected through a selection which resulted in six different texts representative for the Sweden democrats. In addition, to display a broader picture of the party, the texts are written by different writers. Having carried out this particular study, certain conclusions can be drawn. To begin with, the texts are comprehensive and treat similar issues, namely anti-multiculturalism and condescension against the establishment. Secondly, there is a difference regarding content depending on the receiver of the text. Finally, there is a discrepancy between the content of the arguments in the analysed texts and the steering documents of the Swed-ish school system. This is particularly noticeable when it comes to multiculturalism and the treatment of foreign people. However, the results also show that there are some similarities regarding maintenance of the Swedish culture.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Researchers have made significant progress in information extraction from short documents in the last few years, including social media interaction, news articles, and email excerpts. This research aims to extract technical entities like hardware resources, computing platforms, compute time, programming language, and libraries from scholarly research articles. Research articles are generally long documents having both salient as well as non-salient entities. Analyzing the cross-sectional relation, filtering the relevant information, measuring the saliency of mentioned entities, and extracting novel entities are some of the technical challenges involved in this research. This work presents a detailed study about the performance, effectiveness, and scalability of rule-based weakly supervised algorithms. We also develop an automated end-to-end Research Entity and Relationship Extractor (E2R Extractor). Additionally, we perform a comprehensive study about the effectiveness of existing deep learning-based information extraction tools like Dygie, Dygie++, SciREX. The research also contributes a dataset containing novel entities annotated in BILUO format and represents the baseline results using the E2R extractor on the proposed dataset. The results indicate that the E2R extractor successfully extracts salient entities from research articles. / Master of Science / Information extraction is a process of automatically extracting meaningful information from unstructured text such as articles, news feeds and presenting it in a structured format. Researchers have made significant progress in this domain over the past few years. However, their work primarily focuses on short documents such as social media interactions, news articles, email excerpts, and not on long documents such as scholarly articles and research papers. Long documents contain a lot of redundant data, so filtering and extracting meaningful information is quite challenging. This work focuses on extracting entities such as hardware resources, compute platforms, and programming languages used in scholarly articles. We present a deep learning-based model to extract such entities from research articles and research papers. We evaluate the performance of our deep learning model against simple rule-based algorithms and other state-of-the-art models for extracting the desired entities. Our work also contributes a labeled dataset containing the entities mentioned above and results obtained on this dataset using our deep learning model.

Dominick LaCapra argues that historians continue to interpret legal documents in a hierarchical fashion that marginalizes intellectual history, as fiction is perceived to be less viable. This dissertation analyzes contemporary literary texts in the Americas that exploit such a narrow reading of documents in order to interrogate the way official history is constructed by introducing false forms of documents into their narratives. These literary texts, or what I label "con-script," are not only historical fiction, but also historicized fiction that problematize their own historical construction. Many critics propose that the new historical novel revises historical interpretation, but there exists a gap between theory and textual practice. Adapted from E.L. Doctorow's notion of "false documents," the con-script acts as an alternative that purposefully confuses fiction and nonfiction, providing tools to critically examine the authority maintained by official narratives. By revealing the fictive nature of these constructions, the con-script alerts readers to the manipulation of documents to maintain political authority and misrepresent or silence marginalized groups. The recent revision of American Studies to include a hemispheric or Inter-American scope provides a context for applying such political claims within a transcultural framework. I compare texts from English-, Spanish-, and Portuguese America in order to identify shared strategies. After a survey of the historical novel's development across the Americas and a critical theory overview, I analyze three types of con-script. "The Art of Con-Fessing" juxtaposes texts from the three languages via Jay Cantor's The Death of Che Guevara, Augusto Roa Basto's Yo el Supremo, and Silviano Santiago's Em Liberdade. These false documents present themselves as apocryphal diaries supposedly written by revolutionary leaders or activists. The authors demythologize untouchable public figures through the gaps in their "own" personal writing. "Mediations of Media" features Ivan Ângelo's A Festa, Tomás Eloy Martínez's La novela de Perón, and Ishmael Reed's Mumbo Jumbo. These journalists interrogate the role of media and political corruption within the construction of national identity; the false documents appear as newspaper clippings, magazine articles and media images. Finally, the subjective process of archiving is examined in "Con-Centering the Archive" via Aguinaldo Silva's No País das Sombras, Francisco Simón's El informe Mancini, and Susan Daitch's L.C.

The design of a machine which reads unconstrained words still remains an unsolved problem. For example, automatic interpretation of handwritten documents by a computer is still under research. Most systems attempt to segment words into letters and read words one character at a time. However, segmenting handwritten words is very difficult. So to avoid this words are treated as a whole. This research investigates a number of features computed from whole words for the recognition of handwritten words in particular. Arabic text classification and recognition is a complicated process compared to Latin and Chinese text recognition systems. This is due to the nature cursiveness of Arabic text. The work presented in this thesis is proposed for word based recognition of handwritten Arabic scripts. This work is divided into three main stages to provide a recognition system. The first stage is the pre-processing, which applies efficient pre-processing methods which are essential for automatic recognition of handwritten documents. In this stage, techniques for detecting baseline and segmenting words in handwritten Arabic text are presented. Then connected components are extracted, and distances between different components are analyzed. The statistical distribution of these distances is then obtained to determine an optimal threshold for word segmentation. The second stage is feature extraction. This stage makes use of the normalized images to extract features that are essential in recognizing the images. Various method of feature extraction are implemented and examined. The third and final stage is the classification. Various classifiers are used for classification such as K nearest neighbour classifier (k-NN), neural network classifier (NN), Hidden Markov models (HMMs), and the Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN). To test this concept, the particular pattern recognition problem studied is the classification of 32492 words using ii the IFN/ENIT database. The results were promising and very encouraging in terms of improved baseline detection and word segmentation for further recognition. Moreover, several feature subsets were examined and a best recognition performance of 81.5% is achieved.

The dissertation examines the domestic experience of archival documents digitizing in order to understand occurring processes in the field of digitization of documents as well as to identify the main issues and ways of digitizing of documents in the Russian Federation. / В диссертации рассматривается отечественный опыт оцифрования архивных документов для того, чтобы лучше понять процессы, происходящие в сфере оцифрования документов, а также выделить основные проблемы и наметить пути развития оцифрования документов в Российской Федерации.

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