Mes travaux de recherche se situent dans le domaine de l'informatique décisionnelle, et portent en particulier sur les entrepôts de données (Data Warehouse) et l'analyse en ligne (OLAP, On-Line Analytical Processing). L'originalité de la démarche scientifique suivie par ces recherches réside dans une double orientation consistant à proposer des mécanismes de description couplés aux mécanismes de manipulation des données entreposées dans les systèmes OLAP. Les travaux que je mène depuis 2001 s'articulent en trois axes :  la modélisation et la manipulation des systèmes OLAP,  l'intégration des documents dans les systèmes OLAP, et  la prise en compte de l'usager par la personnalisation des systèmes OLAP. Malgré de nombreux travaux sur la modélisation et la manipulation dans les systèmes OLAP, il n'existe ni standard, ni consensus, que ce soit au niveau des modèles multidimensionnels ou des opérateurs OLAP. Mes premiers travaux ont donc consisté à définir un modèle conceptuel de représentation des données pour les systèmes OLAP basé sur trois concepts clairement formalisés. Ce socle homogène a permis dans un second temps de définir les manipulations OLAP au travers d'un noyau minimum fermé d'opérateurs OLAP. Ce fondement théorique nous permet aujourd'hui d'élaborer des langages assertionels et/ou graphiques dont la complétude au regard de l'algèbre OLAP garanti la couverture du modèle en constellation et la performance des manipulations incrémentales. Pour rendre opérant les systèmes OLAP sur l'ensemble des données d'une organisation, j'ai orienté mes recherches sur l'intégration des documents. Mes recherches ont débouché sur la proposition d'un modèle de représentation unificateur en galaxie. Ce modèle repose sur un unique mécanisme de description des données et supporte les documents dans la globalité de leurs spécificités (contenu, structure, métadonnées). Le défis essentiel a été de maintenir opérants les principes de navigation et d'interrogation des données définis par l'algèbre OLAP. Pour cela, une contribution importante de ces recherches est la spécification de mécanismes d'agrégation textuelle (TOP_KW et AVG_KW) permettant d'assurer des forages dans des amas multidimensionnels de données textuelles. Les systèmes OLAP se sont principalement attachés à faciliter l'accès aux données décisionnelles laissant la charge aux usagers d'expertiser les données par des restitutions destinées à un groupe d'usagers supposés partager des besoins identiques. J'ai donc élargi mes recherches à la personnalisation des systèmes OLAP, par une approche quantitative qui permet à l'usager de définir ses préférences dans une constellation et d'ancrer des annotations qui matérialisent ses analyses et son expertise décisionnelle autorisant ainsi une composante collaborative dans le système OLAP. Enfin, j'ai complété ces propositions par une approche qualitative qui exploite les préférences exprimées par des relations d'ordre pour définir un processus générique autorisant trois types de recommandations contextuelles lors des manipulations OLAP : alternatives, par anticipation et enrichissement. Ces recherches ont fait l'objet de développements dans trois prototypes et s'inscrivent dans le cadre de différents projets et collaborations industrielles notamment dans le milieu médical (Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Claudius Regaud). Elles ont également donné lieu à plusieurs thèses de doctorat.

<p><em>Project Knowledge Management</em> and more specifically how organisations capture experiences gained in projects, is a critical topic in order to compete in the knowledge economy. Little attention has been given the catchphrase <em>lessons learned practices</em> as a research area. The purpose of the thesis is therefore to analyse the framework for the <em>project closure phase</em> through a <em>Knowledge Management</em> perspective. The purpose is also to evaluate how new knowledge, captured by <em>project closure documents</em>, can be identified and measured.</p><p>To fulfil the purpose, the <em>project closure phase</em> and <em>project closure documents</em> within the project model <em>Practical Project Steering</em> are studied. Through a document study, the framework that the project model gives, and the <em>project closure documents</em> is analysed. The <em>project closure documents</em> are also examined regarding the experiences they capture. This is done by developing an instrument for identifying and measuring new knowledge.</p><p>Through the study, it can be established that the <em>project closure phase</em> provides for a link between <em>Knowledge Management</em> and <em>Project Management</em>. It has an important contribution to <em>Knowledge Management</em> since it mitigates the risk of not transferring knowledge to the organisational memory. The use of predefined knowledge domains supports structure, and systemisation in the production of the documents, as well as in the compilation and dissemination of useful knowledge.</p><p>New knowledge within the <em>project closure phase</em> can be identified and measured by dividing the documents into isolated pieces of information and using developed criteria to identify, and thereby quantify new knowledge. The instrument is highly reliable since it is ensured that the division of information does not result in any decontextualisation, and since the criteria used are very stable, and still acknowledge the dynamics of knowledge as well as the knowledge context.</p><p>By using the measurements on empirical data, problems that are important to acknowledge are identified. There is an uneven distribution of knowledge types acquired by the <em>project closure documents</em>, regardless of their importance; resulting in loss of important knowledge. The difficulty to formalise important knowledge, results in failing to transfer knowledge to an external organisational memory. The difficulty to distribute knowledge sufficiently, results in re-invention of the wheel, and the same mistakes being made twice or more.</p>

The aim of this paper is to shed some light on to what extent the process of making reality of Inclusion, as stated in International Declarations and in Government policies, has reached the actual educational activities in the school system. My chosen method is a case study, in which I have combined a survey with interviews in order to retrieve enough data for my analysis. I have also studied a number of policy documents and relevant literature. My analysis concludes, for the school that I have chosen to study, that there is still a lot to be done before inclusion becomes a reality. There are many obstacles to overcome, for instance; a constant struggle to obtain enough resources and to reach relevant levels of competence within the personnel. My study indicates that the current municipality states educational policies, regarding inclusion, that rest on the principal that there will be additional resources available in the classroom. However there is little chance that the school will have the means to apply such extra resources without additional financial and educational support from the municipality. Another worrying fact that appears through my study is that the system for student admission, as stated by the munici­pality, lets new pupils, often with special educational needs, continuously and directly in to the school. This system makes it difficult for the school management to produce endurable plans and achieve a balance in resources that align with the given financial frame. The study also shows the importance of how the interpretation of the concept of inclusion is being made. In the case of the studied school the interpretation has lead to a massive workload on the regular classroom teachers, who have been given an extensive responsibility for the teaching and documentation of every student. This responsibility does not match the capability, which has lead to the up building of an extensive non-inclusive activity, just to be able to keep up and to be able to “survive”.

Personal document management systems provide good support for storing and organizing digital documents. However, there are no computer tools that support organization of paper documents on our desks. We ran a study of people's organization of their office desk space with respect to their digital workspace. This study resulted in a set of requirements for a media bridging tool. Based on these requirements, we built a prototype media bridging tool called PaperSpace that uses computer vision to link paper and digital documents. The system also tracks piles of paper documents on the real desktop, and links those papers to digital documents stored in the computer. Digital documents can be sorted and grouped according to the physical layout of the corresponding papers on the desk. The system automatically creates digital piles of documents in a simulated desktop that reflect the paper piles on the real desktop. The user can access valuable information through the system, such as printing statistics, location of a printed document on the desk, and past projects and their documents. A two week user evaluation of the system showed interesting usage scenarios and future trends for improving user interaction.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

Le thème de cette thèse concerne le domaine de la recherche d'information distribuée (RID). Un système de RID (SRID) de recherche d'information distribuée gère la recherche sur un ensemble de collections de documents distribuées soit sur un réseau local, soit sur un ensemble plus étendu. Un SRID se compose, en général, d'un courtier et d'un ensemble de serveurs. Chaque serveur détient une collection de documents et un système de recherche d'information qui assure la recherche dans cette collection. Le courtier représente la composante avec laquelle l'utilisateur communique. A la réception d'une requête, le courtier choisit un sous-ensemble de serveurs parmi ceux qu'il connaît, auxquels il achemine la requête. Cette opération est appelée sélection de serveurs. Nous proposons dans cette thèse trois méthodes de sélection de serveurs. Ces méthodes ne nécessitent aucune coopération des serveurs interrogés, et aucune mise à jour de données au niveau du courtier.

Personal document management systems provide good support for storing and organizing digital documents. However, there are no computer tools that support organization of paper documents on our desks. We ran a study of people's organization of their office desk space with respect to their digital workspace. This study resulted in a set of requirements for a media bridging tool. Based on these requirements, we built a prototype media bridging tool called PaperSpace that uses computer vision to link paper and digital documents. The system also tracks piles of paper documents on the real desktop, and links those papers to digital documents stored in the computer. Digital documents can be sorted and grouped according to the physical layout of the corresponding papers on the desk. The system automatically creates digital piles of documents in a simulated desktop that reflect the paper piles on the real desktop. The user can access valuable information through the system, such as printing statistics, location of a printed document on the desk, and past projects and their documents. A two week user evaluation of the system showed interesting usage scenarios and future trends for improving user interaction.

In this thesis, we developed SemKPSearch which is a tool for searching documents by the keyphrases that are semantically related with the given query phrase. By relating the keyphrases semantically, we aim to provide users an extended search and browsing capability over a document collection and to increase the number of related results returned for a keyphrase query. Keyphrases provide a brief summary of the content of documents. They can be either author assigned or automatically extracted from the documents. SemKPSearch uses SemKPIndexes which are generated with the keyphrases of the documents. SemKPIndex is a keyphrase index extended with a keyphrase to keyphrase index which stores the semantic relation score between the keyphrases in the document collection. Semantic relation score between keyphrases is calculated using a metric which considers the similarity score between words of the keyphrases. The semantic similarity score between two words is determined with the help of two word-to-word semantic similarity metrics, namely the metric of Wu&amp / Palmer and the metric of Li et al. SemKPSearch is evaluated by the human evaluators which are all computer engineers. For the evaluation, in addition to the author assigned keyphrases, the keyphrases automatically extracted by employing the state-of-the-art algorithm KEA are used to create keyphrase indexes.

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka förberedelseklassen som instrument för språkinlärning i det svenska språket samt integrering i samhället för nyanlända elever. Studien syftar till att undersöka detta utifrån lärarnas perspektiv samt nationella styrdokument för att möjliggöra en jämförelse i deras syn på utbildning för nyanlända elever. Utifrån detta formulerades fyra frågeställningar som berörde utformning av undervisning, styrdokumentens samt lärarnas syn på språkinlärning och integrering, kunskapsbedömning samt samhällsnormers implikationer på utbildningen för nyanlända elever. För att besvara studiens syfte har vi valt en kvalitativ metodansats samt genomfört en textanalys på regeringens Proposition Utbildning för nyanlända elever- mottagande och skolgång samt Läroplanen för grundskolan, förskoleklassen och fritidshemmet 2011. Vi valde att intervjua två lärare i en större kommun i Mellansverige som arbetar i samma förberedelseklass. Analysen av intervjuerna har genomförts med en fenomenologisk metodansats för att belysa deras perspektiv på undervisningen samt nationella styrdokument. Genom en jämförelse analyserades dokumenten tillsammans med intervjuerna samt tidigare forskning för att belysa nationell- samt skolnivå. Detta analyserades sedan utifrån en teori om språkinlärning samt en integreringsteori.   Ur resultat kan utläsas att förberedelseklassen är ett bra integreringsverktyg samt ger bra förutsättningar för ämnes- samt svenskinlärning, förutsatt att rätt premisser råder. Dock tyder empirin på att avsaknaden av nationella styrdokument resulterar i varierande undervisningsmetoder och utbildningsmöjligheter beroende på skola och kommun. Empirin belyser problematiken av den heterogena strukturen som råder i dagens skolväsen men analysen tyder på att Propositionen kan bidra med att göra utbildningen för nyanlända elever mer likvärdig. / The purpose of this study is to examine newcomer programs as an instrument for language learning in the Swedish language and integration into the society for newly arrived students. This study aim to examine this from the teacher’s point of view and national regulatory documents to enable a comparison between their points of views on education for newly arrived students. On the basis of this, four questions were formulated that concerned the formation of education, national regulatory documents and the teachers point of view on language learning and integration, knowledge assessments as well as the implications of societal norms on education for newly arrived students. To answer the purpose of this study we have chosen a qualitative method as well to carry out a text analysis on the governmental Proposition Utbildning för nyanlända elever- mottagande och skolgång as well as the Curriculum for elementary school, pree-school and after-school centre 2011. We have chosen to interview two teachers who both work in the same newcomer program in a bigger municipality in the Middle of Sweden. The analysis has been carried out with a phenomenological research approach to be able to illustrate their perspective on education and the national regulatory documents. Through a comparison the documents were analyzed together with the interviews and previous research to illustrate national- and school level. This was later analyzed on the basis of a language learning theory and a theory on integration. From the result one can understand that the newcomer programs is a good instrument for integration and provides good conditions for subject- and language learning given that the right circumstances exist. However the empiricism indicates that if there is an absence of national regulatory documents it may result in various teaching methods and educational possibilities depending on the school and municipality. The empiricism illustrates the problematic situation of the heterogenic structure that prevails within the school system but the analysis interpret that the governmental Proposition may contribute to a more equal education for newly arrived students.

Den här uppsatsen baseras på en enkätundersökning bland lärare i en kommun i Östergötland, där lärarnas uppfattning, om det fanns plats för passion i vardagspraktiken och om det uppmuntrades och stöttades av skolledningen, undersöktes. Frågeställningarna, om lärarnas uppfattning om de har någon passion, om de får möjlighet att utöva den i sin vardagsprakrik, om de stimuleras eller hindras av styrdokumenten, samt om de upplever att skolledningen tillför inspirerande motivation i en passionerad vardagspraktik, ledde till enkätfrågorna. Detta är en kvantitativ studie i enkätform, inom det empirisk-induktiva fältet, med en kvalitativt inriktad analys då svaren i enkäten är lärares uppfattningar av bl.a. relationer till skolledning och kollegor. Den har sin grund i positivismen, med så objektiva frågeformulering som möjligt samt lärarnas uppfattningar av fenomen och företeelser som svar (Bryman, 2002). Goda exempel av lärares uppfattningar analyserades och sammanfattades utifrån den förståelse som tidigare forskning gett. Aktuell forskning undersöktes och sammanlänkades med de undersökningsresultat som erhållits. Lärarna uppfattar att de får utrymme för sina passioner i vardagspraktiken, att de uppmuntras och stöttas av skolledningen och att deras arbete med passioner är lönemeriterande. Skolledarna möter lärarna i pedagogiska diskussioner, men är mindre benägna att ge tid schemamässigt. Vad gäller styrdokumenten anser lärarna att de inte är något hinder för en passionerad vardagspraktik. Kärnan i undersökningen var ändå om lärarna ansåg att de hade någon passion och det fanns en samstämmighet runt den elevcentrerade passionen: Elevernas lärande och elevernas välmående var i fokus när de skulle ange sin passion i vardagspraktiken. / This essay is based on a survey among teachers in a municipality in Östergötland, where the teachers' opinion, if there was room for passion in everyday practice and if it was encouraged and supported by the school management, was investigated. The issues of teachers' perception if they have passion, if they are given the opportunity to exercise it in the everyday practice, if they are stimulated or hindered by the policies, and whether they interpret the school management adding inspiring motivation in a passionate everyday practice, led to the survey questions.   This is a quantitative survey in the form of a questionnaire, in the empirical-inductive field, with a qualitatively oriented analysis where the answers in the questionnaire are teachers' experiences of, inter alia, relationships with school management and colleagues. It is rooted in positivism, with objective questionnaires, as well as teachers' perceptions of phenomena and phenomena responses (Bryman, 2002).   Good examples of teachers impressions were analyzed and summarized based on the understanding that was given by previous research. Current research was studied and linked with the findings obtained. The teachers perceive they get space for their passions in everyday practice, they are encouraged and supported by the school management and that their work passions are wage meritorious. School leaders meet teachers in educational discussions, but are less likely to give time schedule-wise. As for the policy documents the teachers consider them not to be an obstacle to a passionate everyday practice.   The core of the investigation was still if the teachers perceived that they had any passion, and there was a consensus around the student-centered passion: Students' learning and students' well-being was the focus when their passion in everyday practice was to be mentioned.