Work Environment problems on construction work sites are very extensive and discussed. The construction industry is one of the most dangerous industries in Sweden. The construction industry occupies about 290 000 employment (2009), and the investment was 250 billion SEK. This report will investigate the issues of the work environment and offer advice on how these can be measured and imporved. The study includes review and analyses of occupational injury statistics, interviews, inspections and audit and review of the literature. It is also includes review of work responsibilities and what the participant have the responsibilities and functions in the work environment. The results show that the construction work sites are one of the most dangerous workplaces. The statistics do not reflect reality and important factors are excluded. Work from height and managing in connection with tools are the most dangerous type of work. Work responsibilities are clear: the employer has the main responsibility for the work environment. The Work Environment act is the basis for the regulations that Swedish work environment authority gives out. Breaking the law or regualtion may not lead to seriously consequences, because it's a long process before punishment can be divided. The issues in work environment are more extensive in small companies and human error is much due to accidents. To edge the law and give the inspectors more eligibility than they now have to improve a better working environment and safer construction sites

The construction industry has demands on energy use in permanent buildings. How much energy that is permitted to use during the time the building is produced has no requirements. The purpose with this study is to learn how far Skanska has come with the work of making the building site more energy efficient. A literature study has been performed in the beginning of the study to survey what energy efficient arrangements that can be applied and how they operate. Using site visits and interviews the situations on the building sites have been studied as well as the energy efficient measure that are in use. Skanska has come a long way with the work of energy efficient building sites and they keep improving. They have improved half of their cabins so they use 50 % less energy. In the near future a cabin that use 84 % less energy can be used on the building sites. Skanska applies several different measures to reduce their energy consumption. The study has shown that a good way to save energy is to turn off the lights at the building sites when the staffs are not working. However, there is also the question about the working environment so it is up to the individual building site make the decision. A conclusion of the survey is that it is important to engage the employed in the work with energy efficient measure and get them to understand why the measure is used.

Slöseri är ett stort problem på byggarbetsplatser. Ett koncept där minimering av slöseri är centralt är Lean-manufacturing. Detta arbetes syfte var att utreda hur förbättringsarbete används på byggarbetsplatser. De befintliga systemen för förbättringar analyserades och förslag till förbättringar gavs. Genom intervjuer undersöktes hur förbättringsarbete sker på byggarbetsplatser. Egenkontroller och arbetsberedningar användes som kvalitetsarbete på arbetsplatserna. Det visade sig att de inte har något system för förbättringsarbete. Eftersom inget system användes så utvecklades ett system från grunden. PDCA-cykeln är en metod för förbättringsarbete som bildar själva ryggraden i Lean. Den metoden låg till grund för utformandet av förbättringsarbetet för byggarbetsplatsen. Företaget har rutiner för säkerhetsarbete som förbättringsarbetet anpassades efter. Resultatet blev Kvalitetsrond som har ett liknande upplägg som företagets skydds- och miljöronder. Kvalitetsronden utförs precis som skydds- och miljöronden en gång i veckan på byggarbetsplatsen där problemområden identifieras och sedan specificeras i en FMEA liknande mall. Kvalitetsronden erbjuder möjlighet att arbeta med hela PDCA-cykeln på byggarbetsplatser. Att samla in problem och lösa dem är en sak, att se till att lösningarna sprids och används är svårare. Standardisering är problematiskt, till skillnad från industrier där fabriken är på ett och samma ställe så upprättas tillfälliga fabriker på byggarbetsplatserna där byggnaderna ska stå. Varje projekt är unikt och det sker ett ständigt utbyte av personal och ledning. Arbetsberedningar som används inom företaget skulle kunna fungera som standardisering. Den bästa metoden väljs ut och den beskrivs sedan ingående med material, maskiner, antal arbetare etc. För att skapa mervärde så att även erfarna skall använda dessa så skulle de med fördel kunna fungera som checklistor och beräkningsverktyg. / Wasting is a major problem on construction sites. A concept where the minimization of waste is central is called lean manufacturing. This essay aims to investigate how improvement work is used on construction sites. The current systems for improvement were analyzed and suggestions for improvement were given. Interviews were used to examine how improvement work on construction sites was used. Self-control and working preparations were used as quality systems on the construction sites. It turned out that they have no system for quality improvement. Because no system was used a system had to be developed from scratch. The PDCA-cycle is a method of improvement which forms the backbone of Lean. This method was the basis for the design of the improvement process. The company has procedures for the safety work that this improvement work adapted. The result was Quality Round which has a similar design as the company's safety and environmental rounds. The Quality round is used as health and environmental rounds once a week at the construction site where problem areas are identified and then specified in an FMEA-like template. The Quality round provides the opportunity to work with the entire PDCA-cycle on construction sites. To notice the problems and solving them is one thing, to ensure that the solutions are distributed and used is however more difficult. Standardization is a problem at construction sites because unlike in the industry business where the production is stationary the facilities are constantly moved depending on the projects location. Each project is unique and there is a constant exchange of staff and management. Working preparations used in the company could serve as method for standardization. The best method is selected and then described in detail with the amount of material, equipment, number of workers, etc. In order to add value so that even experienced staff will use these, they could also serve as checklists and calculation tools.

Arbetsmiljöproblem på byggarbetarplatser är idag väldigt omfattande och omtalat. Byggindustrin är nämligen en av landets farligaste industrier. Byggindustrin sysselsätter ca 290 000 (2009) och omsätter ca 250 miljarder SEK. Denna rapport utreder bristerna inom arbetsmiljön och orsakerna bakom dödsolyckorna. Studien omfattar granskning och analysering av arbetsmiljöverkets utredningar och intervjuer. Den omfattar även granskning av arbetsmiljöansvaret och vad aktörerna har för ansvar och funktioner i arbetsmiljöarbetet. Resultatet visar att byggarbetarplatser är bland landets farligaste arbetsplatser. Statistiken speglar inte verkligheten och viktiga faktorer utesluts. Arbete från höjd och med verktyg och maskiner är de farligaste typerna av arbeten. Den vanligaste dödsolyckan är fall från höjd. Den vanligaste orsaken till dödsolyckorna är organisatoriska. Arbetsmiljöansvaret är tydligt; arbetsgivaren bär huvudansvaret för arbetsmiljön. Arbetsmiljölagen ligger till grund för riktlinjer som arbetsmiljöverket ger ut. Att bryta mot en lag eller en föreskrift får idag inte så allvarliga konsekvenser utan är en längre process innan straff utdelas. Brister i arbetsmiljö är mer omfattande i små företag och mänskliga faktorn är ofta en av de största bidragande faktorerna. Att skärpa lagen och ge inspektörerna mer behörigheter än vad de nu har kan skapa en bättre arbetsmiljö och en säkrare byggarbetsplats. / Work Environment problems at construction worksites are a common topic for discussions. The construction industry is one of the most dangerous industries in Sweden. The industry consists of about 290 000 workers (2009) and the investment was 250 billion SEK. This report will investigate the risks of the work environment and the causes of the fatal accidents. The study includes review and analysis of occupational injury statistics, investigation of the occupational accidents made by the work environment authority and interviews. It also includes review of work responsibilities and what type of responsibilities and functions the participant has in the work environment. The result shows that the construction worksites are one of the most dangerous workplaces. The statistics do not reflect reality and important factors are excluded. Work from height and with using machines and tools are the most hazardous types of work. The most common fatal accident is a fall from height. The most common cause of fatal occupational accidents is organizational. Work responsibilities are clear: the employer has the main responsibility for the work environment. The Work Environment Act is the basis for the regulations that Swedish work environment authorities give out. Breaking the law or regulation may not lead to seriously consequences, because it’s a long process before punishment can be divided. The issues in the work environment are more extensive in small companies and human error is much due to accidents. Enforcing these laws and giving the inspectors more eligibility than they now have will achieve a better working environment and safer construction sites.

In recent years, sustainability efforts have become more common in the construction industry than ever before due to new directives on certifications and sustainability monitoring. In autumn of 2021, the construction company Rekab Entreprenad AB became a part of, a larger group of companies which resulted in higher requirements in sustainability than earlier. The group has a goal to be fossil-free in electricity, heating, transportation, and waste management by the year 2030. The purpose of this essay is to increase the understanding of how construction of buildings impacts the climate today and what measures can be taken to make construction more sustainable to meet current and future goals.   Four construction sites were visited to gain insight om how the company is working with sustainability. The visits resulted in one overall issue: lack of established routines during the work. There is a demand for standardized, on-site facilities to simplify the process for site managers to establish sustainable setups. Additionally, to improve recycling rates onsite, the workers demand simplicity and a dedicated space to store the waste and other materials. Another way to minimize the emissions from construction is to reduce the number of transportations in and out of the construction site. This study resulted in several conclusions including:  - Implementing stricter routines will make it easier for workers to work more sustainable.  - Rekab should inform and educate their employees about their sustainability goals to prepare them for future projects. - Rekab should introduce a standardized on-site facility that can be scalable depending on the project, fully equipped to meet all the company´s sustainability goals. - Rekab should, in the planning-phase, make room for a simple but effective wastesystem on every construction site.  - Materials should be covered in one way or another to minimize the number of materials that go to waste.

Aldrig förr har det varit lika viktigt som nu, 2024, att fokusera på hållbarhet och att förvalta jordens resurser på ett bättre sätt. Nuförtiden cirkulerar det stora mängder material och produkter i byggsektorn, men det saknas ännu en hållbar och långsiktig strategi för ett mer cirkulärt byggande. Byggsektorn står årligen för 22 % av alla växthusgaser som släpps ut i Sverige. För att Sverige ska nå sina klimatmål är det nödvändigt att minska utsläppen. För att bidra till detta och främja ett mer cirkulärt samhälle krävs det att byggbranschen gör konkreta förändringar. En av dessa förändringar är att börja använda återbrukat material. Detta arbete har genomförts i samarbete med ByggDialog och det undersöker hur hanteringen av spillmaterial kan förbättras i byggbranschen samt vad effekterna av en förbättrad hanteringsprocess blir. Därtill ämnar även arbetet att besvara på hur beställaren, i detta fall, Karlstads kommun, ser på arbetet kring återbruk av spillmaterial. Målet med arbetet är ta fram en metod för att kunna hantera spillmaterial på ett sådant sätt att det går att återbruka. Vidare är målet, att ByggDialog genom metoden ska kunna redovisa i sin projektredovisning hur mycket koldioxidekvivalenter som har sparats. Arbetet är baserat på kvalitativa intervjuer med projektledare, projektingenjörer, energiexperter och andra personer som enbart arbetar med byggåterbruk. Därtill har enklare beräkningar genomförts med syftet att redovisa resultatet på ett tydligt sätt. Ett förslag på en lösning för att öka återbruket av spillmaterial är att implementera en återbrukscontainer på byggarbetsplatserna. Effekterna av att implementera en återbrukscontainer är väldigt positiva, bland annat underlättar det hanteringsprocessen. Resultatet från beräkningar visar på att en återbrukscontainer kan bidra till att minska utsläppen av CO2-ekvivalenter och idén kan således göra stor påverkan om den implementeras storskaligt utav ByggDialog. Det finns både fördelar och nackdelar med en återbrukscontainer men ställs dessa mot varandra är det tydligt att fördelarna väger över. Dock finns det frågor som vidare behöver utredas för att få ut maximal effekt utav idén men slutsatsen är tydlig. En återbrukscontainer är en bra lösning för att öka återbruket av spillmaterial och idén medför flera positiva effekter, främst ur miljösynpunkt. Att implementera idén är högst aktuell idag och anses vara helt i linje med att främja ett cirkulärt samhälle. / Never before has sustainability and the prudent management of earth’s resources been as crucial as it is now, in 2024. The construction industry circulates large quantities of materials and products, yet a sustainable and long-term strategy for more circular construction practices is lacking. The construction sector is responsible for 22% of Sweden's annual greenhouse gas emissions. To achieve Sweden’s climate goals, it is imperative to reduce emissions. Contributing to this reduction and promoting a more circular society requires concrete changes in the construction industry, one of which is the increased use of recycled materials. This study, conducted in collaboration with ByggDialog, explores how the management of waste material in the construction industry can be improved, as well as the effects of an improved management process. Furthermore, the study seeks to understand how the client, in this case Karlstad Municipality, views the reuse of waste materials. The aim is to develop a method to handle waste materials in a way that facilitates their reuse. Additionally, ByggDialog aims to utilize this method to report on the carbon dioxide equivalents offset in their project reports. The study is based on qualitative interviews with project managers, project engineers, energy experts, and others solely involved in construction reuse. Simple calculations were also performed to clearly present the results. A proposed solution to increase the reuse of waste material is to implement a reuse container at construction sites. The effects of implementing such a container are very positive, simplifying the handling process. The results from the calculations indicate that a reuse container can contribute to reducing emissions of CO2-equivalents, and thus the idea could have a significant impact if implemented on a large scale by ByggDialog. While there are pros and cons to a reuse container, when compared, the benefits clearly outweigh the drawbacks. However, further investigation is needed to maximize the effectiveness of the idea. The conclusion is clear: a reuse container is an excellent solution for increasing the reuse of waste materials, and the concept has several positive effects, primarily from an environmental standpoint. Implementing this idea is highly relevant today and is considered completely in line with promoting a circular society.

The Swedish construction industry makes extensive use of foreign labour. Communication with the foreign workers is perceived as the biggest challenge, language barriers arise when people do not speak a common language. The purpose of the work is to investigate preventive measures and aids against problems that arise on construction sites due to a language barrier between people whose native language is Swedish and foreign workers, with a focus on safety aspects.   How Swedish companies work to counteract the negative consequences of language barriers on construction sites was analysed through a survey, which was sent out to professionals and white-collar workers who work on construction sites with foreign workers. The survey resulted in their view of the problem, which factors language barriers negatively affect and to what extent. This basis was used to compile recommended methods and tools to prevent language barriers on Swedish construction sites from negatively affecting safety.   The conclusion is that there are many good methods that are already widely used internationally and among the large Swedish companies. The problem is that the problems and challenges of foreign labour are not sufficiently recognized, and that many companies have not yet implemented methods to counter it.

Introduktion (och syfte) – Människor på arbetsplatser, oavsett bransch, kan drabbas av bådefysiska och psykiska problem på grund av exempelvis kemikalier, maskiner, buller,stress eller trakasserier. I Sverige är byggbranschen en av de mest olycksdrabbadebranscherna och räknades som den dödligaste branschen under 2018. Samtidigt görsstora satsningar i Sverige för att arbeta säkert på byggarbetsplatser och förebyggaolyckor, som till exempel Safe Construction Training och säkerhetspark. Enligt en delforskning har, under de senaste två decennierna, intresset för begreppet säkerhetskulturökat som ett sätt att minska risken för olyckor. Säkerhetskultur definieras som cheferoch anställdas värderingar, uppfattningar och attityder om förhållande till arbetsmiljöoch säkerhet. Av denna anledning blir målet med denna studie att kartlägga faktorersom påverkar säkerhetskulturen, belysa hur en god säkerhetskultur ser ut samt vilkaåtgärder som bidrar till en förbättrad säkerhetskultur. Metod – Undersökningsstrategi för denna kvalitativa studie baseras på intervjuer ochdokumentstudier. Intervjuer valdes som den ingående empiriinsamlingen eftersom dettaär en beprövad metod för insamling av data från en utvald grupp personer. Användandetav intervju som empiriinsamling bidrar till att ange både djupare förståelse av problemeti fråga och samtidigt tillåta författaren att vägleda frågeställningen och därmed geupphov till en öppnare diskussion av ämnet. Intervjuerna som använts i denna rapportär av typen semistrukturerade, där frågorna är förutbestämda men hålls öppna. Parallelltmed intervjuerna används dokumentstudie i form av sekundärdata för att kompletteraprimärdata från intervjuerna. Resultat – Det överliggande problemet idag kring säkerhetskulturen grundar sig kringatt byggindustrin är en bransch med fler olycksrisker än andra branschen till följd avarbetsuppgifternas natur. Att förebygga olycksrisker kräver aktivt säkerhetsarbete somarbetar mot risker och olyckor som vanligtvis sker och samtidigt fokusera på attförebygga och minska antalet olyckor. Till detta krävs olycksrapporteringar samt tillbudför att möjliggöra att säkerhetsarbetet fokuserar på relevanta faktorer som kan ge positiveffekt, och minska antalet rapporterade fall. Att möjliggöra en god säkerhetskulturkrävs att arbetarna vet om de risker som finns, att rapportering är något som måste ske,oavsett olyckans storlek, samt att undvika att slarva med arbetet för att spara tid. Analys – Analysen har presenterat en djupare förståelse kring hur säkerhetsarbetetfungerar, vilka faktorer som uppenbarar sig vid granskning av olyckor och tillbud,hantering av olycksrapportering, samt arbetet mot att förebygga fler olyckor. Diskussion – Med den valda metodiken för framtagning av rapportens empiri har etttrovärdigt resultat kunnat tillhandahållas. Undersökningen har genomförts med en litenurvalsgrupp men resultaten bedöms vara användbara. Målet med denna kvalitativastudie har uppnåtts och frågeställningarna har besvarats. / Introduction (and purpose) – People in the workplace, regardless of industry, can beaffected by both physical and mental factors due to, for example, chemicals, machines,noise, stress, or harassment. In Sweden, the construction industry is one of the mostaccident-prone industries and was considered the deadliest industry in 2018. At thesame time, major investments are being made in Sweden to work safely on constructionsites and prevent accidents, such as Safe Construction Training and safety parks.According to some research, over the past two decades, interest in the concept of safetyculture has increased as a way of reducing the risk of accidents. Safety culture is definedas managers 'and employees' values, perceptions, and attitudes about the relationshipbetween the work environment and safety. For this reason, this work will aim to identifyfactors that affect the safety culture, shed light on what a good safety culture looks like,and what measures contribute to an improved safety culture. Method – The research strategy for this qualitative study is based on interviews anddocument studies. Interviews were chosen as the in-depth empirical collection as thisis a proven method for collecting data from a selected group of people. The use ofinterviews as a collection of empirical data helps to provide both a deeper understandingof the problem in question and at the same time allows the author to guide the issue andthus give rise to a more open discussion of the subject. In parallel with the interviews,a document study in the form of secondary data is used to supplement primary datafrom the interviews. Results – The overriding problem today around safety culture is that the buildingindustry maintains a greater risk of accidents than other occupations due to the natureof the tasks. To prevent the risks that an accident occurs, the demand increase for activesafety work to prevent risks and accident that are commonly occurring, while at thesame time focusing on preventing further accidents from happening. To do this, thedemand for reports regarding incidents and accidents increases, to enable the safetywork to focus in on relevant factors and decrease the number of accidents fromhappening. To enable good safety culture, the workers need to be aware of the risksduring work, that they always report accidents, and to avoid cutting corners to save time. Analysis – The analysis has presented a deeper understanding of how safety work isdone in the workplace, which factors that are presented when reviewing accidents andincidents, the handling of the accident reports, as well as the work towards preventingmore accident from happening. Discussion – With the chosen methodology for producing the report's empirical data, acredible result has been provided. The survey was conducted with a small sample group,but the results are judged to be useful. The goal of this qualitative study has beenachieved and the questions have been answered.

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This study aims at identifying on a concrete example the possible transfer of methods from strategic spatial planning to lower scales of planning like urban programming or operational planning of construction sites. Strategic spatial planning is a participatory and open method establishing the basis for cooperation between public and private stakeholders to achieve what is defined by said stakeholders as the best evolution for the territory it is dealing with, it relies on tools and processes like territorial diagnosis, thematic workshops and roundtables; Objectives are more qualitatively than quantitatively defined to allow flexibility to adapt to internal and external changes. This paper considers the territory of Lyon conurbation, France, as its territory of focus and particularly the redevelopment project of its central business district and multimodal hub, Part-Dieu. The planning of Lyon conurbation was in the 80s at the vanguard of strategic planning in France. Driven by Lyon urban planning agency and Grand Lyon, the local authority in charge of the area, under the pressure of local economic actors, Lyon conurbation acquired and integrated new tools and methods from strategic spatial planning. The hypothesis of this study is that, from then on, strategic planning methods and processes got transferred from the field of pure strategic spatial planning to the lower notches of the decision-making chain leading to the realization of a project: the stage of the programming of a neighborhood – the Part-Dieu district – and the stage of the operational planning of a construction or redevelopment operation. This study puts forward the following reasoning to explain this transfer of methods: an acculturation process to the collaborative and qualitative methods of strategic spatial planning took place in the territory of Lyon conurbation. It happened between the corporate cultures of spatial planning and those of urban program design and construction operation management. However, more than a way to really involve all stakeholders in the decision-making process in a bottom-up approach, this study suggests that the use of these methods at the stage of construction/redevelopment operation management is more of a facade to make stakeholders better accept decisions already taken by experts and/or public authorities. One could talk about a top-down approach disguised as a bottom-up approach.