Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-01-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:22:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 jorge_ps_dr_jabo.pdf: 424825 bytes, checksum: 7845c567c638af1ed6c619c35282359a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O trabalho foi realizado entre janeiro e dezembro de 2006, em um frigorífico localizado na cidade de Rancharia, Estado de São Paulo, cuja capacidade de abate era de 70 mil aves/dia, dos três segmentos (postura, matrizes e frango), mas com 70% de prioridade para descarte de postura, com Serviço de Inspeção Federal e habilitado como exportador pelo MAPA (Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento). Foram avaliados os procedimentos pré-abate relacionados à distância de transporte, tempo de transporte, tempo de espera, tempo de engradamento, densidade relativa de cada caminhão, incidência de mortalidade (DOA), incidência de contusões, perfil e freqüência da ocorrência de alterações sanitárias durante o abate e aspectos da qualidade da carne e fígado de aves abatidas e mortas (peito, sobrecoxa e fígado). Para os diferentes propósitos, foram monitoradas 992.036 aves. Para a avaliação de mortalidade no transporte foram avaliados 87 veículos, sendo 64 caminhões para postura, 7 para matrizes e 16 para frango. Cada um carregava três fileiras com 18 engradados na horizontal, com um espaço entre essas para ventilação, e 8 a 9 engradados na vertical, totalizando de 432 a 486 caixas plásticas. A carga perfazia, em média, 6.804 aves para postura¬com 12 a 16 por caixa (média 13,7 :t 1,3), 2.916 para matrizes - com 6 a 7 aves por caixa (média de 6,9 :t 0,4), e 4.860 para frango - com 10 a 14 por caixa (média de 12 :t 2). O peso médio de cada ave, respectivamente para cada segmento, foi de 1,58 :t O,15kg com mínimo de 1,15 e máximo de 1,96kg; de 3,84 :I: O,33kg, com mínimo de 3,18 e máximo de 4,24kg; e de 1,74 :I: O,35kg, com mínimo de 1,47 e máximo de 2,40kg. Exceção feita ao segmento de frangos procedentes de perto, cuja mortalidade foi de 0,40%, todas as demais se mostraram elevadas, denunciando problemas de inadequação de pré-abate... / This work was carried through between January and December of 2006, in one poultry slaughterhouse located in the county of Rancharia, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, whose capacity was of a 70,000 birds/day, for the three segments (egg poultry, matrices and broilers), but with 70% of priority for position discarding chickens, with Federal Service Inspection and qualified as exporting for the MAPA (Ministry of Agriculture, Cattle and Supplying). The procedures had been evaluated daily pre-slaughter at a distance related of transport, time of transport, open assembly time, total time in birdcages, relative density of each truck, incidence of mortality (DOA), incidence of bruises, profile and frequency of the occurrence of sanitary alterations during its post-mortem inspection and aspects of the quality of the meat and liver of abated birds and deceased (chest, leg and liver). For the different intentions, 992,036 birds had been monitored. For the evaluation of mortality in the transport 87 vehicles had been evaluated, being 64 trucks for position, 7 for matrices and 16 for chicken. Each one loaded three rows with 18 crates in the horizontal line, with a space it enters these for ventilation, and 8 to 9 crates in the vertical line, totalizing 432 to 486 plastic boxes. The load was, in average, 6,804 birds for position - with 12 to 16 for box (average 13.7:t 1.3), 2,916 for matrices - with 6 to 7 birds for box (average of 6.9 :t 0.4), and 4,860 for broilers - with 10 to 14 for box (average of 12 :t 2). The average weight of each bird, respectively for each segment, was of 1.58 :t 0,15kg with minimum of 1,15 and maximum one of 1,96kg; of 3,84 :t 0.33kg, with minimum of 3.18 and maximum of 4.24kg; and 1.74 :t 0.35kg, with maximum minimum of 1.47 and of 2.40kg. Exception to the segment of broilers originating Glose, whose mortality was of 0.40%, ali others revealed excessively high... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:55:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1643253 bytes, checksum: 663b93e288d71dbedb37bcae9e72b850 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Damselfishes play key roles in reef environments and are widely used as models in ecological and behavioral studies.During the reproductive period, the damselfishes present strategies involving benthonic spawning. The parental care is performed by the male who, during the days of egg development, expelled all potential predators that try to attack their territory. It was studied here the behavioral ecology during spawning period and the reproductive success of Stegastes sanctipauli, a damselfish endemic to the remote St. Peter and St. Paul s Archipelago (Mid Atlantic Ridge, Brazil). Nest abundance was negatively influenced by depth and abundance of Caranx lugubris, an important damselfish predator. The number of clutches within male s nests was positively influenced by depth, nest area, and substrate inclination, with deeper, bigger and more inclined nests sheltering more clutches. Number of clutches within nests varied along the lunar cycle, peaking at two days before the new moon. Egg loss per clutch per day ranged from 3.5% to 50% and was positively influenced by the initial number of eggs laid by females and moon phase, with highest losses recorded also in the days before the new moon. Frequency of agonistic interactions increased with nest size. Bigger nests, that shelter more clutches, are possibly more attractive to potential egg predators. Species most frequently recorded attempting to predate S. sanctipauli eggs were the conspecifics, heterospecifics damselfishes (Chromis multillineata and Abudefduf saxatilis), Malacoctenus sp. and Halichoeres radiatus. Although, no successful predation events was witnessed, experimental offer of clutches and analysis of bite scars revealed Melichthys niger as the main potential predator of S. sanctipauli eggs. Filial cannibalism of eggs was frequently observed, and may be pointed as a major cause of S. sanctipauli embryo mortality. / Os peixes donzeladesempenham um importante papel nos ambientes recifais e são amplamente utilizados como modelo para estudos comportamentais. Durante o período reprodutivo, as donzelas apresentam estratégias que envolvem desova bentônica. O cuidado parental é realizado pelo macho que, durante o período de desenvolvimento dos ovos, expulsa todos os potenciais predadores que tentam invadir seu território.Neste estudo foi avaliada a ecologia comportamental durante a desova e o sucesso reprodutivo de Stegastes sanctipauli, donzela endêmica do remoto Arquipélago de São Pedro e de São Paulo. A abundância de ninhos foi influenciada negativamente pela profundidade e abundância de Caranx lugubris, um importante predador de donzelas. O número de desovas dentro dos ninhos de cada macho foi positivamente influenciado pela profundidade, área do ninho, e inclinação do substrato. Ninhos mais fundos, maiores e mais inclinados apresentaram um maior número de desovas. O número de desovas variou ao longo do ciclo lunar, atingindo um pico dois dias antes da lua nova. A perda de ovos por desova por dia variou de 3,5% a 50% e foi influenciado positivamente pelo número inicial de ovos desovados pelas fêmeas e pelas fases da lua, com as maiores perdas registradas também nos dias que antecedema lua nova. A frequência de interações agonísticas foi influenciada positivamente pelo tamanho do ninho. Ninhos maiores, que abrigam mais desovas, são possivelmente mais atraentes para potenciais predadores de ovos. As espécies registradas com maior frequência tentando invadir o território de S. sanctipauli foram os próprios coespecíficos, donzelas heteroespecíficas (Chromis multillineata e Abudefduf saxatilis), Malacoctenus sp e Halichoeres radiatus. Apesar de não ter sido registrado sucesso em tentativas de predação de ovos durante as observações comportamentais, a oferta experimental de desovas e análise de cicatrizes de mordidas revelou Melichthys niger como o principal potencial predador de ovos de S. sanctipauli. O canibalismo filial de ovos foi um comportamento frequentemente observado, e pode ser apontadotambém comouma das principais causas de mortalidade embrionária de S. sanctipauli.

One of the major constraints limiting the efficiency of sheep production is the control of gastrointestinal nematode parasites. Parasite control by strategic use of anthelmintics is threatened by the emergence of nematode populations that are resistant to the drugs available. It is therefore increasingly apparent that steps toward maintaining sustainable productivity in the growing face of anthelmintic resistance (AR) is required by farmers. To facilitate the uptake of sustainable approaches to parasite management, a comprehensive understanding of the various factors that may influence farmers’ decision-making processes is required. In order to establish which factors are influential, and determine their impact on farmers’ roundworm control behaviours, both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used including focus groups as well as attitudinal and behavioural questionnaires. A retrospective analysis was initially conducted of historical surveys designed to identify farm specific characteristics and parasite management practices including anthelmintic usage. The objectives of the analysis were to identify factors associated with uptake of best practice advice including farm characteristics and information sourcing. In addition, the implementation of sustainable roundworm control practices was investigated using two surveys conducted in 2000 and 2010. Logistic regression models were applied for univariable and multivariable analysis of dependent and independent variables. The next step was to conduct a series of focus groups in different geographic regions of Scotland. The main purposes were to explore sheep farmers’ attitudes towards different aspects of roundworm management, as well as to identify potential motivators and barriers to uptake of sustainable parasite control practices. The findings aided in the development of an attitudinal questionnaire used to canvass opinions representative on a national level. The concluding study involved a telephone survey of 400 Scottish sheep farmers, designed to elicit attitudes regarding roundworm control, AR and sustainable roundworm control practices. A quantitative statistical analysis technique (Structural Equation Modelling) was then used to test the relationships between socio-psychological factors and the uptake of sustainable roundworm control practices. The analysis of historical questionnaire data demonstrated evidence of a shift towards the use of practices to reduce the rate of AR development, most notably a decline in the practice of ‘dose and move’ as well as an overall reduction in treatment frequency. Statistical analysis identified significant associations between farm characteristics and specific treatment strategies. For example, larger farms were more likely to adopt a set treatment regimen (P=0.036), compared with smaller farms, which were more likely to treat based on clinical signs of infection (P=0.021). Sourcing of roundworm control information primarily from veterinarians was most associated with treatment timings with no parallels between time points. From the qualitative focus group studies conducted we identified four overarching themes impacting on sheep producers’ attitudes to roundworm control and best practice advice. These themes comprised: a lack of perceived need to change, the complexity of advice, the ease of implementation of recommended practices and the effectiveness of extension approaches. Additionally, the most important and implementable guidelines identified by sheep farmers were: ‘working out a roundworm control strategy with an advisor’ and ‘administering anthelmintics effectively’ with regard to correct drenching practice i.e. appropriate dosing, administration and drug storage procedures. These findings exhibited similarities with veterinarians’ rankings with also, ‘testing for AR’, ‘preserving susceptible parasites’ and ‘reducing dependence on anthelmintics’ receiving the lowest rankings for importance and implementability. The quantitative analysis from the attitudinal/behavioural questionnaire identified eleven factors with significant influences on the adoption of sustainable roundworm control practices. The key influences on overall adoption were farmers’ baseline understanding about roundworm control and self-reported confirmation of anthelmintic resistance in their flock. Additional positive influences included, positive attitudes to veterinary services, enterprise type and perceived risk of AR. Factors that were shown to have the greatest relative effects on individual parasite control practices included; the perceived resource requirements for implementing a quarantine strategy, farmers’ AR suspicions for instigating AR testing and the confirmation of AR for adopting faecal egg count monitoring. The findings have highlighted several factors which can influence sheep farmers’ decisions to reject or adopt recommended roundworm control practices. It is evident that the perceived complexity, lack of need and practicality of the current recommendations necessitates changes to how extension is designed and disseminated to farmers. The findings also suggest that improving farmers’ acceptance and uptake of diagnostic testing and improving underlying knowledge and awareness about nematode control is a significant target to influencing adoption of best practice behaviours. The importance of veterinarians as highly-trusted information resources validates the need for further engagement with veterinarians concerning sustainable parasite control approaches, to facilitate collaboration with farmers. The need for interaction between farmers and their advisors is key to resolving the issues raised to enable the necessary explanation, justification and execution of recommended practices to suit farmers’ needs and farming conditions.

L'étude porte sur l'allocation de ressources aux œufs d’oiseaux selon les caractéristiques du male partenaire ou de l’environnement. les données étudiées sont : taille de la ponte et caractéristiques des œufs (masse, masse des constituants, concentration de testostérone, lysozyme, ovotransferrin). les caractéristiques du male prises en compte sont s'il est choisi ou non par la femelle et son statut social. en plus, l’effet du bruit et d’un vaccination couple avec un surproduction des œufs sont pris en compte. Deux expériences ont été menées sur le canari domestique (Serinus canaria) en laboratoire, au sein du LECC de Paris Ouest Nanterre. Deux expériences ont eu lieu en milieu semi-naturel au DiSIT de l’Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale (Italie) sur la perdrix grise (Perdix perdix) et rouge (Alectoris rufa).Chez la perdrix grise, nous observons effets positifs de la préférence et du statut social sur la testostérone et sur le taux d’éclosion. cette hormone peut rendre les oisillons nidifuges plus compétitifs vis-à-vis des couvées voisines. Chez le canari, on observe un effet positif de la préférence sur le poids des œufs et sur le lysozyme, important substance antimicrobienne. en plus, on a trouvé un influence négative du bruit sur la sélection sexuelle et sur le numéro des œufs pondues.Chez la perdrix rouge, nous observons variations significatives des components de l’oeuf en relation a la surproduction des œufs (épuisement des ressources). En conclusion, la femelle n'est pas seule à déterminer les caractéristiques des œufs. le male partenaire et l’environnement ont aussi une influence sur leur composition et donc sur le développement des jeunes. / The study focuses on the allocation of resources to eggs of birds according to the characteristics of the male partner or the environment. The data studied are: clutch size and egg characteristics (mass, mass constituents, testosterone, lysozyme, ovotransferrin). Male characteristics taken into account are if it is selected or not by the female and his social status. In addition, the effect of noise and a vaccination coupled with an overproduction of eggs are taken into account.Two experiments were conducted on the domestic canary (Serinus canaria) in the LECC laboratory of Paris Ouest Nanterre.Two experiments were carried out in semi-natural condition to DiSIT laboratory of the Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale (Italy) on grey partridge (Perdix perdix) and red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa).In the grey partridge, positives effects of preference and social status are observed on testosterone and hatchability. This hormone can make precocial chicks more competitive with neighboring broods.In canaries, there is a positive effect of preference on egg weight and lysozyme, an important antimicrobial substance. In addition, a negative influence of noise is found on sexual selection and number of eggs laid.In the red-legged partridge, significant changes in the egg components are observed in relation to the overproduction of eggs (depletion).In conclusion, the female is not only to determine the characteristics of eggs. The male partner and the environment also have an influence on their composition and therefore on the development of chicks.

MAGALHÃES. Kelliani de Sousa. Uso da torta de mamona não destoxificada na indução da muda forçada em poedeiras comerciais. 2011. 44 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2011 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-02T15:24:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_ksmmucida.pdf: 372555 bytes, checksum: b75840a3b3a55679fa42d1927f40fdb9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-02T15:24:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_ksmmucida.pdf: 372555 bytes, checksum: b75840a3b3a55679fa42d1927f40fdb9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T15:24:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_ksmmucida.pdf: 372555 bytes, checksum: b75840a3b3a55679fa42d1927f40fdb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / This study aimed to evaluate the effects of changing diets containing different levels of non-detoxified castor bean meal (TM) in the induction of molt and compare them with the method of fasting. Used 120 Lohman LSL strain hens at 81 weeks of age were assigned to completely randomized design with four treatments and five replicates of six birds each. Treatments were the induction of molt by the method of fasting as a treatment, and others using diets change, being composed of approach ration containing castor bean at levels of 20, 30 and 40% (T2, T3 and T4 ). The method was applied to fast for 11 days and the other treatments, was established to suspend the declaration of change when the birds reached 23% loss of initial weight or up to 21 days supply. Blood samples were collected, one bird per replicate / treatment at the end of induction of changes were analyzed. Significant differences were observed between the methods of molt induction to the parameters measured during the induction of changes in performance of birds after molting. However, the quality of the eggs did not vary significantly among the evaluated methods. In general, the use of feed containing 40% of changes of TM enabled to obtain similar results in the production and egg quality to those obtained with the method of fasting, but with less alteration of blood parameters. The use of feed containing 20% or 30% of TM promoted in the period after the changes, performed significantly lower than other methods. The ration of changes made by laying diet containing not detoxified castor bean meal in the level of 40% proved to be a viable alternative to using the method of fasting. / A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do uso de rações de muda contendo diferentes níveis de torta de mamona não destoxificada (TM) na indução da muda forçada em poedeiras comerciais. Foram utilizadas 120 poedeiras da linhagem Lohman LSL, com 81 semanas de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições de seis aves cada. Os tratamentos consistiram na indução da muda forçada pelo método do jejum e, os demais, utilizando rações de muda, composta pela mistura de ração postura com torta de mamona nos níveis de 20, 30 e 40%. O método do jejum foi aplicado por 11 dias e, para os demais tratamentos, estabeleceu-se a suspensão da ração de muda quando as aves atingiram 23% de perda do peso inicial ou até 21 dias de alimentação. Diferenças significativas foram observadas entre os métodos de indução da muda forçada para os parâmetros medidos durante a indução da muda e no desempenho das aves após a muda. Entretanto, a qualidade dos ovos não variou significativamente entre os métodos avaliados. No geral, o uso de ração de muda contendo 40% de TM possibilitou a obtenção de resultados semelhante na produção e qualidade dos ovos aos obtidos com o método do jejum, mas com menor alteração dos parâmetros sanguíneos. O uso de ração contendo 20% ou 30% de TM promoveu, no período após a muda, desempenho significativamente menor que os demais métodos. O uso de ração de muda composta por ração de postura contendo torta de mamona não destoxificada no nível de 40% se mostrou uma alternativa viável ao uso do método do jejum.

BRAZ, Nádia de Melo. Níveis de fibra na ração de crescimento e seus efeitos no desempenho de duas linhagens de poedeiras nas fases de crescimento e postura. 2010. 56 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2010 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-09T14:33:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_nmbraz.pdf: 397136 bytes, checksum: 132b9c875e3ec92bd018fe2e87934a6e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-09T14:33:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_nmbraz.pdf: 397136 bytes, checksum: 132b9c875e3ec92bd018fe2e87934a6e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T14:33:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_nmbraz.pdf: 397136 bytes, checksum: 132b9c875e3ec92bd018fe2e87934a6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) levels in the diet of two different laying hens strains on the 7 th to the 17 th week of age on the metabolism of dietary energy, development of digestive and reproductive systems and the subsequent effects on sexual maturity, performance and egg quality in laying phase. A total of 1,296 pullets were used and distributed in a completely randomized design in 2 x 3 factorial arrangement (two strains X 3 NDF levels) with four replicates of 54 birds per treatment. Two laying hens strains, light and semi – heavy – weight were evaluated and NDF levels of 14.5; 16.5 and 18.5% were tested. At the end of the growth phase, the birds were transferred to the laying house, kept at the same experimental design, whit each experimental parcel consisted of 14 birds. There was no significant interaction between factors (NDF levels x strain) on the variables in all phases. In the growth phase, it was observed that the increasing the level of NDF in the diet did not affect the feed intake and organ weights of the reproductive system, however, decreased weight gain and average weight of birds at the end of phase growth, increased feed conversion, reduced of metabolizable energy of the dietary and increase the relative weight of the intestines. In the laying period, it was observed that increasing levels of NDF received by the birds in the growth phase did not affect significantly the variables of performance, the constituents and quality of the eggs. During the growth of the brown birds it was observed that they had higher feed intake, greater weight gain and final body weights, feed conversion, increased relative weight of gizzard, increased weight of the contents of the gizzard and intestines, reduced relative liver weight and ovarian than light birds. In the laying period, birds were precocious, had lower weight and egg mass, lower feed conversion, eggs with a higher proportion of yolk, reduced proportion of albumen, higher specific gravity and lower Haugh units. We conclude that, in spite of lineage, the increased level of NDF in the diets offered to the chickens during 7 th to the 17 th weeks of age until the level of 18.5% may influence the metabolizable energy of the dietary and the development and performance of broilers, resulting in raising pullets weighed less at the end of the growth phase, and these effects do not influence age at sexual maturity, performance and quality of eggs from the birds at the production stage. / A presente pesquisa teve como objetivos avaliar os efeitos dos níveis de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) das rações oferecidas para as frangas na fase de 7 a 17 semanas de idade sobre o desempenho, metabolização da energia da ração, desenvolvimento dos sistemas digestório e reprodutor de duas linhagens de poedeiras comerciais, bem como os efeitos subseqüentes na maturidade sexual, no desempenho e na qualidade dos ovos na fase de postura. Inicialmente 1.296 aves foram distribuídas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 (três níveis de FDN x duas linhagens), com quatro repetições de 54 aves. Foram testados os níveis de 14,5, 16,5, 18,5% de FDN para aves de uma linhagem de poedeiras leve e uma semipesada. Ao final da fase de crescimento, as aves foram transferidas para o galpão de postura, mantendo-se o mesmo delineamento experimental, sendo cada parcela experimental composta por 14 aves. Não houve interação significativa entre os fatores (níveis de FDN x linhagem) sobre as variáveis avaliadas em todas as fases experimentais. Na fase de crescimento, observou-se que o aumento do nível de FDN na ração não influenciou significativamente o consumo de ração e o peso relativo dos órgãos do sistema reprodutor, entretanto, promoveu redução no ganho de peso e peso médio das aves ao final da fase de crescimento, piora na conversão alimentar, redução na metabolização da energia da ração e aumento do peso relativo dos intestinos. Na fase de postura, observou-se que os níveis crescentes de FDN recebido pelas aves na fase de crescimento não influenciaram significativamente as variáveis de desempenho e os constituintes e a qualidade dos ovos. Em relação às linhagens, observou-se que na fase de crescimento as aves semipesadas apresentaram maior consumo de ração, maior ganho de peso e peso médio final, melhor conversão alimentar, maior peso relativo da moela, maior peso dos conteúdos da moela e dos intestinos, menor peso relativo do fígado e do ovário que as aves leves. Na fase de postura, as aves leves foram mais precoces, apresentaram menor peso e massa de ovos, pior conversão alimentar, ovos com maior proporção de gema, menores proporção de albúmen, maiores valores de densidade específica e menores valores de unidades Haugh. Conclui-se que, independente da linhagem, o aumento do nível de FDN nas rações oferecidas para as frangas na fase de 7 a 17 semanas de idade até 18,5% pode influenciar na metabolização da energia da ração e no desenvolvimento e desempenho das aves, resultando na obtenção de frangas menos pesadas ao final da fase de crescimento, sendo que esses efeitos não influenciam na maturidade sexual, no desempenho e na qualidade dos ovos dessas aves na fase de produção.

I investigated differences in egg volumes for two common species diving ducks ? Common pochard (Aythya ferina) and Tufted ducks (Aythya fuligula). I tested selected reproductive and environmental factors with potential influence on egg volume and sex of embryo in clutches. Further, I examined egg volume in connection with the nest parasitism and compared parasitic and non-parasitic eggs in context of egg volume. I also estimated rate of nest parasitism in studied ducks population.

Ovos, além de serem alimentos de alto valor nutricional, são proteínas de alto valor biológico. A produção de ovos em sistemas alternativos vem crescendo nos últimos anos, porém não há informações relativas aos critérios de qualidade desses ovos. O presente trabalho caracterizou a qualidade externa e interna (físico-químicas) de ovos orgânicos produzidos por galinhas poedeiras da linhagem Isa Brown®. Os parâmetros de qualidade avaliados foram: dados produtivos da propriedade, peso dos ovos, gravidade específica (GE), shape index (SI), espessura da casca, altura do albúmen, unidade Haugh (UH), tamanho da câmara de ar, índice gema, cor da gema, umidade do albúmen e da gema, percentuais de casca, gema e albúmen, e estabilidade da espuma (expressa em mililitros de líquido drenado). Avaliaram-se quinzenalmente 6 ovos colhidos no dia anterior às análises (totalizando 162 ovos), sendo que o período de postura avaliado foi da 28ª a 80ª semana de idade das aves. A porcentagem de postura e o peso dos ovos das aves da propriedade estudada foram menores que os preconizados pelo padrão da linhagem. Com relação à qualidade externa dos ovos orgânicos, a GE teve uma tendência de aumento com a idade das aves; o SI e a espessura da casca diminuíram com a idade das aves; a espessura da casca dos ovos orgânicos é maior que a de ovos produzidos em sistemas convencionais. Ovos orgânicos tiveram índices de frescor superiores ao longo do tempo, considerando os padrões de frescor de ovos de postura comercial. A cor da gema dos ovos estudados diminuiu nos períodos de altas temperaturas, devido à diminuição da oferta de pasto verde (que contém carotenoides) para as aves. Acredita-se que as altas temperaturas ambientais influenciaram a altura do albúmen e o tamanho de câmara de ar, bem como no índice gema, comparando-se com ovos convencionais. O líquido drenado da espuma do albúmen dos ovos analisados aumentou com a idade das aves. Os percentuais dos componentes dos ovos estudados (gema, albúmen e casca) não foram influenciados pelo sistema de produção orgânica. A umidade da gema dos ovos orgânicos foi menor do que ovos convencionais, indicando um maior teor de sólidos; a cor da gema dos ovos estudados foi maior que a de ovos convencionais, e aumenta com a idade das aves; ovos orgânicos têm melhor qualidade de gema (índice gema) ao longo do período de postura. De acordo com os resultados apresentados, pode-se concluir que, na maioria dos quesitos avaliados em relação à inspeção e qualidade de ovos, os ovos orgânicos apresentaram qualidade semelhante aos de postura comercial convencional. / Eggs have a high nutritional value and are also protein with high biological value. The production of eggs in alternative systems has been growing in recent years, but there is no information on the quality criteria of such eggs. This study characterized the external and internal (physical-chemical) quality of organic eggs produced by Isa Brown® chicken. Were evaluated, on a fortnightly basis, 6 eggs obtained on the day prior to the analyses (totalizing 162 eggs), which were laid by chickens aged between the 28 and 80 weeks. The quality parameters evaluated were: production data of the property, egg weight, specific gravity (GE), shape index (SI), shell thickness, albumen height, Haugh unit (UH), air cell size, yolk index, yolk color, albumen and yolk moisture, shell, yolk and albumen percentages and foam stability (expressed in milliliters of drained liquid). The egg-laying percentage and the weight of the eggs laid by the hens from the property studied were smaller than the values recommended for the breed. In relation to the external quality of organic eggs, the GE tended to increase with chicken age, whereas the SI and shell thickness decreased with age; the shell thickness of organic eggs was higher than that of eggs produced in conventional systems. Organic eggs presented higher freshness indexes over time, considering the freshness standards observed in commercial egg-laying. The yolk color of the eggs studied decreased during the hot periods, due to a decrease in the availability of green pastures (which contain carotenoids) for the chicken. We believe that high environmental temperatures affected the albumen height, the size of the air cell and the yolk index, in comparison with conventionally laid eggs. The liquid drained from the albumen foam obtained from the eggs analyzed increased with chicken age. The component percentages of the eggs studied (yolk, albumen and shell) were not influenced by the organic production system. The yolk moisture of organic eggs was smaller than that observed in conventional eggs, indicating a higher solid content; the yolk color of the eggs studied was more intense than that observed in conventional eggs, which increases with chicken age; organic eggs have a better yolk quality (yolk index) over the egg-laying period. According to the results presented, we can conclude that organic eggs, in terms of the aspects evaluated related to inspection and quality, have a similar quality in comparison with commercial eggs conventionally produced.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:54:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 savegnago_rp_me_jabo.pdf: 1186672 bytes, checksum: ecac87cb07ef42be339beaa3ed971737 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Modelos não lineares são úteis para ajustar curvas de produção de ovos de aves, facilitando o estudo do desempenho dessa característica ao longo do tempo. As estimativas de parâmetros genéticos da produção de ovos e de outras características associadas auxiliam no processo de seleção. O objetivo do trabalho foi: (1) utilizar modelos não lineares para ajustar curvas de produção de ovos aos dados de uma população de aves selecionada para postura e uma controle e verificar as mudanças ocorridas entre estas curvas preditas em função do processo de seleção, por meio do ganho genético e pelas diferenças entre as estimativas dos parâmetros dos modelos; (2) estimar parâmetros genéticos para características relacionadas à postura de ovos da população selecionada, avaliar a associação genética entre estas e determinar quais as melhores características que podem ser utilizadas para melhorar a produção de ovos. Foram estudados os ajustes de 10 modelos não lineares aplicados aos registros da produção de ovos de 54 semanas de postura de 1693 aves de uma população selecionada para taxa de postura e 282 aves de uma população controle. Foi utilizado o PROC NLIN do SAS com o algoritmo de Gauss-Newton para efetuar os ajustes dos modelos. Os parâmetros genéticos, considerando 1289 aves da linhagem selecionada, foram estimados pelo método da máxima verossimilhança restrita, utilizando modelo animal que incluiu o efeito fixo de incubação e os efeitos aleatórios genético aditivo e residual. As características estudadas foram relação altura-largura e peso dos ovos às 32, 37 e 40 semanas de idade (REL32, REL37, REL40, PO32, PO37 e PO40, respectivamente), peso corporal às 54 e 62 semanas (PC54 e PC62), idade à maturidade sexual (IMS), taxa de postura nos períodos parciais de 17 a 30 e 17 a 40 semanas (P1730 e P1740), taxa de postura nos períodos residuais de... / Nonlinear models are useful to adjust egg production curves to study the performance of this trait over the time. Estimates of genetic parameters for egg production and other associated traits help in the selection process. The aim of this study were: (1) use nonlinear models to fit curves of egg production data from a population of birds selected for laying and its respective control and describe the changes between these predicted curves through the genetic gain and differences between the estimates of parameters, resulting by the selection process; (2) to estimate genetic parameters for traits related to egg-laying of the selected population to evaluate the genetic association between them and determine what traits can be used to improve the egg production. Ten non-linear models have been used to adjust the record of egg production of 1693 laying hens of the selected population and 282 hens of the control population in 54 weeks of egg production. The SAS PROC NLIN with the Gauss-Newton algorithm has been used to make the adjustments of the models. Genetic parameters for 1289 selected hens were estimated by restricted maximum likehood using an animal model that included fixed effects of incubation and random additive genetic and residual effects. The traits in this study were the relation between height-width of the egg and egg weight at 32, 37 and 40 weeks of age (HW32, HW37, HW40, EW32, EW37 and EW40, respectively), body weight at 54 and 62 weeks (BW54 and BW62), age at first egg (AFE), the egg production in 17 to 30 and 17 to 40 weeks (P1730 and P1740), in 30 to 70 and 40 to 70 weeks (P3070 and P4070) and the total egg production (TEP). Two multivariate analyses were made: a k-means clustering method to describe patterns of egg and poultry and principal components with the breeding values (BV). There were differences between the parameters of egg production curves in the selected ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Cleaner fish, including ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) have been proposed as a sustainable solution to sea lice infestations affecting farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) globally. However, in order to become sustainable, ballan wrasse need to be farmed. This thesis investigated the establishment of captive broodstock and protocols to optimise hatchery performance and productivity of ballan wrasse. High throughput sequencing was used to develop a panel of novel single nucleotide polymorphic markers (SNPs). These SNPs were used to investigate the phylogeographic structuring of ballan wrasse populations within northern geographic ranges including the UK and Norway. Results indicated fine scale population structuring within the UK suggesting that founder broodstock should be sourced locally to minimise the risk of genetic introgression with wild ballan wrasse. Secondly, captive breeding was benchmarked from harems to determine total egg production over the spawning season. Data quantified the spawning periodicity and seasonal changes in egg quality parameters. In addition, microsatellite markers identified the parental contribution to each spawning event of captive broodstock. Results confirmed, for the first time, the repeat-batch spawning behaviour and suggested that spawning events were single-paired matings. Furthermore, bottlenecks in commercial production were investigated including the benthic adhesive eggs and complex spawning behaviours of ballan wrasse within broodstock tanks. Experiments were conducted to optimise the spawning dynamics and egg productivity using fragmented spawning zones and coloured substrates. Finally, an effective bath treatment for removal of the adhesive gum layer of eggs using the proteolytic enzyme alcalase® was found to assist in egg disinfection and incubation. Overall, this research provides important baseline data on the management of broodstock and the optimisation of hatchery protocols to improve the commercial productivity and performance of ballan wrasse for use as a biological control of sea lice of farmed Atlantic salmon.