Volvo Trucks is the second largest manufacturer of heavy trucks, with factories in several countries and with around 21 000 employees. At the plant in Tuve, trucks have been built since 1982 and the activity mainly consists of producing side members and to assemble and packing kits of trucks. In 2005, the factory in Tuve launched the ambition to be the first carbon dioxide neutral vehicle factory in the world. This will be implemented by streamlining and investing in renewable energy. The aim of this degree thesis is to map the usage of energy within production, and also to prepare a method to measure key figures (use of energy per produced unit). The purpose with the thesis is to make it possible to measure and analyze performed energy saving measurements, and to identify areas within production where there is potential to save energy. The report also considers proposals for energy saving measurements in both production and in the factory in general. It appears that the assembly of trucks represented a tiny part of the total usage of energy in the factory, while the process of side member production and application of rust protection used the most energy. The thesis gives proposals for four methods to key figures measurements. These are connected only to the assembly part of the factory, and the difference between the methods depends on the way of measure the heat consumption. Key words Use of energy, mapping/survey, key figures, streamlining use of energy

The heating of companies premises is today functional with electrical heating and heating of fossil fuel. The energy cost for these kinds of heating in buildings has heavily increased during the last years and the influence on the environment has become more visual. This leads to that enterprises today become more anxious to render energy more effective and find alternative solutions to their ancient heating systems. This is something that Skandinaviska kraftprodukter AB in Halmstad has become aware of. The purpose with this examination is to find the most cost-efficient and environmental measures for the office and workshop premises of SKP AB. Where one of the bigger things is to find a good alternative for their current oil furnace, which was heating the workshop. Another big thing was to take forward suggestions for measures of rendering energy more effective for the buildings. By taking contact with people in the business and by inspecting the premises and the heating system, we got an idea about the measures that could be of current interest. We analysed these measures to see if they could last financially and environmentally. At the financial analysis we used LCC-method which means that you calculate the cost of the investment during its life. With the heating system this means, among other things, running, maintenance and initial costs. To examine the affect on the environment from the different heating alternatives we chose to make a easier LCA, which we based on the local conditions. In an existing building it is the simple measures of rendering energy that dominates financially, the bigger investments don’t create financial expectations high enough with the energy prices of today. In the workshop it was foremost a number of industrial gates that led to great heating losses, which would best be taken care off by PVC-stripes curtain or automatic shutoff of the heating system when the gates are open. Another alternative would be to invest in aircurtain. This would reduce the heating losses a lot, but because of the large investment cost is this not an option. The most cost-efficient measure is to increase the awareness of the employees, about how their behaviour is affecting the use of energy and to make sure that heat and ventilation doesn’t run unnecessarily. While going through possible heating alternatives for the workshop, three alternatives seemed the most interesting, air-to-air heat pump district heating and pellets. When it came to the financial aspects where there no great difference between the three alternatives, when you looked at a calculation period over 30 years. Environmentally heat pump was the best choice because the electricity of HEM is water produced. The district heating had the highest affect on the environment because it partially comes from waste burning, which leads to large emissions. From comfort and maintenance point of view we think that the district heating is the best alternative for the enterprise, foremost because you don’t have to maintain the system and it can heat the premises even during the coldest days. The downside with pellets is that it brings a curtain amount of maintenance and that pellets storage takes a lot of place. The downside of heat pump is that it doesn’t have enough effect to cope with the coldest days. Our recommendation of heating system is district heating. It is true it has the biggest influence on the environment but because it can handle the need for heat during all parts of the year and that it is free of maintenance ways up for its influence on the environment.

Sammanfattning Fastighetsbranchen förbrukar under driftskedet stora mängder energi för att driva sina fastigheter. Lagen om energideklarationer och byggnader trädde i kraft den första oktober 2006. Lagens syfte är att effektivisera energianvändningen i bebyggelsen och på så vis minska utsläppen av farliga växthusgaser. Fastighetsägare med flerbostadshus i sitt bestånd skall senast vid utgången av 2008 upprättat en energideklaration för samtliga inehavda flerbostadshus. Energideklarationen berör fastigheters energimässiga prestanda men, utgör också ett underlag för framtida energiinvesteringar. Som en reaktion på den relativt nyimplementerade energideklarationen valde författarna att undersöka vilka bakomliggande incitament fastighetsägare har för att energieffektivisera. Författarna valde vidare att undersöka om några åtgärdsförslag som presenteras i energideklarationen är fördelaktiga för fastighetsägare. Författarna har valt an använda sig av ett kvalitativt arbetssätt samt en deduktiv ansats. Detta resulterade i sex olika öppna intervjuer med sex olika fastighetsbolag som i egen regi äger och förvaltar sitt fastighetsbestånd. Författarna har konstaterat att minskning av driftkostnaderna och reducering av miljöpåverkan utgör det starkaste incitamenten till att energieffektivisera. Författarna anser att fastighetsbolagen är omedvetna om alla de incitament som idag är rådande. Vidare fastslår författarna att det är av stor vikt för fastighetsbolagen att ha ett helhetsperspektiv vid energiinvesteringar som berör fastigheter.

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Enligt Sveriges miljökvalitetsmål och god byggd miljö måste alla byggnaders energianvändning sänkas med 50 % till år 2050. Därför behöver många byggnader speciellt de byggnader som är byggda under miljonprogrammet renoveras och energieffektiviseras. Vilket i detta arbete kommer en byggnad avsedd för gymnastik som finns i Sörbyskolan i Gävle att energieffektiviseras. Denna skola är nästan 50 år gammal och är i behov av renovering för att kunna stå kvar i cirka 50 år till. I detta examensarbete kommer det undersökas om det är lönsamt att renovera denna byggnad genom att sänka kostnader för uppvärmning av utrymmen och tappvarmvatten. Målet är att undersöka lönsamma energiåtgärder, som föreslås till det kommunala företaget Gavlefastigheter AB, som äger och förvaltar denna skola. Arbetet börjar med en litteraturstudie samt en undersökning, som ligger till grund för byggnadensenergikartläggning. I undersökningen har ritningar studerats och mått kontrollerats, konstruktionsmaterial och dessas tjocklekar uppskattats, inomhustemperaturer uppmätts och Blower door metoden tillämpats. Energisimuleringar med datorprogrammet BV2 har utförts för att uppskatta olika åtgärders inverkan på energianvändningen. Lönsamheten har bedömts med Payback-metoden. Utförande av detta examensarbete ledde till ett förbättringsresultat bland annat genom att minska köldbryggeverkan och bättre U-värden. Genom olika metoder som användes i arbetet uppnår man en lönsam energiåtgärd. Resultatet kan därför rekommenderas till Gavlefastigheter. AB. / According to Sweden’s environmental quality objectives (Miljömål) all the buildings energy usage must be reduced by 50 % till 2050. Therefore many buildings especially those which were built during the million program (miljonprogrammet) should be renovated and become energy efficient. In this work the gymnastic hall of Sörby School -located in Gävle, Sweden- is considered to be more energy efficient. The school is more than 50 years old and it has to be renovated to be used for another 50 years. The aim of this study is to analyze if the building renovation is viable and profitable through reducing warming cost of the spaces and hot tap water. The objective is to examine economic energy measures, which can be recommended to Gavlefastigheter AB; the communal firm which owns and manages the school. The work starts with a literature study and at the same time investigation of the construction which conducted to a basic energy audit of the building. During the investigation, drawings were studied, the building’s measurements were controlled, constructions materials were estimated, indoor temperature measured and Blower Door method was run. Energy simulations were performed with help of BV2building energy simulation program in order to examine the outcome of different energy saving measures. Profitability of the measures was evaluated by payback method. The conducted case study led to improvement suggestions owing to lower thermal bridge and U-values. An economic energy efficiency measure can be reached by implementing the methods, used in this case study. The results are recommended to the property manager company, i.e. Gavlefastigheter AB.

The Swedish government has introduced a goal to reduce the energy intensity by 20% to the year 2020. To reach this goal actions need to be taken throughout the energy sector which includes residential and commercial buildings. This thesis considers the possibility to reduce the energy usage in a building located close to Uppsala. The analyzed building is a combined office, cafeteria and entrance and was completed about half a year before this project started. Therefore the measures presented for a more energy efficient building are presented as measures for future constructions. Simulations have been made in VIP-Energy, a dynamic energy calculation program. The measures that have been evaluated are added insulation to roof and walls and change of windows to those with a better U-value. The results showed that the added insulation is not recommended because of the small savings compared to the investments. The use of better windows, on the other hand, would be economically viable according to the results. The better windows reduced the energy consumption by 4 MWh/year which gave a pay-back time of 16 years. Alternative energy supply systems for the studied building are also presented. The analyzed systems are pellet boiler, solar heating and two types of pre-heating/pre-cooling of ventilation air with ground heat. The most viable of these alternatives were the pre-heating/pre-cooling of the ventilation air with underground ducts which had a pay-back time of 21 years.

The construction industry has demands on energy use in permanent buildings. How much energy that is permitted to use during the time the building is produced has no requirements. The purpose with this study is to learn how far Skanska has come with the work of making the building site more energy efficient. A literature study has been performed in the beginning of the study to survey what energy efficient arrangements that can be applied and how they operate. Using site visits and interviews the situations on the building sites have been studied as well as the energy efficient measure that are in use. Skanska has come a long way with the work of energy efficient building sites and they keep improving. They have improved half of their cabins so they use 50 % less energy. In the near future a cabin that use 84 % less energy can be used on the building sites. Skanska applies several different measures to reduce their energy consumption. The study has shown that a good way to save energy is to turn off the lights at the building sites when the staffs are not working. However, there is also the question about the working environment so it is up to the individual building site make the decision. A conclusion of the survey is that it is important to engage the employed in the work with energy efficient measure and get them to understand why the measure is used.

No description available.

Energy efficiency measures have been analysed for a building of around 24000 m2 from 1978. The property is used by different businesses. The specific energy use for this property is 75 kwh/m2 for electricity and 114 kwh/m2 for district heating. This projects ambition is to go lower than the Norrbotten county councils specific energy objective for their real estate facilities. The specific energy objective for year 2020 is that the use of electricity should be maximum 68 kwh/m2 and 102 kwh/m2 for district heating.   The result of the energy audit for the biggest energy consumption users (ventilation, heat and cooling) for the property is that 56% of the electric consumption and 15% of the district heating demand was identified. The 56% can be divided in different parts: 44% ventilation, lighting 22%, climate control equipment 16%, cooling equipment 10% and engine warmers 8%. In this project 14 of 19 ventilation units are studied and the reason that all are not part of the study is lack of information. The proposal for action was determined for 10 of the 14 ventilation units. The 4 remaining ventilation units were not possible to analyse partly because of lack of logging of energy consumption where frequency converter were used. One of the omitted units had only a fan for supply air and no heat exchanger.   For each of the ventilation units in the group of the 10 selected an analysis was made selecting the most cost effective measures of the alternatives; installing a new ventilation unit, installing a frequency converter or replacing the motor of the unit.   The result of energy audit showed that adding extra insulation to the roof and upgrade of the ventilation system are recommended actions. All recommendations are estimated based on an evaluation of the power consumptions in real use denoted as average power of the ventilation units.   Proposal A suggests to install one new ventilation unit, install frequency converters in 5 ventilation units and replace motors in 4 ventilation units. Energy saving of electricity of these actions is 232 MWh and 174 MWh for district heating and the payback time is around 2,7 years.   Proposal B suggests that 10 ventilation units are replaced with new ones. The energy savings of electricity will be 206 MWh and for district heating 237 MWh and the resulting payback time is about 6,4 years.   Proposal C is adding extra insulation to the roof and this provides a very cost-effective energy saving. If the roof was insulated with 20 cm the energy saving would be about 260 MWh and the payback time would be around 1,6 years.   If additional insulation of the roof is installed as proposed in combination with upgrade of the ventilation system, the total energy consumption saving of 15 % is achieved from 4427 MWh to about 3761 MWh depending on choice of ventilation upgrade. (Proposal A+C 3761 MWh and proposal B+C 3724 MWh).   The investment cost is around 1,5 million kr for proposal A+C and the yearly saving is 0,7 million kr resulting in a payback time of 2,3 years. The specific electric consumption would be 65,3 kwh/m2 and the specific district heat consumption would be 95 kwh/m2.   The investment cost is around 3,3 million kr for proposal B+C and the yearly saving is 0,7 million kr resulting in a payback time of 4,7 years. The specific electric consumption would be 66 kwh/m2 and the specific district heat consumption would be 93 kwh/m2. Proposals A+C and B+C both archive the Norrbotten county council’s goal for the specific energy consumptions for year 2020.

Rapporten riktar sig till fastighetsägare som har timmerhus med självdragsventilation och värmesystem som inte ger upphov till skorstenseffekten. I och med de ökande energipriserna ökar även anledningen för fastighetsägare att energieffektivisera sina bostäder för att minska driftkostnaderna. Förändringar av en byggnads ursprungliga funktioner bör göras med försiktighet, då tidigare beprövade konstruktioner riskerar att bli riskkonstruktioner med mögelproblem som följd. Syftet med rapporten är att med hjälp av ett typhus undersöka och finna olika förslag till ombyggnation, eventuella fuktsäkerhetsåtgärder samt deras påverkan på lönsamheten. Detta skall kunna användas som förslagsunderlag till fastighetsägare av byggnader med liknande förutsättningar som typhuset. Målet med rapporten är att ge lönsamma förslag till ombyggnation som har så liten risk som möjligt att utsättas för mögelproblem. För att förenkla bedömningen av olika förslag till ombyggnation har program tagits fram som beräknar värmebehovet, den ekonomiska lönsamheten och risk för mögelproblem för de olika förslagen. Resultatet av utförda beräkningar samt alternativens uppbyggnad visas i tabellerna nedan. Utförs en ombyggnation, enligt framtagna alternativ, på typhuset bör även följande förslag beaktas för att förbättra fuktsäkerheten i byggnaden. Genomföringar i vindsbjälklaget och väggar bör tätas ordentligt nära den varma sidan för att minska risken att varm och fuktig luft inifrån tar sig in i konstruktionsdelar och kyliga utrymmen. Yttertaket på kallvinden bör tätas för att begränsa ventilationen samt minimera möjlig inverkan av att vatten tar sig in i vindsutrymmet genom läckage vid regn och snö. Mekanisk ventilation bör installeras och frånluftsventilation är att föredra, då det ger möjligheten att skapa undertryck i bostaden. Ventilationsinstallationer och ventilationskanaler bör tätas för att förhindra fuktig luft från att läcka ut i konstruktionen. Förslagen gäller endast för hus med självdragsventilation, direktel som värmekälla och framtagna alternativ till ombyggnation. Beaktas förslagen förändras förutsättningarna för lönsamheten i de framtagna alternativen. Investeringskostnaden ökar vid tätning eller installation av ventilationssystem.